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Interpretation: Sa Aking mga Kababata

Kapagka ang bayay sadyang umiibig

Sa langit salitang kaloob ng langit

Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi

Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid

This first stanza in Rizal's poem shows that long before he

sprouted the first fruits of his youth, he had already placed

distinguished value in the importance of one's mother

tongue. According to these verses, if a nation's people

wholeheartedly embrace and love their native language,

that nation will also surely pursue liberty. He likens this

idea to a bird soaring freely in the vast, eternal sky above.

Ipinapakita sa unang talata na kahit noong bata pa

lamang si Rizal ay nakita na niya ang kahalagahan ng

wikang pambansa. Ayon sa kanya, kung taos-pusong

mamahalin ng mga tao ang kanilang pambansang wika ay

taos-puso rin nilang ipaglalaban ang kanilang kalayaan.

Ito raw ay parang isang ibong lumilipad nang malaya sa

himpapawid.

Pagkat ang salitay isang kahatulan

Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian

At ang isang taoy katulad,kabagay

Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.

Language here is likened to a people born into freedom.

In Rizal's time, Filipinos were held in slavery by Spain.

Rizal, however, believed that if the people treasured and

loved and used their mother tongue, it would become a

symbol of relative freedom, and of identity.

Ang wika ay ihinahalintulad ni Rizal sa mamamayang

ipinanganak sa kalayaan. Sa panahon noon, ang Pilipinas

ay naging alipin sa kamay ng mga Kastila. Ganunpaman,

sinasabi ni Rizal sa talatang ito na kahit na ang bansa ay

parang nasa bilangguan ng mga dayuhan, ang kanilang

pagmamahal at pagtatangkilik sa sariling wika ay

magiging simbolo na rin ng kanilang pagkatao ang pagka-

Pilipino.

Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita

Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda

Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusaNa tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala

It is here in these lines of verse that we find Rizal's famous

quote: "He who does not love his own language is worse

than an animal and smelly fish." He further adds that

Filipinos must work to make the language richer, and

likens this endeavor to a mother feeding her young. The

native tongue is now compared to a helpless child that

must be nurtured in order to grow and flourish.

Dito sa pangatlong saknong nating makikita ang isa sa

mga pinakatanyag na kasabihan ni Rizal. Ayon sa kanya,

ang wika raw kay nangangailangan ng pag-aaruga, gaya

ng pag-alaga ng ina sa kanyang anak. Ihinahalintulad niya

ang pambansang wika sa isang sanggol na kailangang

alagaan at mahalin.

Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,

Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel,

Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin

Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin.

The Tagalog language is, according to these lines, equal in

rank to Latin, English, Spanish, and even the language of

the angels. It is not inferior to any other language, nor

must it be considered so. For it is God who has bestowed

upon the Filipinos this gift, just as he has blessed the other

nations and lands with their native tongues.

Ayon kay Rizal, ang wikang Tagalog ay singhalaga ang

sintulad lamang ng wikang Latin, Ingles, Kastila, at

salitang anghel. Hindi ito dapat minamaliit kapag

ikinukumpara sa wika ng ibang mas mauunlad na bansa,

sapagkat iisa lamang ang Diyos na nagbigay-bunga sa

lahat ng wika ng mundo.

Ang salita natiy tulad din sa iba

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,

Na kaya nawalay dinatnan ng sigwa

Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.

These last lines may very well be referring to the Alibata,

or the old Filipino alphabet whose characters are unique in

every essence, finding no likeness in any other alphabet.

The Tagalog language, according to Rizal, has letters and

characters of its very own, similar to the way other "elite

tongues" do. These letters, however, were overthrown by

strong waves and lost, like fragile, fickle boats in the

stormy sea, many long years ago.

Ang wika ng mga Pilipino, tulad nga iba pang wika, ay

mayroon ding sariling alpabeto. Maaaring tinutukoy ni

Rizal dito ang Alibata o ang lumang alpabetong Pilipino,

na talaga namang nag-iisa ang walang katulad. Ngunit,

ayon kay Rizal, ang mga letra ng ating katutubong

alpabeto ay parang natangoy sa malalaking alon, na

parang mga bangka.

