physiological thermoregulation few fishes--tunas & lamnid sharks fish are active --generate heat...
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Physiological Thermoregulation
• few fishes--tunas & lamnid sharks
• fish are active --generate heat
• rete mirabile for heat exchange & conserv.
• fish are large--low surface area to mass ratio– body surf. area increases as square of length– body mass increases as cube of length
end
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Physiological Thermoregulation
body
skin
skingills
heat
rete mirabile
end
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Counter-current blood flow
Distance along capillaries (rete)
Tem
pera
ture
low
high
arterial blood
venous blood
heat
from gills
from body
end
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Counter Current flow:
• fluid flowing in opposite directions
• exchange of heat or gas perpendicular to flow
• efficiency versus speed
end
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Distance along capillaries (rete)
Tem
pera
ture
low
high
Hypothetical Co-current blood flow:
from gills
from body
arterial blood
venous bloodcounter-current
heat
end
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Hypothetical Co-Current flow:
• fluid flowing in same direction
• exchange of heat or gas perpendicular to flow
• speed versus efficiency
end
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Hydromineral Balance: Life in a solvent
Environmental forces cause movement of water and dissolved substances
versus
Homeostasis--the need to maintain balance of water and dissolved substances in cells and body fluids of organisms
-constant internal environment
end
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Environmental forces:• heat--(movement of molecules) energy for
movement
• diffusion--net movement of molecules
• pressure--density of molecules – difference causes or blocks movement
• osmosis--movement of water
• electrochemical forces--attraction & repulsion of molecules based on charge
end
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• Environmental forces work together toward equilibrium
• equilibrium-no net movement of molecules
end
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Diffusion:
water
substance
diffusion
end
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water
end
substance
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water
end
substance
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end
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Osmosis:
water
substance
semipermeable membrane
osmosis
end
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substance
water
end
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substance
water
end
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substance
water
end
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• Diffusion--Net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis--Net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
end
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Electrochemical forces:
• Movement of ions (charged molecules) due to charge
• likes repel--opposites attract
end
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Passive processes:
• Diffusion, osmosis & molecular movement from electrochem. Forces are passive processes – require no energy from organism
• Active Processes-those that require organism to expend energy.– needed for homeostasis; to counter some
passive processes
end
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Definitions:
• Ionic Regulation: maintenance of concentrations of specific ions
• Osmoregulation: maintenance of constant concentrations of total dissolved substances in extracellular fluids
end
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end
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Four osmoregulatory strategies in fishes:
1. Isosmotic (nearly isoionic)– essentially no regulation– body fluids same osmotic conc. as environment
advantages and disadvantages?
Examples: many inverts. Hagfishes; only marine spp.
end
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Four osmoregulatory strategies in fishes continued:
2. Isosmotic with regulation of specific ions– organic salts stored in extracellular fluids (prim. urea)– Inorganic salt conc. approx. 1/3 seawater– rectal gland secretes Na+ and Cl- in conc close to that of
seawater (active process)
advantages and disadvantages?
Examples: elasmobranchs, coelacanth (marine)
end
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Four osmoregulatory strategies in fishes continued:
3. Osmotic & ionic regulation by marine teleosts– ionic conc. Approx 1/3 of seawater– drink copiously to gain water– Chloride cells eliminate Na+ and Cl-
– kidneys eliminate Mg++ and SO4=
advantages and disadvantages?
Examples: saltwater teleosts
end
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Saltwater teleosts:
drink
active
passive
Na+, Cl-
Mg++, SO4=
H2O
Na+, Cl-
Na+, Cl-
chloride cells
Mg++, SO4=
kidneys
end
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Chloride Cell fig 6.2:
pavementcell PCPC
active
passive
chloride cell
accessory cell
sea water
internalmitochondria
tubular system
Na+
K+ Na+ K+ ATPase
Na+, Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-Cl-
gut
carrier
Na+
Na+
Na+
pump
+
end
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Four osmoregulatory strategies in fishes continued:
4. Osmotic & ionic regulation by FW teleosts– ionic conc. Approx 1/3 of seawater– don’t drink– Chloride cells fewer, work in reverse – kidneys eliminate excess water; ion loss– ammonia & bicarbonate ion exchange mechanisms
advantages and disadvantages?
Examples: FW teleosts; FW elasmobranchs
end
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Freshwater teleosts: active
passive
H2O
Na+, Cl-
Na+, Cl-
don’tdrink
waterkidneys
Ion exchangepumps; beta chloride cells
end
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Ion Exchange Mechanisms
gill membrane
freshwater interior
active
pump
active
pump
Na+
Cl-
NH+ or H+
HCO3-
ATP
ATP
end
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end
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end
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end
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pO2
Distance along capillaries
efferent
Counter-current flow
afferent
O2
end
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Four osmoregulatory strategies in fishes continued:
1. Isosmotic (nearly isoionic)
2. Isosmotic with regulation of specific ions
3. Osmotic & ionic regulation by marine teleosts (continued)
Summary of previously covered strategies:
end
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• The following slides are animated with a feature that does not work on powerpoint2000. save for use when 105 gets ppxp
• These will replace the diffusion and osmosis slides above.
end
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water
substanceend
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water
substanceend
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substance
water
end
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substance
water
end