physics syllabus · physics syllabus forms 5 - 6 physics syllabus forms 5 - 6 4 3 topic form 5 form...
TRANSCRIPT
-
ZIMBABWE
MINISTRY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
PHYSICS SYLLABUS
FORMS 5 - 6
2015 - 2022
Curriculum Development and Technical ServicesP. O. Box MP 133Mount Pleasant
Harare
© All Rrights Reserved2015
-
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education wishes to acknowledge the following for their valued contribution in the production of this syllabus:
• Panelists for ‘A’ levelPhysics syllabus.• ZIMSEC.• Government departments.• Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education,Science and Technology Development.• United Nations Cchildren’s Fund UNICEF.• UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUNESCO.
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
-
ii
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................i
CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................................ii
1.0 PREAMBLE .......................................................................................................................................1
2.0 PRESENTATION OF THE SYLLABUS .............................................................................................1
3.0 AIMS ...................................................................................................................................................1
4.0 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................2
5.0 METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................................2
6.0 TOPICS ..............................................................................................................................................2
7.0 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE .................................................................................................................3
8.0 COMPETENCE MATRIX ....................................................................................................................5
FORM 5 ....................................................................................................................................................5
FORM 6 ....................................................................................................................................................23
9.0 ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................................................40
10. 0 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................42
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
-
1
1.0 PREAMBLE 1.1 INTRODUCTION This syllabus is designed to put greater emphasis on the mastery and application of Physics. This two- year learning phase will make learners identify, investigate and solve problems in a sustainable manner and prepare them for further studies in Science and Technology. This learning phase will see learners being assessed through continuous assessment and national examinations. The ‘A’ level Physics syllabus is designed to inclusively cater for all categories of learners.
1.2 RATIONALE
Modern day economies, Zimbabwe included, are driven by Technology and Physics concepts form part of theba-sis. The study of Physics enables learners to be creative and innovative in industry and society that can promote the application of
Physics in industrial processes for value addition. The learning of Physics concepts promotes value addition andbeneficiationofnaturalresourcesandtheharness-ing of available opportunities for enterprise skills.
1.3 SUMMARY OF CONTENT
The ‘A’ level PhysicsSyllabus will cover theory and practi-cal activities in the following areas:
NewtonianMechanics Electrodynamics OscillationsandWaves PhysicsofMatter ModernPhysics
1.4 ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that:
- The learner has successfully completed Form 3 and 4 Physics Syllabus or any other equivalent syllabus.
- The learner has successfully completed Form 3 and 4 Mathematics syllabus.
- Science clubs are existing and operational in schools.
- Learners are conversant and have access to ICT.- Well-equipped laboratories are available and safe-
ty measures are adhered to.
1.5 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Environmentalissues:climatechangeand disaster risk management Indigenousknowledgesystems Financialliteracy EnterpriseEducation Gender HIVandLifeskills ChildProtection. Teamwork Foodsecurity Safetyhealthissues
2.0 PRESENTATION OF THE SYLLABUSThe Advanced Level Physics syllabus is a single docu-ment covering Forms 5 and 6. It contains the Preamble, Aims,SyllabusObjectives,Methodology,Topics,Scopeand Sequence, CompetencyMatrix, Assessment, and Appendices.
3.0 AIMSThe aims are to enable learners to:
3.1acquiresufficientunderstandingandknowl-edgetobecomeconfidentcitizensinatech-nological world and be able to take or develop aninformedinterestinmattersofscientificimportance
3.1.1 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientificmethodandtoappreciateitsapplica-bility in other disciplines and in everyday life
3.1.2 be suitably prepared for studies beyond A-Level.3.2 develop abilities and skills that are relevant to
the study and practice of Physics,are useful ineverydaylife,encourageefficientandsafepractice as well as effective communication.
3.3. develop attitudes relevant to Physics such as concernforaccuracyandprecision,objectivity,integrity, the skills of enquiry, initiative, innova-tiveness and inventiveness.
3.4. stimulate interest in, and care for the environ-ment in relation to the environmental impact of Physics and its applications.
3.5. promote an awareness, as guided by Ubuntu/Unhu/Vumunhuphilosophy,that:
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
2
• thestudyandpracticeofPhysicsareco-operativeandcumulativeactivities,andaresubjecttosocial,economic,technological,ethicalandculturalinfluenc-es and limitations.
• theimplicationsofPhysicsmaybebothbeneficialand detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment.
3.6 create a sustained interest in Physics so that thestudyofthesubjectisenjoyingand
satisfying.
4.0 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able to:
1. demonstrate knowledge about physical phenome-na,facts,laws,definitionsandconceptsofPhys-ics.
2. follow instructions in practical work in order to manipulate, record observations and analyse data toconfirmorestablishrelationships.
3. measure and express physical quantities to a given level of accuracy and precision.
4. solvereallifeproblemsusingthescientificmeth-od.
5. use ICT to simulate Physics phenomena, present and analyse Physics data
6. apply safety measures in all practical work.7. usePhysicsconcepts, principles and techniques in
the conservation and sustainable use of the envi-ronment.
5.0 METHODOLOGY The teaching and learning of Physics should be based on learner-centredapproach. The following methods are recommended:
• Plannedexperiments• Learningbydiscovery• Problembasedlearning• Individualandgroupwork• Educationaltours• Projectbasedlearning• Designbasedlearning• E-learningsuchassimulation•Resourceperson(s)
TIME ALLOCATION
A minimum of12 periods of 35 minutes each in a week should be allocated as double periods for adequate
coverage of the syllabus. A block of 4 periods should be allocated to practicalwork.
6.0 TOPICS1. General Physics2. Newtonian Mechanics3. OscillationsandWaves4. Electricity and Magnetism5. Electronics6. Matter7. Modern Physics
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
3
7.0
SC
OPE
AN
D S
EQU
ENC
E
2 7.
0
SCO
PE A
ND
SEQ
UEN
CE
TOPI
C FO
RM 5
FO
RM 6
1.
0 G
ener
al P
hysi
cs
Ph
ysic
al Q
uant
ities
and
Uni
ts
Er
rors
and
unc
erta
intie
s
2.0
New
toni
an M
echa
nics
Kine
mat
ics
D
ynam
ics
Fo
rces
Wor
k, E
nerg
y an
d Po
wer
Circ
ular
Mot
ion
G
ravi
tatio
nal F
ield
3.0
Osc
illat
ions
and
Wav
es
Oscilla
tions
Wav
es
Su
perp
ositi
on
4.0
Elec
tric
ity a
nd
Mag
netis
m
El
ectri
city
D.C
. Circ
uits
Elec
tric
field
s
Cap
acita
nce
Elec
tro m
agne
tism
Elec
trom
agne
tic In
duct
ion
Al
tern
atin
g C
urre
nts
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
4
3
TOPI
C FO
RM 5
FO
RM 6
5.