Sa Aking Mga Kabata

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Sa Aking Mga Kabat" (English: To my Fellow Youth) is a

poem about the love of one's native language written in

Tagalog.It is widely attributed to theFilipinonational hero

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem

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Jos Rizal,who supposedly wrote it in 1869 at the age of

eight.[1]

There is no evidence, however, to support

authorship by Rizal and several historians now believe it to

be ahoax.[2]

The actual author of the poem is suspected to

have been the poets Gabriel Beato Francisco or

Herminigildo Cruz.[3]

The oldest known copy of the poem appears in Kun sino

ang kumath ngloant kasaysayan ngbhay ni

aniso altaa at pag-uulat nang kanyang kaunungat

kadakilaan(1906) by Hermenigildo Cruz. Note that the

poem uses thePhilippine Commonwealth-eraTagalog

spelling with a 'K'. If Rizal had indeed written it, it should

have used the phonetically equivalent Spanish 'C'.

The poem was widely taught in Philippine schools to point

out Rizal's precociousness and early development of his

nationalistic ideals.[1]

A passage of the poem often paraphrased asAng hindmarunong magmahal sa sariling wik, masahol pa sa

hayop at malansang isd(English: 'He that knows not to

love his own language, is worse than beasts and putrid

fish') is widely quoted to promote the use of Tagalog

among Filipinos. It is encountered most frequently during

the Buwan ng Wika('Language Month'), a

commemoration of the establishment of theFilipino

language as the national language of the Philippines.[4][5]

Publication history

No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatwritten in Rizal's

handwriting exists.[6]

The poem was first published in1906, a decade after his death, in a book authored by the

poet Hermenigildo Cruz. Cruz claimed that he received the

poem from another poet, Gabriel Beato Francisco, who in

turn received it in 1884 from an alleged close friend of

Rizal, Saturnino Raselis. Jos Rizal, however, has never

mentioned anyone by the name of Saturnino Raselis.[2][7]

The poem may have actually been written by Cruz or

Francisco.[2][3]

Pascual H. Poblete published a different account in his

introduction to the 1909 translation Noli Me Tangere;

Novelang Wicang Castila Na Tinagalog Ni Pascual H.

Poblete(note old Tagalog spelling), he claims that the

poem was well-known to Filipino poets during Rizal's

childhood.[8]

This account was later repeated inAustin

Coates' 1968 biography of Rizal,Rizal: Philippine

Nationalist and Martyr,who further added thatJuan Luna

had a role in preserving the poem. This is not

substantiated by any known evidence.[3]

The earliest known poems of Rizal in theNational

Historical Institutes collection, Poesas Por Jos Rizal, also

date six years after the alleged writing date of Sa Aking

Mga Kabat. His own account of the earliest awakening of

his nationalistic views, identifies it as the year 1872 - the

year of theexecutions of the priestsMariano Gmez,Jos

Apolonio Burgos,andJacinto Zamora.[9]

The poem is never

mentioned by Rizal himself in all his voluminous writings,

despite its apparent significance in terms of his future

ideals.[3]

Authenticity

HistorianAmbeth Ocampo,National Artist of the

Philippines and writerVirgilio S. Almario and others have

debunked Rizal's traditional authorship of the poem based

on the following:[2]

The poem uses the Tagalog word kalayaan

(liberty/freedom). However, Rizal first encountered the

word at least by 1882, when he was 25 years old - 17 years

after he supposedly wrote the poem. Rizal first came

across kalayaan, or as it was spelled, kalayahan, through aTagalog translation byMarcelo H. del Pilar of Rizal's own

essay El Amor Patrio.[2][10]

The fluency and sophistication of the Tagalog used in the

poem also do not match Rizal's grasp of the language.

