Physiological Basis of Behavior

1. Nervous System2. Left Brain – Right Brain Dominance3. Intelligence and its assessment

Look at the chart and say the color not the word

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE

BLACK RED GREEN

PURPLE YELLOW RED

ORANGE GREEN BLACK

BLUE RED PURPLE

GREEN BLUE

ORANGE

Left – Right Conflict

Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain insists on reading the word

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN SPINAL CORD SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Forebrain, midbrain

and hindbrain

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Nervous system – complex network of nerve cells that regulates our bodily functions and permits us to reach the external world.

Central Nervous System

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

• 1. causes sensory information to the brain via: afferent nerves and efferent nerves).

• 2. it plays a key role in various reflexes.

• P. N. system – consist of nerves, bundles of axons from many neurons connects C.N.S with sense organs and muscles and glands throughout the body. Nerves are attached to the spinal cord (spinal nerve) to serve all of the body below the neck.cranial nerve – extends from the brain and carry information from receptor in the eyes, ears and other sense organs. Carry information from C.N.S , muscles in head and neck.

• Division of P.N.S.

• 1. Somatic Nervous System – connect the Nervous system to voluntary muscle throughout the body.

• 2. Autonomic Nervous system – connects the C.N.S to internal organs and glands and to muscles over which we have little voluntary center.

• Division of Autonomic Nervous system

• 1. Sympathetic - stimulates the body only for using energy

• 2. Parasympathetic – stimulate the body processes that conserve energy.

three basic functions of nervous system:

1. Receiving sensory input can be manifested in various forms, including pressure, taste, sound, light, or hormone levels, which are converted to a signal and then sent to the brain or spinal cord.

2. Integrating the input through the sensory centers of the brain or in the spinal cord.

3. Responding to stimuli then converted to action.

Basic Structural Unit:

The Neuron

3 main parts of a neuron:

1. Dendrites - receive the information from another cell and are the one to transmit the message to the cell body.

2. Cell body - serves as the center of nourishment

3. Axon - conducts messages away from the cell body.

3 types of neuron

1. Sensory neurons as classified into its appearance typically possess a long dendrite and short axon, and its role is that they carry messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

2. Interneurons are located only in the central nervous system where there is a connection of neuron-to-neuron.

3 types of neuron

3. Motor neurons based into appearance, have a long axon and short dendrites and responsible to transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles or even to the glands.

SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CONTAIN

NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES

• Acetylcholine

• Norepinephrine

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid

• Dopamine

• Serotonin

• Endorphin

Different Neurotransmitter Substances

and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior

1. Acetylcholine Facilitates learning and

memory

Deficiency of ACH disrupts

learning and memory

2. Norepinephrine Too little may lead to

depression

Too much causes hyperactivity

Different Neurotransmitter Substances

and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior

3. Dopamine Over supply may lead to

schizophrenic reaction

Under supply causes Parkinson’s

Diseases (a neurological

disorder disrupting coordinated

movement)

4. Serotonin Lack of serotonin produces anemia

Prevents dreaming in the waking state

Considered as the “worry” chemical

in the brain

Different Neurotransmitter Substances

and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior

5. GABA (gamma

acid aminobutyric

acid)

6. Endorphins

Decreases the activity of

the neuron

May decrease levels of

anxiety

Pain relieving effect; a

neuropeptide

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System (CNS)

BRAIN

• the largest part of the nervous system that is protected by the skull.

• It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90% of the body neurons

• Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body.

• 4 lobes:• 1. Parietal lobe located in in the central fissure

from the frontal lobe.function: information to the skin senses (touch,

temperature and pressure).If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of the body.If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the left part of the body.

• 2. Frontal lobe – nearest to the face ( motor cortex) Function: controls the body movement.

• 3. Occipital lobe – near the back of the head.Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual)Damage in the right hemisphere – loss of vision in the

left.If in the left – loss vision in the right.

4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each hemisphere. Function: concern with hearingDamage in left hemisphere – inability to understand spoken words.If in the right – can recognize speech but unable to recognize other organizations of sounds.