0 El
ectr
onic
s
An
alog
ue E
lect
roni
cs
D
igita
l ele
ctro
nics
6.0
Mat
ter
Phas
es o
f Mat
ter
D
efor
mat
ion
of S
olid
s
Tem
pera
ture
Ther
mal
Pro
perti
es o
f Mat
eria
ls
Id
eal g
ases
Non
-vis
cous
Flu
id F
low
Tran
sfer
of T
herm
al E
nerg
y
7.0
Mod
ern
Phys
ics
Cha
rged
Par
ticle
s
Qua
ntum
Phy
sics
Atom
ic S
truct
ure
R
adio
activ
ity
C
omm
unic
atio
n
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
4
5
8.0
CO
MPE
TEN
CE
MAT
RIX
FOR
M 5
1.0
GEN
ERA
L PH
YSIC
S
4 8.
0 C
OM
PETE
NC
E M
ATR
IX
FO
RM 5
1.
0 G
ener
al P
hysi
cs
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
1.1
Phys
ical
qu
antit
ies
and
units
ex
pres
s de
rived
uni
ts a
s pr
oduc
ts o
r qu
otie
nts
of th
e ba
se u
nits
and
use
the
nam
ed u
nits
list
ed in
the
appe
ndix
use
base
uni
ts to
che
ck th
e ho
mog
enei
ty o
f phy
sica
l equ
atio
ns
de
rive
phys
ical
equ
atio
ns u
sing
bas
e un
its
de
mon
stra
te u
nder
stan
ding
and
use
the
conv
entio
ns fo
r lab
ellin
g gr
aph
axes
an
d ta
ble
colu
mns
use
the
follo
win
g pr
efix
es a
nd th
eir
sym
bols
to in
dica
te d
ecim
al s
ub-
mul
tiple
s or
mul
tiple
s of
bot
h ba
se a
nd
derivedunits:pico(p),nano(n
),micro
(μ),
milli
(m),
cent
i (c)
, dec
i (d)
, kilo
(k),
mega(M
),giga(G
),tera(T
)
dete
rmin
e th
e re
sulta
nt o
f tw
o or
mor
e co
plan
ar v
ecto
rs
re
pres
ent a
vec
tor a
s tw
o pe
rpen
dicu
lar
com
pone
nts
Ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
and
eq
uatio
ns
Base
Qua
ntiti
es
SI
uni
ts
D
ata
pres
enta
tion
Vectors
D
eriv
ing
units
from
bas
e un
its
C
arry
ing
out p
lann
ed
expe
rimen
t in
mea
sure
men
t
chec
king
of t
he h
omog
enei
ty
of p
hysi
cal e
quat
ions
Mea
surin
g an
d Ex
pres
sing
ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
in
mul
tiple
/sub
mul
tiple
uni
ts
ad
ding
and
sub
tract
ing
two
or m
ore
copl
anar
vec
tors
Res
olvi
ng v
ecto
rs
“A
SE p
ublic
atio
n SI
U
nits
, Sig
ns,
Sym
bols
and
Ab
brev
iatio
ns” (
The
ASE
Com
pani
on to
5-
16 S
cien
ce,
1995).
1.2
Erro
rs a
nd
unce
rtai
ntie
s
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
syst
emat
ic a
nd
rand
om e
rrors
diffe
rent
iate
bet
wee
n pr
ecis
ion
and
accu
racy
asse
ss th
e un
certa
inty
in a
der
ived
qu
antit
y by
sim
ple
addi
tion
of a
ctua
l, fra
ctionalorp
ercentageuncerta
inties(a
rigor
ous
stat
istic
s tre
atm
ent i
s no
t required)
D
ata
pres
enta
tion
Er
rors
unce
rtain
ties
D
iffer
entia
ting
betw
een
syst
emat
ic a
nd ra
ndom
er
rors
.
Dem
onst
ratin
g pr
ecis
ion
and
accu
racy
Com
bini
ng e
rrors
G
raph
s
ICT
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
6
2.0
NEW
TON
IAN
MEC
HA
NIC
S
5 2.
0 N
EWTO
NIA
N M
ECH
ANIC
S TO
PIC
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
2.1
Kin
emat
ics
de
rive
from
the
defin
ition
s of
vel
ocity
and
ac
cele
ratio
n, e
quat
ions
w
hich
repr
esen
t uni
form
ly
acce
lera
ted
mot
ion
in a
st
raig
ht li
ne
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
equa
tions
whi
ch re
pres
ent
unifo
rmly
acc
eler
ated
m
otio
n in
a s
traig
ht li
ne,
incl
udin
g th
e m
otio
n of
bo
dies
fallin
g in
a u
nifo
rm
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
with
out
air r
esis
tanc
e
de
scrib
e an
d ex
plai
n m
otio
n du
e to
a u
nifo
rm
velo
city
in o
ne d
irect
ion
and
a un
iform
ac
cele
ratio
n in
a
perp
endi
cula
r dire
ctio
n (Projectiles)
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g st
anda
rd e
quat
ions
for
projectilemotion
id
entif
y an
d ex
plai
n so
me
ever
yday
exa
mpl
es o
f re
ctilin
ear a
nd n
on-li
near
m
otio
n
R
ectil
inea
r mot
ion
v =
u +
at
v² =
u²+
2as
s
= ut
+ ½
at²
Non
-line
ar m
otio
n
D
eriv
ing
equa
tions
of
mot
ion
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g eq
uatio
ns o
f lin
ear m
otio
n
An
alysingprojectilemotion
So
lvingprojectilemotion
prob
lem
s
IC
T
2.2
Dyn
amic
s
defin
e lin
ear m
omen
tum
as
the
prod
uct o
f mas
s an
d ve
loci
ty
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
Li
near
mom
entu
m
Ex
plai
ning
the
use
of
forc
e-tim
e gr
aphs
IC
Ts
Tr
ollie
s
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
6
7
6
rela
tions
hip
F= m
a,
appr
ecia
ting
that
ac
cele
ratio
n an
d fo
rce
are
alw
ays
in th
e sa
me
dire
ctio
n
st
ate
the
prin
cipl
e of
co
nser
vatio
n of
m
omen
tum
use
the
prin
cipl
e of
co
nser
vatio
n of
m
omen
tum