Although Rizal's native tongue was Tagalog, his early

education was all in Spanish. In the oft-quoted anecdote of

the moth and the flame from Rizal's memoir, the children's

book he and his mother were reading was entitled El

Amigo de los Nios, and it was in Spanish.[11]

He would

later lament his difficulties in expressing himself in

Tagalog. In 1886, Rizal was in Leipzig working on a Tagalog

translation ofFriedrich Schiller'sWilliam Tell,which he

sent home to his brotherPaciano.In the accompanying

letter, Rizal speaks of his difficulty finding an appropriate

Tagalog equivalent of Freiheit(freedom), settling on

kalayahan. Rizal cited Del Pilar's translation of his own

essay as his source for kalayahan.[2][10]

Rizal also

attempted to writeMakamisa(the intended sequel toEl

filibusterismo)in Tagalog, only to give up after only ten

pages and start again in Spanish.[2][3]

The 8-year old Rizal's apparent familiarity with Latin and

English is also questionable.[2][3]

In his memoir as a student

in Manila, a year after the poem's supposed writing date,

he admitted only having 'a little' knowledge of Latin from

lessons by a friend of his father.[12]

Rizal also did not studyEnglish until 1880, more than ten years after the poem

was allegedly written. English was not a prominent

language in the Philippines in 1869 and its presence in the

poem is believed to betray later authorship during the

American Commonwealth of the Philippines.[3]

The poem also makes use of the letters 'K' and 'W',

whereas during Rizal's childhood, Tagalog spelling was

based on Spanish orthography where neither letters were

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used. The letters 'C' and 'U' were used instead. (i.e, the

poem would have been spelled "Sa Aquing Maga

Cabata") The shift in Tagalog and laterFilipino orthography

from 'C' to 'K' and 'U' to 'W' were proposed by Rizal

himself as an adult, and was later made official in the early

20th century by the Philippine government as per

grammarianLope K. Santos's proposal.[2]

Sa kabataang Pilipino

Salin ito ng tulang A La Juventud Filipina na sinulat ni

Rizal sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas noong siyay

labingwalong taong gulang. Ang tulang ito ang nagkamit ng

unang gantimpala sa timnpalak sa pagsulat ng tula, na

itinaguyod ng Liceo Artistico Literario, sanahang binubuo

ng mga taong mahilig sa panitikan at sa sining. Mga

Kastilat katutubo ang lumahook nasa paligsahan ngunit

ang Lupon ng Inampalang binubuo ng mga kastila ay

humanga sa tula ni Rizal at ipinagkaloob ditto ang unang

gantimpala.

Ang tulang ito ang kauna-unahang lantarangpagpapahayag ni Rizal ng kaniyang damdaming

makabansa. Hinihimok niya ang kabataang Pilipino upang

mamukadkad at linangin ang kaniyang masisining na

katalinuhan, tinatawag itong Magandang Pag-asa ng

Bayan Kong Mutya, na ngayoy isang pariralang malimit

banggitin.

Sa tulay ipinahahayag na ang Pilipinas ay bayan ng mga

Pilipino at ang salitang Pilipino ay unang ginagamit

upang tawagin ang mga katutubo ng Pilipinas, hindi ang

mga kastilang ipinanganak sa Pilipinas, na siyang gamit ng

salitang ito.

Itaas ang iyong

Malinis na noo

Sa araw na ito,

Kabataang Pilipino!

Igilas mo na rin ang kumikinang mong

Mayamang sanghaya

Magandang pag-asa ng Bayan kong Mutya!

Makapangyaihang waniy lumilipad,

At binibigyang ka ng muning mataas,

Na maitutulad ng ganap na lakas,

Mabilis na hangin, sa kanyang paglipad,

Malinis na diwa, sa likmuang hangad.

Ikaw ay bumaba

Na taglay ang ilaw

Ng sining at agham

Sa paglalabanan,

Bunying kabataan,

At iyong kalagiun ang gapos mong iyang

Tanikalang bakal na kinatalian

Ng matulain mong waning kinagisnan.

Ikaw na lagi nang pataas nag lipad,

Sa pakpak ng iyong Mayamang pangarap,

Na iyong Makita sa Ilimpong ulap

Ang lalong matamis

Na mag tulaing pinakananais,

Ng higit ang sarap

Kaysa ambosia at nta na awagas

Ng mga bulaklak.

