Prepared by:

Nikul pithva (151080119021)

Guided by:-

Medha shah

X-ray physicsX-ray physics

Content Content Introduction, history and basic Introduction, history and basic

physics.physics. How radiograph produce.How radiograph produce. Interaction of x-ray with patient.Interaction of x-ray with patient. Formation of the image.Formation of the image. Processing the film.Processing the film.

Discovery of x-raysDiscovery of x-rays Discovered in 1895 by German Discovered in 1895 by German

physicist named Wilhelm physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen.Roentgen.

He found shadow of his bone on He found shadow of his bone on fluorescent screen.fluorescent screen.

Introduction, history Introduction, history and basic physics.and basic physics.

X-rays are a form of X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but with short to visible light but with short wave length.wave length.

Properties of x-raysProperties of x-rays Are Are

electromagnetic electromagnetic radiations radiations composed of small composed of small packets of energy packets of energy called photons.called photons.

Travel at speed of Travel at speed of light.light.

Travel in straight Travel in straight lines.lines.

Highly Highly penetrating.penetrating.

Invisible.Invisible. Blacken Blacken

radiographic films.radiographic films. Produce scatter.Produce scatter.

Production of Production of radiographradiograph X-ray are produced in the machine.X-ray are produced in the machine. X-ray interact with the patient.X-ray interact with the patient. Image is recorded in the x-ray plate.Image is recorded in the x-ray plate.

How radiographs are How radiographs are producedproduced

Production of the x-ray Production of the x-ray radiations on the radiations on the

machine.machine.Steps in x-ray production:-Steps in x-ray production:-Filament is heated and gives off cloud of Filament is heated and gives off cloud of electrons.electrons.A large electrical charge is placed in the A large electrical charge is placed in the cathode/anode space causing the electrons to race cathode/anode space causing the electrons to race toward the anode.toward the anode.When they crush into the anode it causes x-ray to When they crush into the anode it causes x-ray to be given off. be given off.

X-ray tube headX-ray tube headStationary anode.Stationary anode. Found in smaller Found in smaller

machines.machines. The target is fixed The target is fixed

in block of copper.in block of copper. Only capable of Only capable of

low output.low output. mA to 30mA to 30

Rotating anode.Rotating anode. Found in large Found in large

machines.machines. The target is rotate The target is rotate

in tungsten disc.in tungsten disc. Higher output Higher output

producing.producing. mA up to 300mA up to 300

Control panelControl panel Higher kv attract the electrons toward the Higher kv attract the electrons toward the

anode by greater force.anode by greater force. They smash the anode harder and They smash the anode harder and

produce x-ray with higher energy and produce x-ray with higher energy and greater tissue penetrating power.greater tissue penetrating power.

Increasing mA increase the number of Increasing mA increase the number of electrons cloud around the filament. electrons cloud around the filament. Result in higher number of x-ray produced Result in higher number of x-ray produced per second.per second.

How x-ray interact with How x-ray interact with patients.patients.

Three things occurred:Three things occurred:Some x-rays absorbed.Some x-rays absorbed.Some pass straight through the patient.Some pass straight through the patient.Some scattered.Some scattered.

Depend on three things:Depend on three things:X-ray energy. In high kv most of x-rays pass to the X-ray energy. In high kv most of x-rays pass to the film through the patient.film through the patient.Atomic number of the absorber.Atomic number of the absorber.Thickness and density of the object.Thickness and density of the object.

How image is formedHow image is formedAs an x-ray beam leave the tube head, it fans As an x-ray beam leave the tube head, it fans out and become weaker.out and become weaker.As the distance double, the strength is As the distance double, the strength is reduced.reduced.Formation of the image:Formation of the image:The distance from the anode target to the The distance from the anode target to the film is called the film focal distance.film is called the film focal distance.Changing the distance affect the quantity Changing the distance affect the quantity of the x-ray reaching the film.of the x-ray reaching the film.Increasing the distance means that less x-Increasing the distance means that less x-rays reaches the film.rays reaches the film.

Processing filmsProcessing filmsThere are five steps:There are five steps:Developing.Developing.Rinsing,Rinsing,Fixing.Fixing.Washing.Washing.Drying.Drying.

Development: Development: Chemical convert the exposed AgBr in to metallic Chemical convert the exposed AgBr in to metallic silver.silver.The bromine goes into solution.The bromine goes into solution.Unexposed AgBr is less affected. Unexposed AgBr is less affected.

Rinsing:Rinsing: Essential to rinse of the developer solution so Essential to rinse of the developer solution so

that the fixer solution is not contaminated.that the fixer solution is not contaminated. Contamination ::leads to faster exhaustion of the Contamination ::leads to faster exhaustion of the

fixer. fixer. Fixing: Fixing: Stops development.Stops development. Washes away unexposed and undeveloped silver Washes away unexposed and undeveloped silver

halide crystals.halide crystals. Hardens the emulsion.Hardens the emulsion.Washing:Washing: To wash all traces of fixer from emulsionTo wash all traces of fixer from emulsion..Draying: Draying: Hang up in dust free area to dry.Automatic processors by it by using hot air.