on
sim
ple
appl
icat
ions
incl
udin
g el
astic
and
inel
astic
co
llisio
ns b
etw
een
two
bodi
es in
one
dim
ensi
on
(calculationsinvolvingthe
use
of c
oeffi
cien
t of
rest
itutio
n ar
e no
t required)
reco
gnis
e th
at, f
or a
pe
rfect
ly e
last
ic c
ollis
ion,
th
e re
lativ
e sp
eed
of
appr
oach
is e
qual
to th
e re
lativ
e sp
eed
of
sepa
ratio
n
defin
e im
puls
e as
'cha
nge
in m
omen
tum
'
expl
ain
the
sign
ifica
nce
of
area
und
er a
forc
e - t
ime
grap
h
desc
ribe
appl
icat
ions
of
New
ton'
s la
ws
of m
otio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n of
line
ar
mom
entu
m
Im
puls
e
New
ton’
s la
ws
of m
otio
n
D
emon
stra
ting
elas
tic a
nd
inel
astic
col
lisio
ns u
sing
IC
T si
mul
atio
ns
D
eter
min
ing
area
und
er
forc
e-tim
e gr
aph
2.3
Forc
es
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rces
act
ing
on a
mas
s in
mot
ion
or a
t re
st
st
ate
and
expl
ain
the
Ty
pes
of fo
rces
Eq
uilib
rium
of f
orce
s
Usi
ng th
e ve
ctor
tria
ngle
to
repr
esen
t for
ces
in
Sp
ring
bala
nces
mas
s
Bure
tte/ l
ong
glas
s tu
be
M
etal
Bea
ds
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
8
7
orig
in o
f the
upt
hrus
t ac
ting
on a
bod
y in
a fl
uid
ca
lcul
ate
the
upth
rust
in
term
s of
the
wei
ght o
f the
di
spla
ced
fluid
(ArchimedesPrinciple)
desc
ribe
frict
ion
as a
forc
e w
hich
opp
oses
mot
ion
(knowledgeofcoefficient
of fr
ictio
n an
d vi
scos
ity is
required)
use
Stok
e's
law
to e
xpla
in
quan
titat
ivel
y ho
w a
bod
y fa
lling
thro
ugh
a vi
scou
s flu
id u
nder
lam
inar
co
nditi
ons
atta
ins
a te
rmin
al v
eloc
ity
de
scrib
e an
exp
erim
ent,
base
d on
the
mea
sure
men
t of t
erm
inal
ve
loci
ty, t
o de
term
ine
the
visc
osity
of a
liqu
id
de
scrib
e a
coup
le a
s a
pair
of fo
rces
tend
ing
to
prod
uce
rota
tion
only
defin
e an
d us
e th
e m
omen
t of a
forc
e an
d th
e to
rque
of a
cou
ple
ou
tline
the
cond
ition
s fo
r a
syst
em to
be
in
equi
libriu
m
de
scrib
e ev
eryd
ay
appl
icat
ion
of fo
rces
in
equi
libriu
m
Cen
tre o
f gra
vity
Tu
rnin
g ef
fect
s of
forc
es
Te
rmin
al v
eloc
ity.
equi
libriu
m
Inve
stig
atin
g “th
ree
forc
e”
equi
libriu
m u
sing
spr
ing
bala
nces
and
wei
ghts
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
to
mea
sure
term
inal
ve
loci
ty
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts
to d
eter
min
e th
e vi
scos
ity
of a
liqu
id
D
eter
min
ing
the
mom
ent
and
torq
ue o
f a c
oupl
e
M
eter
rule
Liqu
id p
araf
fin
M
aski
ng ta
pe/m
aker
Stop
wat
ch
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
8
9
8 2.
4 W
ork,
ener
gy a
nd p
ower
defin
e w
ork
in te
rms
of th
e pr
oduc
t of a
forc
e an
d di
spla
cem
ent i
n th
e di
rect
ion
of th
e fo
rce
ca
lcul
ate
the
wor
k do
ne in
a
num
ber o
f situ
atio
ns
incl
udin
g th
e w
ork
done
by
a g
as w
hich
is
expa
ndin
g ag
ains
t a
cons
tant
ext
erna
l pr
essu
re: W
= p
ΔV
de
rive,
from
the
equa
tions
of
mot
ion,
the
form
ula
E k=
½
mv2
reca
ll an
d ap
ply
the
form
ula
E k=
½ m
v2
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n gr
avita
tiona
l pot
entia
l en
ergy
, ele
ctric
pot
entia
l en
ergy
and
ela
stic
po
tent
ial e
nerg
y
deriv
e, fr
om th
e de
finin
g eq
uatio
n W
= F
Δs, t
he
form
ula
E p =
mgh
for
pote
ntia
l ene
rgy
chan
ges
near
the
Earth
's s
urfa
ce
us
e th
e fo
rmul
a E p
=mgh
fo
r pot
entia
l ene
rgy
chan
ges
near
the
Earth
's
surfa
ce
ex
plai
n th
e co
ncep
t of
inte
rnal
ene
rgy
ex
plai
n th
at th
ere
are
ener
gy lo
sses
in p
ract
ical
de
vice
s an
d us
e th
e co
ncep
t of e
ffici
ency
rela
te p
ower
to w
ork
done
an
d tim
e ta
ken
usin
g ap
prop
riate
exa
mpl
es
de
rive
and
use
pow
er a
s
En
ergy
con
vers
ion
and
cons
erva
tion
Wor
k
Pote
ntia
l ene
rgy,
kin
etic
en
ergy
and
inte
rnal
en
ergy
Pow
er
M
easu
ring
wor
k re
quire
d fo
r var
ious
task
s
Estim
atin
g ki
netic
ene
rgy
ofvariousobjects
Inve
stig
atin
g sp
eed
of a
fallin
gobject(g
ravi
tatio
nal
pote
ntia
l
Mea
surin
g po
wer
out
put
of a
n el
ectri
c m
otor
VisitingPo
werstations
Fo
rce
met
re
St
op w
atch
Slot
ted
mas
ses
Li
ght g
ates
/ mot
ion
sens
ors
M
etre
rule
/ tap
e m
easu
re
El
ectri
c m
otor
Sola
r pan
els
Sola
r bul
bs
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
10
9
the
prod
uct o
f for
ce a
nd
velo
city
desc
ribe
and
expl
ain
ever
yday
exa
mpl
es o
f energyconversion(e.g.