Ikaw na may tinig

Na buhat sa langit,

Kaagaw sa tamis

Na kay Filomenang Malinis na hiomig,

Sa gabing tahimik

Ay pinaparam mo ang sa taong sakit,

Ikaw, na ang batong sukdulan ng tigas

Sa lakas ng iyong diway nagagawad

Ng buhay at gilas,

At ang alaalang makislap

Ay nabibigayan ng kamay mong masikap

Ng buhay na walang masasabing wakes.

At ikaw, na siyang

Sa may ibat ibang

Balani ni Febong kay Apelas mahal,

Gayundin sa lambong ng katalagahan,

Na siayng sa guhit ng pinsl mong tangay

Nakapaglilipat sa kayong alinman;

Hayo nay tumakbo! Sapagkat ang banal

Na ningas ng waniy nais maputungan

Kayong naglalamay,

At maipamansag ng tambuling tangan,

Saan man humanggan,

Ang ngalan ng tao, sa di matulusang

Lawak ng palibot na nakasasaklaw.

Malwalhating araw,

Ito, Pilipinas, sa lupang tuntungan!

Ang Lumikhay dapat na pasalamatan,

Dahilan sa kanyang mapagmahal,

Na ikawy pahatdan.

A la juventud filipinais apoem written inSpanish by

Filipino writer andnational heroJos Rizal,first presented

in 1879 inManila,while he was studying at theUniversity

of Santo Tomas.

"A la juventud filipina" was written by Rizal when he wasonly eighteen years old, and was dedicated to the Filipino

Youth.

Summary

In the poem Rizal praises the benefits that Spain had

bestowed upon the Philippines. Rizal had frequently

depicted the renowned Spanish explorers, generals and

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kings in the most patriotic manner. He had pictured

Education (brought to the Philippines by Spain) as "the

breath of life instilling charming virtue". He had written of

one of his Spanish teachers as having brought "the light of

the eternal splendor".

In this poem, however, it is the Filipino Youth who are the

protagonists, whose "prodigious genius" making use of

that education to build the future, was the "Bella

esperanza de la Patria Mia!" (beautiful hope of the

motherland). Spain, with "Pious and wise hand" offered a

"crown's resplendent band, offers to the sons of this

Indian land."

Influences

Some literary terms characteristic of the works ofJos de

Espronceda can be observed throughout the poem, such

as tersa frente or "amante anhelo" that appeared

originally in the "Canto II a Teresa" of Espronceda.[1]

Awards

The poem was presented in 1879 inManila at a literary

contest held in the Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature, a

society of literary men and artists, where he won the first

prize, composed of a feather-shaped silver pen and a

diploma.

Translations

The poem has been translated to Tagalog by several

authors.

Early in the 20th century, the American translator Charles

Derbyshire (whose English translation of Rizals Mi Ultimo

Adios is the most popular and most often recited version)

translated the poem, but the translation contained flaws,

as can be seen for example in the fifth line, where he

translates "Bella esperanza de la Patria Mia!" as Fair hope

of my fatherland! Alfredo S. Veloso made a translation of

the poem into English.Philippine National ArtistNick

Joaquin also translated the poem.

A Las Flores de Heidelberg

Jump to:navigation,search

As Jose Rizal longed for his parents and his country, he

wrote the poem A Las Flores De Heidelberg on April 22,

1886. Back then, he was studying at Universittsplatz 12

(former Ludwigsplatz 12), Germany. He wrote this poem

because of his yearning for Calamba, inspired by his

afternoons musings in Neckar River. Consequently, Rizal

sent his message of love, faith and longing to his native

land through the light-blue forget-me-nots, pressed in the

pages of his book:

Translations

To the Flowers of Heidelberg

(English translation byNick Joaquin)

Go to my country, go, O foreign flowers,

sown by the traveler along the road,

and under that blue heaven

that watches over my loved ones,

recount the devotion

the pilgrim nurses for his native sod!

Go and say say that when dawn

opened your chalices for the first time

beside the icy Neckar,

you saw him silent beside you,

thinking of her constant vernal clime.

Say that when dawn

which steals your aroma

was whispering playful love songs to your young

sweet petals, he, too, murmured

canticles of love in his native tongue;

that in the morning when the sun first traces

the topmost peak of Koenigssthul in gold

and with a mild warmth raises

to life again the valley, the glade, the forest,

he hails that sun, still in its dawning,

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that in his country in full zenith blazes.