The major brain areas and lobes.

Hindbrain - includes

Medulla

• controls respiration, digestion, and circulation;

Cerebellum

• Governs body balance, posture and muscular coordination

Pons

• Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the cerebellum as well as the tracts of sensory and motor nerve fibers that connect upper brain to the spinal cord

Midbrain

• Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system.

• It also controls some auditory and visual responses such as regulation of the size of the pupil of the eye.

Forebrain

• Occupies the largest of the three divisions of the brain and occupies the entire upper portion of the skull

Cerebrum

• The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion, learning, thinking, remembering and sense perception.

Cerebral Cortex

• The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the activities of the entire nervous system

Thalamus

• Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor impulses that travel to and from the cerebrum

Hypothalamus

• Controls body temperature, metabolism, hunger and thirsts

Reticular activating system

• A group of neurons that occupy a portion of the hindbrain and midbrain that serves as an arousal system

Corpus Callosum

• Connects two brain hemisphere

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system

• It connects the glands and organs of your bodythat are involuntary in nature. It has twosubsystems:

• the sympathetic nervous system and

• the parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System vs.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic NervousSystem

• involved in the “fight orflight” response duringemergency situation or inhigh emotion.

• It increases alertness,stimulates tissue, andprepares the body forquick responses tounusual situations.activities, such asdigestion.

Parasympathetic nervous system

• that is involved in “rest or repose” system as it quiets the body and returns it to a lower intensity of arousal.

• It is involved in relaxation. It conserves energy and controls sedentary movements.

HOMEOSTASIS

• Tendency of the body to maintain a balance among internal physiological conditions.

The Endocrine System: Glandular

activities of the system

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMis made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function.

HORMONES

• Directly released on the bloodstream because they have no ducts or structured passageways to the organs that they serve.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands

• Secrete special messengers known as hormones that are directly released into bloodstream because they have no ducts.

Pituitary Gland• Has been called the “master gland”, influences

growth, metabolism and regenerationOxytocin • Influence the contraction of the uterus during

childbirth and the reflexive reaction of milk from the mammary glands.

Vasopressin

• Regulates the amount of water in the body cells and thus directly controls blood pressure

Anterior pituitary hormones – include

control of timings and amount of body growth

• Too little can lead to condition called DWARFISM

• Over secretion can produce GIANTISM

Giantism

Dwarfism

He Pingping and Svetlana

Pankratova

He Pingping stands

precisely 2 feet 5.37

inches tall.

Pankratova's legs

are nearly 52 inches

long.

Adrenal glands

• Located just above the kidneys

• Important in neural functioning and in the ability to cope with stress

• The inner core of the adrenal gland secretes EPINEPHRINE also called ADRENALINE and NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)

Thyroid Gland

• Located in the neck in front of the windpipe and weighs less than ounce

• Hormone produced by this gland is THYROXINE

Hypothyroidism• The result of underactivity of the thyroid gland,

which characterized by laziness and dullness on the part of the organism

• When this occurs in infancy the condition is known as CRETINISM

GOITER

• The swelling of the thyroid gland brought about by the glands overworking, hence the inability to secrete enough hormones

Parathyroid Glands

• These are two small pea-shaped glands close to the thyroid glands

• Hormones called PARATHORMONE

PARATHORMONE• Regulates utilization of calcium and phosphorus

in the body

• Undersecretion of this hormone results in condition known as tetany

Pancreas

• Located near the stomach secretes two hormones which control the level of blood sugar or glucose in the bloodstream

Glucagon

• Releases glucose into the bloodstream from the glycogen stored in the liver

Insulin

• Enables glucose to move out of the blood into the cells of muscles and tissues

Gonads

• The sex or puberty glands which produce the sperm and egg cells for reproduction

TESTES – testosterone• Stimulates development and maintenance of

male secondary sexual characteristics and behavior

OVARIES – estrogen and progesterone• ESTROGEN – stimulates development and

maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and behavior

PROGESTERONE

• Stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and behavior and maintains pregnancy