hydr
o, th
erm
al, s
olar
, w
ind,
che
mic
al e
lect
ric
pow
er, a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal
concerns)
U
sing
sol
ar p
anel
s fo
r he
atin
g an
d lig
htin
g
2.5
Circ
ular
Mot
ion
ex
pres
s an
gula
r di
spla
cem
ent i
n ra
dian
s
defin
e an
gula
r vel
ocity
, ce
ntrip
etal
forc
e an
d
cent
ripet
al a
ccel
erat
ion
un
ders
tand
the
use
of th
e co
ncep
t of a
ngul
ar
velo
city
deriv
e an
d us
e v
= rω
desc
ribe
qual
itativ
ely
the
mot
ion
in c
urve
d pa
th d
ue
to a
per
pend
icul
ar fo
rce
ex
plai
n th
e ce
ntrip
etal
ac
cele
ratio
n in
the
case
of
unifo
rm m
otio
n in
a c
ircle
Der
ive
and
use
cent
ripet
al
acce
lera
tion
a
= v
2 /r
and
a =
rω2
us
e ce
ntrip
etal
forc
e F
= m
v2/r,
F =
mrω
2
desc
ribe
and
expl
ain
ever
yday
exa
mpl
es o
f motioninacircle(to
incl
ude
bank
ed ro
ads,
ge
osta
tiona
ry o
rbits
and
theira
pplications)
Ki
nem
atic
s of
uni
form
ci
rcul
ar m
otio
n
C
entri
peta
l acc
eler
atio
n
Cen
tripe
tal f
orce
D
eriv
ing
the
equa
tions
of
circ
ular
mot
ion
Dem
onst
ratin
g ci
rcul
ar
mot
ion
in v
ertic
al a
nd
horizontalcirclesusing
buck
ets
with
wat
er.
Visitingcentreswhere
circ
ular
mot
ion
is u
sed.
Rid
ing
bicy
cles
at r
ound
ab
out.
D
eriv
ing
and
usin
g eq
uatio
ns w
hen
solv
ing
a pr
oble
m.
Bu
cket
Strin
g
Pe
ndul
um
IC
Ts
Bi
cycl
es
2.6
Gra
vita
tiona
l Fie
ld
sh
ow a
n un
ders
tand
ing
of
G
ravi
tatio
nal f
ield
Sim
ulat
ing
plan
etar
y
ICT
tool
s
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
10
11
10
a
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
as
a fie
ld o
f for
ce
de
fine
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
st
reng
th a
s fo
rce
per u
nit
mas
s
stat
e an
d us
e N
ewto
n's
law
of g
ravi
tatio
n in
the
form
F
= G
m1m
2/r2
an
alys
e ci
rcul
ar o
rbits
in
inve
rse
squa
re la
w fi
elds
by
rela
ting
the
grav
itatio
nal f
orce
to th
e ce
ntrip
etal
acc
eler
atio
n it
caus
es
de
rive
from
New
ton'
s la
w
of g
ravi
tatio
n an
d th
e de
finiti
on o
f gra
vita
tiona
l fie
ld s
treng
th, t
he
equa
tion
g
= G
m/r2
for
the
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
st
reng
th o
f a p
oint
mas
s
use
the
equa
tion
g =
Gm
/r2 fo
r the
gra
vita
tiona
l fie
ld s
treng
th o
f a p
oint
m
ass
ex
plai
n th
at o
n th
e su
rface
of
the
Earth
g is
ap
prox
imat
ely
cons
tant
an
d is
cal
led
the
acce
lera
tion
of fr
ee fa
ll
de
scrib
e an
exp
erim
ent t
o de
term
ine
the
acce
lera
tion
of fr
ee fa
ll us
ing
a fa
lling
body
defin
e po
tent
ial a
t a p
oint
as
the
wor
k do
ne in
br
ingi
ng u
nit m
ass
from
in
finity
to th
e po
int
us
e th
e eq
uatio
n φ
= -
Gm
/r fo
r the
pot
entia
l in
Fo
rce
betw
een
poin
t m
asse
s
Fiel
d of
a p
oint
mas
s
Fiel
d ne
ar th
e su
rface
of
the
earth
Gra
vita
tiona
l pot
entia
l
mot
ion
usin
g IC
T to
ols.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
usingfallin
gobjectsand
lase
r bea
ms
and
timer
s.
El
ectro
nic
timer
s
Mot
ion
sens
ors.
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
12
11
the
field
of a
poi
nt m
ass
de
scrib
e an
d ex
plai
n ev
eryd
ay a
pplic
atio
ns o
f th
e gr
avita
tiona
l for
ce o
f attra
ction(in
clud
e sa
tellit
e an
d pe
riodofro
tation)
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
12
13
3.0
OSC
ILLA
TIO
NS
AN
D W
AVES
12
3.0O
SCIL
LATI
ON
S AN
D W
AVES
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(SK
ILLS
, AT
TITU
DES
AN
D
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
3.1
Osc
illat
ions
desc
ribe
sim
ple
exam
ples
of f
ree
osci
llatio
ns s
uch
as th
e si
mpl
e pe
ndul
um, s
prin
g m
ass
syst
em a
nd
tors
iona
l pen
dulu
m
ex
plai
n th
e te
rms
ampl
itude
, per
iod,
fre
quen
cy, a
ngul
ar
frequ
ency
and
pha
se
diffe
renc
e
expr
ess
perio
d in
term
s of
freq
uenc
y an
d an
gula
r fre
quen
cy, f
=1/T
and
T=
2π/f
ex
pres
s gr
aphi
cally
the
chan
ges
in d
ispl
acem
ent,
velo
city
and
acc
eler
atio
n fo
r a s
impl
e os
cilla
tor
re
cogn
ise
and
use:
v=
v oco
swt
v=±
w (x
o 2 –
x2 )1
/2
pr
ove
that
for s
impl
e os
cilla
tions
a=
- w 2x
re
call
and
use
x =
x 0
sinw
t as
a s
olut
ion
to th
e eq
uatio
n a
= - w
2 X
desc
ribe
anal
ytic
ally
and
gr
aphi
cally
the
inte
r-ch
ange
bet
wee
n ki
netic
an
d po
tent
ial
(gravitational/elastic)
ener
gy in
a s
impl
e
Si
mpl
e ha
rmon
ic m
otio
n.
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts
invo
lvin
g os
cilla
tory
sy
tem
s.
D
eriv
ing
a =–
w2 x
.