And tell of that day

when he collected you along the way

among the ruins of a feudal castle,

on the banks of the Neckar, or in a forest nook.

Recount the words he said

as, with great care,

between the pages of a worn-out book

he pressed the flexible petals that he took.

Carry, carry, O flowers,

my love to my loved ones,

peace to my country and its fecund loam,

faith to its men and virtue to its women,

health to the gracious beings

that dwell within the sacred paternal home.

When you reach that shore,

deposit the kiss I gave you

on the wings of the wind above

that with the wind it may rove

and I may kiss all that I worship, honor and love!

But O you will arrive there, flowers,

and you will keep perhaps your vivid hues;

but far from your native heroic earth

to which you owe your life and worth,

your fragrances you will lose!

For fragrance is a spirit that never can forsake

and never forgets the sky that saw its birth.

Sa Mga Bulaklak ng Heidelberg

(Nagsalin hindi kilala)

Pumaroon kayo sa mutya kong bayang

pinakamamahal,

O mga bulaklak na hasik sa landas niyong

manlalakbay,

At doon, sa silong ng maaliwalas na langit na

bughaw,

Sa mga mahal ko'y di nagpapabaya't laging

nagbabantay,

Inyong ibalita itong pananalig na sa puso'y

taglay

Ng abang lagalag na di lumilimot sa nilisang

bayan.

Pumaroon kayo, inyong ibalitang madilim-dilim

pa,

Kung kayo, sa bati ng bukang-liwayway, ay

bumubukad na,

Sa pampang ng Neckar na lubhang malamig ay

naroon siya,

At sa inyong tabi'y inyong namamasid na parang

estatuwa,

Ang Tagsibol doong hindi nagbabago'y binubulay

niya.

Inyong ibalitang kung sinisingil na ng bukang-

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liwayway

Ang buwis na bango ng inyong talulot pag ngiti

ng araw,

Habang bumubulong ang bagong umagang halik

ang kasabay

Ng "Kung inyo lamang nababatid sana yaring

pagmamahal!"

Siya'y may bulong ding inaawit-awit sa

katahimikan,

Kundiman ng puso na sa kanyang wika'y inyong

napakinggan.

At kung sa taluktok niyong Koenigsthul ayhumahalik na

Ang mapulang labi ng anak ng araw sa pag-

uumaga,

At ang mga lambak, gubat at kahuya'y

binubusog niya

Sa daloy ng buhay na dulot ng sinag na

malahininga,

Yaong manlalakbay ay bumabati ring puspos ng

ligaya

Sa araw, na doon sa sariling baya'y laging

nagbabaga.

At ibalita rin na nang minsang siya'y naglalakad-

lakad

Sa pampang ng Neckar ay pinupol kayo sa gilid

ng landas,

Doon sa ang tanod ay ang mga guhong bakas ng

lumipas,

Na nalililiman ng maraming punong doo'y

naggugubat.

Ibalita ninyo kung paanong kayo'y marahang

pinupol,

Pinakaingatang huwag masisira ang sariwang

dahon,

At sa kanyang aklat ay ipinaloob at doon

kinuyom,

Aklat ay luma na, datapuwa't kayo'y naroon pa

ngayon.

Hatdan, hatdan ninyo, O pinakatanging bulaklak

ng Rin,

Hatdan ng pag-ibig ang lahat ng aking nga

ginigiliw,

Sa bayan kong sinta ay kapayapaan ang tapat

kong hiling,

Sa kababaihan ay binhi ng tapang ang inyong

itanim;

Pagsadyain ninyo, O mga bulaklak, at inyong

batiin

Ang mga mahal kong sa tahanang banal ay

kasama namin.

At pagsapit ninyo sa dalampasigan ng bayan

kong irog,

Bawa't halik sanang idinarampi ko sa inyong

talulot

Ay inyong isakay sa pakpak ng hanging doo'y

lumilibot,

Upang sa lahat nang iginagalang ko't sinisitang

lubos

Nawa'y makasapit ang halik ng aking pag-ibig na

taos.