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
liste
d eq
uatio
ns
D
raw
ing
and
anal
ysin
g di
spla
cem
ent,
velo
city
an
d ac
cele
ratio
n gr
aphs
.
Sp
ring
mas
s sy
stem
Sim
ple
pend
ulum
Load
ed c
antil
ever
Barto
n pe
ndul
ums
St
op w
atch
es
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
14
13
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
osci
llato
r
desc
ribe
exam
ples
of
dam
ped
osci
llatio
ns s
uch
as c
ar s
uspe
nsio
n sy
stem
s an
d m
ovin
g co
il m
eter
s
de
scrib
e gr
aphi
cally
the
degr
ees
of d
ampi
ng
de
scrib
e pr
actic
al
exam
ples
of f
orce
d vi
brat
ions
and
reso
nanc
e
de
pict
gra
phic
ally
how
th
e am
plitu
de c
hang
es
with
freq
uenc
y ne
ar th
e na
tura
l fre
quen
cy o
f an
osci
llatio
n sy
stem
stat
e ex
ampl
es w
here
re
sona
nce
is u
sefu
l and
w
here
it is
a n
uisa
nce
Dam
ped
and
forc
ed
osci
llatio
ns.
R
eson
ance
U
sing
Bar
ton
pend
ulum
s to
ana
lyse
reso
nanc
e
3.2
Wav
es
de
fine
criti
cal a
ngle
, c
and
tota
l int
erna
l re
flect
ion
de
rive
and
use
the
equa
tion
n =
1/s
in c
expl
ain
the
use
of to
tal
inte
rnal
refle
ctio
n in
fibr
e op
tics
trans
mis
sion
appr
ecia
te th
e ad
vant
age
of fi
bre
optic
s tra
nsm
issi
on
un
ders
tand
and
use
the
term
s sp
eed
of a
wav
e,
wav
e le
ngth
, fre
quen
cy,
perio
d, a
mpl
itude
and
ph
ase
diffe
renc
e
R
efle
ctio
n an
d re
fract
ion
of li
ght.
Po
laris
atio
n
El
ectro
-mag
netic
wav
es
Si
mul
atin
g IC
T.
D
eriv
ing
liste
d eq
uatio
ns,
visi
ting
and
usin
g th
em to
so
lve
prob
lem
s.
U
sing
pol
aroi
ds to
sho
w
pola
risat
ion
IC
T to
ols
Po
laro
ids
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
CRO
Rip
ple
tank
and
diff
ract
ion
grat
ing
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
14
15
14
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
de
duce
the
defin
ition
of
spee
d, fr
eque
ncy
and
wav
e le
ngth
use
the
equa
tion
v =
fλ
un
ders
tand
pol
aris
atio
n as
a p
heno
men
on
asso
ciat
ion
with
tra
nsve
rse
wav
es o
nly
de
scrib
e th
e m
ain
feat
ures
of
elec
trom
agne
tic
spec
trum
and
ch
arac
teris
tics
of
elec
trom
agne
tic w
aves
desc
ribe
the
mai
n fe
atur
es o
f the
x-ra
y tu
be
and
the
prod
uctio
n of
x-
rays
by
elec
tron
bom
bard
men
t on
a m
etal
target(n
oneedfor
equations)
un
ders
tand
the
use
of x
-ra
ys in
imag
ing
inte
rnal
st
ruct
ures
, inc
ludi
ng a
si
mpl
e an
alys
is o
f the
ca
uses
of s
harp
ness
and
co
ntra
st
un
ders
tand
the
use
of x
-ra
ys in
the
treat
men
t of
mal
igna
ncy
and
iden
tific
atio
n of
min
eral
s
us
e eq
uatio
n I =
I 0e-
ux fo
r th
e at
tenu
atio
n of
x-ra
ys
in m
atte
r
unde
rsta
nd th
e pu
rpos
e of
com
pute
d to
mog
raph
y
X-
ray
prod
uctio
n
X-
ray
tube
inte
nsity
and
ha
rdne
ss.
Use
s of
x-ra
ys.
X-
ray
diffr
acto
met
er o
r x-
ray
diffr
actio
n.
D
iffra
ctio
n.
In
terfe
renc
e.
Tw
o so
urce
inte
rfere
nce
patte
rn
D
iffra
ctio
n or
der
Visitingx-
ray
and
C.T
. Sc
an c
entre
.
Mea
surin
g w
ave
leng
th.
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g lis
ted
form
ulae
.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
on
diff
ract
ion.
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
16
15
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
or u
nder
stan
d th
e pr
inci
ples
of C
T sc
anni
ng
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n st
atio
nery
and
pr
ogre
ssiv
e w
aves
dete
rmin
e th
e w
ave
leng
th o
f sou
nd u
sing
st
atio
nary
wav
es
unde
rsta
nd h
ow th
e im
age
of a
n 8
voxe
l cub
e ca
n be
dev
elop
ed u
sing
C
T sc
an
C
T sc
anni
ng
3.3
Supe
rpos
ition
expl
ain
the
prin
cipl
e of
su
per p
ositi
on in
sim
ple
appl
icat
ion
ex
plai
n an
d id
entif
y no
des
and
antin
odes
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
exp
erim
ents
whi
ch
dem
onst
rate
two-
sour
ce
inte
rfere
nce
(You
ng’s
tw
o-sl
it ex
perim
ent
ex
plai
n th
e te
rm
cohe
renc
e
expl
ain
the
cond
ition
s re
quire
d if
two
sour
ce
inte
rfere
nce
fring
es a
re to
be
obs
erve
d
use
the
equa
tion,
for
fring
e sp
acin
g x
= λ
D/a
dem
onst
rate
exp
erim
ents
on
diff
ract
ion
use
the
form
ula
nλ =
dsi
ǹθ
to
dete
rmin
e th
e w
ave
Expe
rimen
ting
on s
uper
po
sitio
n an
d st
atio
nery
w
ave
form
atio
n.
IC
T to
ols
Si
gnal
gen
erat
or
M
icro
phon
e
Slin
ky s
prin
g
Rop
e
Met
er ru
le
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
16
17
16
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
leng
th o
f lig
ht
4.0
ELEC
TRIC
ITYA
ND
MAG
NET
ISM
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
4.1
Elec
tric
ity
de
scrib
e pr
actic
al
appl
icat
ions
of e
lect
rost
atic
ph
enom
ena
in
phot
ocop
ying
, pai
nt s
pray
ing
and
dust
attr
actio
n
defin
e th
e ch
arge
and
the
coul
omb
de
fine
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
and
the
volt
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
Q=I
t, V=
W/QP=V
I,P=
V2/R
and
P =
I2 R
defin
e re
sist
ance
and
the
ohm
reca
ll an
d so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
R=ρ
I/A
de
fine
e.m
.f. in
term
s of
en
ergy
tran
sfer
red
by a
so
urce
in d
rivin
g un
it ch
arge
ro
und
a co
mpl
ete
circ
uit
us
e ap
prop
riate
equ
ipm
ent
in tr
oubl
e sh
ootin
g el
ectri
cal
circ
uits
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
e.m
.f.
and
p.d.
in
term
s of
ene
rgy
cons
ider
atio
ns
de
scrib
e th
e ef
fect
s of
Si
mpl
e el
ectro
stat
ic p
heno
men
a
Elec
tric
curre
nt
Pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
Res
ista
nce
and
resi
stiv
ity
Circ
uit f
aults
El
ectro
mot
ive
faul
ts
Pow
er
C
arry
ing
visi
ts to
pla
ces
whe
re e
lect
rost
atic
s sp
ray
pain
ting,
pho
toco
pyin
g an
d du
st a
ttrac
tion
are
done
.
Solv
ing
circ
uit p
robl
ems
usin
g lis
ted
equa
tions
Taki
ng m
easu
rem
ent t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n e.
m.f.
an
d p.
d.
Id
entif
ying
and
fixi
ng
R
esou
rce
pers
on
Ph
otoc
opie
r
ICT
tool
s
Pow
er s
ourc
e
Car
bon
resi
stor
s
Voltm
eters
Am
met
ers
C
onst
anta
n w
ires
M
ulti-
met
er
C.R.O.
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
18
4.0
ELE
CTR
ICIT
YAN
D M
AG
NET
ISM
16
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
leng
th o
f lig
ht
4.0
ELEC
TRIC
ITYA
ND
MAG
NET
ISM
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
4.1
Elec
tric
ity
de
scrib
e pr
actic
al
appl
icat
ions
of e
lect
rost
atic
ph
enom
ena
in
phot
ocop
ying
, pai
nt s
pray
ing
and
dust
attr
actio
n
defin
e th
e ch
arge
and
the
coul
omb
de
fine
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
and
the
volt
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
Q=I
t, V=
W/QP=V
I,P=
V2/R
and
P =
I2 R
defin
e re
sist
ance
and
the
ohm
reca
ll an
d so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
R=ρ
I/A
de
fine
e.m
.f. in
term
s of
en
ergy
tran
sfer
red
by a
so
urce
in d
rivin
g un
it ch
arge
ro
und
a co
mpl
ete
circ
uit
us
e ap
prop
riate
equ
ipm
ent
in tr
oubl
e sh
ootin
g el
ectri
cal
circ
uits
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
e.m
.f.
and
p.d.
in
term
s of
ene
rgy
cons
ider
atio
ns
de
scrib
e th
e ef
fect
s of
Si
mpl
e el
ectro
stat
ic p
heno
men
a
Elec
tric
curre
nt
Pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
Res
ista
nce
and
resi
stiv
ity
Circ
uit f
aults
El
ectro
mot
ive
faul
ts
Pow
er
C
arry
ing
visi
ts to
pla
ces
whe
re e
lect
rost
atic
s sp
ray
pain
ting,
pho
toco
pyin
g an
d du
st a
ttrac
tion
are
done
.
Solv
ing
circ
uit p
robl
ems
usin
g lis
ted
equa
tions
Taki
ng m
easu
rem
ent t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n e.
m.f.
an
d p.
d.
Id
entif
ying
and
fixi
ng
R
esou
rce
pers
on
Ph
otoc
opie
r
ICT
tool
s
Pow
er s
ourc
e
Car
bon
resi
stor
s
Voltm
eters
Am
met
ers
C
onst
anta
n w
ires
M
ulti-
met
er
C.R.O.
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
18
19
17
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
inte
rnal
resi
stan
ce o
f a
sour
ce o
f e.m
.f. o
n te
rmin
al
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
nd
outp
ut p
ower
calc
ulat
e th
e in
tern
al
resi
stan
ce o
f a s
ourc
e of
e.m.f.usingV=E
– I
r
dete
rmin
e pr
actic
ally
the
internalre
sistance(r)o
fa
pow
er s
ourc
e
Inte
rnal
resi
stan
ce
faul
ty c
ircui
ts.
Te
stin
g ba
sic
circ
uit
com
pone
nts
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts
to m
easu
re in
tern
al
resi
stan
ce.
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
20
18
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
4.2
D.C
. Circ
uits
stat
e Ki
rchh
off’s
firs
t law
and
ex
plai
n th
e lin
k to
co
nser
vatio
n of
cha
rge
st
ate
Kirc
hhof
f’s s
econ
d la
w
and
expl
ain
the
link
to
cons
erva
tion
of e
nerg
y
deriv
e, u
sing
Kirc
hhof
f’s
law
s an
d fo
rmul
a fo
r the
co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
mor
e re
sist
ors
in s
erie
s an
d pa
ralle
l
appl
y Ki
rchh
off’s
law
s to
so
lve
sim
ple
circ
uit
prob
lem
s
use
pote
ntia
l div
ider
as
a so
urce
of v
aria
ble
p.d.
desc
ribe
and
expl
ain
the
use
of th
erm
isto
r, LD
R a
nd
stra
in g
auge
in p
oten
tial
divi
der c
ircui
ts to
pro
vide
vo
ltage
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
use
the
prin
cipl
e of
the
pote
ntio
met
er a
s a
mea
ns o
f co
mpa
ring
pote
ntia
l di
ffere
nces
Ki
rchh
off’s
law
s.
U
se p
oten
tial d
ivid
er.
Prin
cipl
e of
the
pote
ntio
met
er
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g Ki
rchh
off’s
law
s.
Usi
ng K
irchh
off’s
law
s to
de
rive
form
ula
for
resi
stor
s.
U
sing
pot
entia
l div
ider
in
circ
uits
.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
to
det
erm
ine
unkn
own
e.m
.fs a
nd to
com
pare
p.
ds.
IC
T to
ols
Po
wer
sou
rces
Car
bon
resi
stor
s
L.D
.R
Th
erm
isto
r
Stra
in g
auge
Pote
ntio
met
er
G
alva
nom
eter
Jock
ey
4.3
Elec
tric
fiel
ds
de
scrib
e an
ele
ctric
fiel
d as
an
exa
mpl
e of
a fi
eld
of
forc
e an
d de
fine
elec
tric
field
C
once
pt o
f an
elec
tric
field
and
fie
ld s
treng
th.