Maaaring doo'y makarating kayong taglay pa

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ang kulay,

Subali't ang bango'y wala na marahil at kusang

pumanaw,

Wala na ang samyong sa talulot ninyo'y

iningatang yaman,

Pagka't malayo na sa lupang sa inyo'y nagbigay

ng buhay;

Iwing halimuyak ang inyong kaluluwa, at di

malilisan

Ni malilimot pa ang langit na saksi nang kayo'y

isilang.

Interpretation

Rizal described his beloved native land by mentioning his

adoration of its clear blue skies that signifies peace and

good climate. He wants the maidens to extend his

message of love, longing and continuous safeguard to the

native land, that his humble heart remains faithful to the

land where he grew up.

It can be seen that on the second stanza that Rizal grew

seeing dawn as the beginning of every single community

activities that reflects the culture of Calamba as a farming

land and that harvest starts at dawn. Hence, it can also

magnify the Filipino attitude of being industrious.

Rizal also expressed his appreciation for naturesindescribable beauty and inevitable allure of fresh scent

that starts from the sweet caress of dawn until sunrise. He

longed for his hometown as he appreciated the beauty of

the foreign land, Heidelberg.

Rizal through this poem articulated his unconditional love

for his family, his countrymen and the nation he dreams to

be. Nevertheless, he only wished eternal peace for land,

that no man shall be harmed and everyone adheres to

common good. As he wrote, he never forgot to remind the

women of his land to be strong and courageous for the

trials and challenges they may face.

This poem is a true reflection that Rizal in a foreign land

missed his family and longs to be with them as he asked in

the poem the maidens to send his sweet kiss to those he

whom he respects and loves.

Looking deeper, this poem can also tell a story of travel,

that during the time of Rizal, travelers like merchants,

students, treasure hunters, and people from different

walks of life only travel to cross the lands by sea.

Lastly, Rizal mentioned in this poem that your fragrances

you will lose! For fragrance is a spirit that never can

forsake, and never forgets the sky that saw its birth.

These lines illuminated the very essence of the poem - that

death cannot destroy dignity and non omnis moriar not

everything dies after death.

Ang Awit ni Maria Clara

Ang tulang ito'y matatagpuan sa Noli Me Tangere ang

inawit ni Maria Clara, kaya gayon ang pamagat. Itoy

punung-puno ng pag-ibig sa bayang tinubuan.

Kay tamis ng oras sa sariling bayan,

Kaibigan lahat ang abot ng araw,

At sampu ng simoy sa parang ay buhay,

Aliw ng panimdim pati kamatayan.

Maalab na halik ang nagsaliw-saliw

Sa labi ng inang mahal, pagkagising;

Ang pita ng bisig as siyay yapusin,

Pati mga matay ngumgiti mandin.

Kung dahil sa bayan, kay tamis mamatay,

Doon sa kasuyo ang abot ng araw;

Kamatayan pati ng simoy sa parang

Sa walang pag-ibig, ni ina, ng Bayan.

Canto de Maria Claraor Song of Maria Clarais a poemwritten byJose Rizalin 1887. It is a verse inNoli MeTangerethat had been set to music by Juan Hernandez.

Maria Clarais a character in Jose Rizals novel Noli Me

Tangere. She is the love interest of the main protagonist

of the novel,Juan Crisostomo Ibarra.Later, upon hearing of

his death, she went on to become a nun. The poem can be

found inChapter 23and was translated in different

languages.

The character, Maria Clara sang it while having a picnic

near the lake with her friends, upon their request. It is a

melodramatic song because it is a figurative definition of

patriotism. It also showed Rizals undying commitments

and sentiments to his country. The poem described howsweet the hours spent in a beautiful country as well as

dying for the country.

Mi ltimo Adis(Spanish,My Last Farewell) is apoemwritten byPhilippinenational heroDr. Jos Rizalon the

eve ofhis executionon 30 December 1896. The piece was

one of the last notes he wrote before his death; another

that he had written was found in his shoe but because the

text was illegible, its contents remain a mystery.

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