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g st
ated
form
ulae
IC
T to
ols
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
20
21
19
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
stre
ngth
as
forc
e pe
r uni
t po
sitiv
e ch
arge
useE=V/dtocalculatethe
field
stre
ngth
of t
he u
nifo
rm
field
bet
wee
n ch
arge
d pa
ralle
l pla
tes
in te
rms
of
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
nd
sepa
ratio
n
ca
lcul
ate
the
forc
es o
n ch
arge
s in
uni
form
in e
lect
ric
field
s
de
scrib
e th
e ef
fect
of a
un
iform
ele
ctric
fiel
d on
the
mot
ion
of c
harg
ed p
artic
les
use
Cou
lom
b’s
law
in th
e fo
rm F
=Q1 Q
2/(4π
ε0r
2) fo
r th
e fo
rce
betw
een
two
poin
t ch
arge
in fr
eed
spac
e of
air
use
E=Q
/4 π
ε0r
2 for
the
field
st
reng
th o
f a p
oint
cha
rge
in
free
spac
e or
air
defin
e po
tent
ial a
t a p
oint
in
term
s of
wor
k do
ne in
br
ingi
ng a
uni
t pos
itive
ch
arge
from
infin
ity to
the
poin
t
stat
e th
at th
e fie
ld s
treng
th
of th
e fie
ld a
t a p
oint
is
num
eric
ally
equ
al to
the
pote
ntia
l gra
dien
t at t
hat
poin
t
use
the
equa
tion
V=
Q/4
πε 0
r2 fo
r the
pot
entia
l in
the
field
of a
poi
nt c
harg
e
co
mpa
re q
ualit
ativ
e an
d qu
antit
ativ
e as
pect
of
U
nifo
rm e
lect
ric fi
elds
.
Forc
e be
twee
n po
int c
harg
es.
El
ectri
c fie
ld o
f a p
oint
cha
rge.
Elec
tric
pote
ntia
l.
Pote
ntia
l gra
dien
t.
Si
mul
atin
g an
ele
ctric
fiel
d
Indi
catin
g si
mila
ritie
s be
twee
n el
ectri
c an
d gr
avita
tiona
l fie
lds.
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
22
20
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
elec
tric
and
grav
itatio
nal
field
s
4.4
Cap
acita
nces
desc
ribe
the
func
tion
of
capa
cito
rs in
sim
ple
circ
uits
defin
e ca
paci
tanc
e an
d th
e fa
rad
solveproblemsusingC=Q
/V
de
rive,
usi
ng th
e fo
rmul
ae
C=Q
/V,conservationof
char
ge a
nd e
ditio
n of
p.d
s,
the
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
ser
ies
and
para
llel
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
serie
s an
d in
par
alle
l
dedu
ce th
e ar
ea u
nder
a
pote
ntia
l-cha
rge
grap
h, th
e eq
uatio
n W
=1/2QVand
henceW=1/2CV2
desc
ribe
char
ging
and
di
scha
rgin
g of
cap
acito
rs in
R
C c
ircui
ts
C
apac
itors
and
cap
acita
nce
En
ergy
sto
red
in a
cap
acito
r.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
e of
ca
paci
tors
in e
lect
roni
c ci
rcui
ts
Solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e st
ated
form
ulae
.
D
eriv
e W
=1/2
QVusing
grap
hs
C
harg
ing
and
disc
harg
ing
capa
cito
rs in
circ
uits
.
R
esis
tors
Cap
acito
rs
Po
wer
sou
rce
Am
met
ers
FO
RM 6
4.5
Elec
trom
agne
tism
expl
ain
that
a fo
rce
mig
ht
act o
n a
curre
nt
ca
rryi
ng c
ondu
ctor
pla
ced
in
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
equa
tion
F =
BIL
sin
θ w
ith
dire
ctio
ns a
s in
terp
rete
d by
Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
rule
defin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux d
ensi
ty
and
the
test
la
Fo
rce
on c
urre
nt-c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
r
Forc
e on
a m
ovin
g ch
arge
.
Mag
netic
fiel
ds d
ue to
cur
rent
s
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
ver
ify F
=BIL
sin
θ
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
F=BI
L si
n θ
and
F
= Bq
v si
n θ.
Det
erm
inin
g di
rect
ion
usin
g Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
ru
le.
Pe
rman
ent m
agne
ts
M
etal
lic ro
ds
R
ider
Hal
f met
er ru
le
Pr
otra
ctor
Pow
er p
ack
Am
met
er
El
ectro
nic
bala
nce
C
ompu
ter
So
leno
id
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
22
23
20
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
elec
tric
and
grav
itatio
nal
field
s
4.4
Cap
acita
nces
desc
ribe
the
func
tion
of
capa
cito
rs in
sim
ple
circ
uits
defin
e ca
paci
tanc
e an
d th
e fa
rad
solveproblemsusingC=Q
/V
de
rive,
usi
ng th
e fo
rmul
ae
C=Q
/V,conservationof
char
ge a
nd e
ditio
n of
p.d
s,
the
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
ser
ies
and
para
llel
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
serie
s an
d in
par
alle
l
dedu
ce th
e ar
ea u
nder
a
pote
ntia
l-cha
rge
grap
h, th
e eq
uatio
n W
=1/2QVand
henceW=1/2CV2
desc
ribe
char
ging
and
di
scha
rgin
g of
cap
acito
rs in
R
C c
ircui
ts
C
apac
itors
and
cap
acita
nce
En
ergy
sto
red
in a
cap
acito
r.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
e of
ca
paci
tors
in e
lect
roni
c ci
rcui
ts
Solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e st
ated
form
ulae
.
D
eriv
e W
=1/2
QVusing
grap
hs
C
harg
ing
and
disc
harg
ing
capa
cito
rs in
circ
uits
.
R
esis
tors
Cap
acito
rs
Po
wer
sou
rce
Am
met
ers
FO
RM 6
4.5
Elec
trom
agne
tism
expl
ain
that
a fo
rce
mig
ht
act o
n a
curre
nt
ca
rryi
ng c
ondu
ctor
pla
ced
in
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
equa
tion
F =
BIL
sin
θ w
ith
dire
ctio
ns a
s in
terp
rete
d by
Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
rule
defin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux d
ensi
ty
and
the
test
la
Fo
rce
on c
urre
nt-c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
r
Forc
e on
a m
ovin
g ch
arge
.
Mag
netic
fiel
ds d
ue to
cur
rent
s
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
ver
ify F
=BIL
sin
θ
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
F=BI
L si
n θ
and
F
= Bq
v si
n θ.
Det
erm
inin
g di
rect
ion
usin
g Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
ru
le.
Pe
rman
ent m
agne
ts
M
etal
lic ro
ds
R
ider
Hal
f met
er ru
le
Pr
otra
ctor
Pow
er p
ack
Am
met
er
El
ectro
nic
bala
nce
C
ompu
ter
So
leno
id
FOR
M 6
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
24
21
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
de
mon
stra
te h
ow th
e fo
rce
on a
cur
rent
-car
ryin
g co
nduc
tor c
an b
e us
ed to
m
easu
re th
e flu
x de
nsity
of
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
usin
g a
curre
nt b
alan
ce
pr
edic
t the
dire
ctio
n of
the
forc
e on
a c
harg
e m
ovin
g in
a
mag
netic
fiel
d
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
F =
Bqv
sinθ
sket
ch fl
ux p
atte
rns
due
to a
lo
ng s
traig
ht w
ire, a
flat
ci
rcul
ar c
oil a
nd a
long
so
leno
id
sh
ow th
at th
e fie
ld d
ue to
a
sole
noid
may
be
influ
ence
d by
the
pres
ence
of a
ferro
us
core
desc
ribe
the
prin
cipl
e of
the
elec
tro m
agne
t and
sta
te it
s us
es
ex
plai
n th
e fo
rce
betw
een
curre
nt c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
rs
and
pred
ict t
he d
irect
ion
of
the
forc
e
desc
ribe
and
com
pare
the
forc
es o
n m
ass,
cha
rge
and
curre
nt in
a g
ravi
tatio
nal,
elec
tric
and
mag
netic
fiel
ds,
as a
ppro
pria
te
de
scrib
e ho
w a
cal
ibra
ted
Hal
l pro
be c
an b
e us
ed to
m
easu
re fl
ux d
ensi
ty
El
ectro
mag
net.
Fo
rce
betw
een
curre
nt- c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
rs.
H
all p
robe
.
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
det
erm
ine
flux
dens
ity
usin
g cu
rrent
bal
ance
Sket
chin
g flu
x fie
ld
patte
rns.
Sim
ulat
ing
forc
e on
a
mov
ing
char
ge in
B fi
eld
usin
g co
mpu
ters
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e ef
fect
of
ferro
us c
ore
in a
sol
enoi
d
Mea
surin
g flu
x de
nsity
us
ing
a ca
libra
ted
Hal
l pr
obe.
So
ft iro
n co
re
4.6
Elec
trom
agne
tic
Indu
ctio
n
defin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux a
nd th
e W
eber
Law
s of
ele
ctro
mag
netic
in
duct
ion
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g φ
=
BA
.
Dyn
amo
Voltm
eter
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
24
25
22
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
s
olve
pro
blem
s us
ing
φ
= B
A.
d
efin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux li
nkag
e
de
duce
from
app
ropr
iate
ex
perim
ents
on
elec
trom
agne
tic in
duct
ion
-
that
a c
hang
ing
mag
netic
flux
can
in
duce
an
e.m
.f. in
a
circ
uit,
-
that
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
indu
ced
e.m
.f. o
ppos
es
the
chan
ge p
rodu
cing
it
- th
e fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
the
mag
nitu
de o
f the
in
duce
d e.
m.f.
-
Fara
day's
law
- Lenzlaw
Mea
surin
g vo
ltage
and
cu
rrent
gen
erat
ed b
y a
dyna
mo
Ve
rifyingLenz
law
Am
met
er
So
leno
id/
coil
Mag
net
Centerzero
galv
anom
eter
4.7
Alte
rnat
ing
Cur
rent
s
defin
e an
d us
e th
e te
rms
perio
d, fr
eque
ncy,
pea
k va
lue
and
root
-mea
n-square(r.m.s)valueas
appl
ied
to a
n al
tern
atin
g cu
rrent
or v
olta
ge.
de
duce
that
the
mea
n po
wer
in
a re
sist
ive
load
is h
alf t
he
max
imum
pow
er fo
r a
sinu
soid
al a
ltern
atin
g cu
rrent
repr
esen
t an
alte
rnat
ing
curre
nt o
r an
alte
rnat
ing
volta
ge b
y an
equ
atio
n of
the
form
x =
xo si
nωt
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n r.m
.s
and
peak
val
ues
and
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e re
latio
nshi
p 𝐼𝐼 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟=𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜
√2⁄fo
r th
e si
nuso
idal
cas
e
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
C
hara
cter
istic
s of
alte
rnat
ing
curre
nts
Th
e tra
nsfo
rmer
Tr
ansm
issi
on o
f ele
ctric
al
ener
gy
Rec
tific
atio
n
usingaCROtodisplay
and
mea
sure
pea
k vo
ltage
/cur
rent
and
de
term
inin
g ro
ot-m
ean-
squa
re
in
vest
igat
ing
the
effe
ct o
f nu
mbe
r of t
urns
on
outp
ut
volta
ge/c
urre
nt
m
akin
g pr
otot
ype
trans
form
er
conn
ectin
g di
odes
to
disp
lay
half-
wav
e an
d fu
ll-w
ave
rect
ifica
tion.
CRO
A.C
pow
er s
ourc
e
prot
otyp
e tra
nsfo
rmer
diod
es
CRO
A.C
pow
er s
ourc
e
-
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
26
23
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
the
prin
cipl
e of
ope
ratio
n of
a
sim
ple
iron-
core
d tra
nsfo
rmer
an
d so
lve
the
prob
lem
s us
ing
𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁 𝑝𝑝⁄
=𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝⁄
=𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠⁄
f
or a
n id
eal t
rans
form
er.
ex
plai
n th
e us
e of
oil
in
trans
form
er
sh
ow a
n ap
prec
iatio
n of
the
scie
ntifi
c an
d ec
onom
ic
adva
ntag
es o
f alte
rnat
ing
curre
nt a
nd o
f hig
h vo
ltage
s fo
r the
tran
smis
sion
of
elec
tric
ener
gy
st
ate
the
scie
ntifi
c an
d ec
onom
ic a
dvan
tage
s of
al
tern
atin
g cu
rrent
and
of
high
vol
tage
dist
ingu
ish
grap
hica
lly
betw