PIA 2000PIA 2000

Introduction to Public AffairsIntroduction to Public Affairs

Clients, Challenges and Corruption: The Clients, Challenges and Corruption: The Elusive Rule of Law Elusive Rule of Law

GSPIA PresentationGSPIA Presentation

Ethics and Responsible GovernmentEthics and Responsible Governmentin a Time of Crisisin a Time of Crisis

Louis A. Picard, Origins St. Louis de Louis A. Picard, Origins St. Louis de Gonzague, QuebecGonzague, Quebec

Session ObjectivesSession Objectives

Provide an Overview of Responsible Provide an Overview of Responsible Government ConcernsGovernment Concerns

Discuss Corruption as a problemDiscuss Corruption as a problem

Examine the debate about technical Examine the debate about technical vs. environmental conditions and vs. environmental conditions and corruption corruption

Corruption and PatronageCorruption and Patronage

Corruption as BriberyCorruption as Bribery

The Issue?The Issue?Zimbabwe: Mugabe Hands Out Cars

President Robert Mugabe gave out 450 cars to senior and midlevel doctors at government hospitals in what opponents say is a vote-buying campaign ahead of Saturday’s presidential election. Mr. Mugabe presented doctors with keys to the cars at a ceremony in which he blamed Western sanctions for harming health care in Zimbabwe, one of the countries worst affected by H.I.V./AIDS. He also promised the doctors houses within two years.

By REUTERSPublished: March 28, 2008

Two Neighbors: A Comparison?Two Neighbors: A Comparison?

The Usual ProblemThe Usual ProblemWeakened Leader using authoritarian Weakened Leader using authoritarian

methods and corruption to stay in methods and corruption to stay in powerpower

Tottering old military leader being Tottering old military leader being manipulated by young Colonel to manipulated by young Colonel to seize power in a coup.seize power in a coup.

Zimbabwe- 2008? Zimbabwe- 2008?

The Usual Problem: Not Zimbabwe but The Usual Problem: Not Zimbabwe but the U.S.A. in 1797the U.S.A. in 1797

George WashingtonGeorge Washington John AdamsJohn Adams

The IssueThe Issue

Weak Presidency- John Adams, his Weak Presidency- John Adams, his corrupt followers and the dictatorial corrupt followers and the dictatorial “Alien and Sedition Act”“Alien and Sedition Act”

Tottering Old General: George Tottering Old General: George Washington. Coup Leader: Alexander Washington. Coup Leader: Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Corruption is UniversalCorruption is Universal

Corruption: The ProblemCorruption: The Problem

Defined: Pursuit of Personal Defined: Pursuit of Personal Interests above Public Interests above Public ResponsibilityResponsibility

Goal: Control not Elimination of Goal: Control not Elimination of CorruptionCorruption

The Question: Is Corruption The Question: Is Corruption Contextual and Cultural?Contextual and Cultural?

Corruption Is Universal- But the Corruption Is Universal- But the Dimensions DifferDimensions Differ

The English Government was “a The English Government was “a loaded compost heap of corrupt loaded compost heap of corrupt influence”influence”

Edmund BurkeEdmund Burke

1729-17971729-1797

Rt. Hon. Edmund BurkeRt. Hon. Edmund Burke

Degrees of CorruptionDegrees of Corruption

CorruptionCorruption

Case StudiesCase Studies

““The Rich Growing Richer and the The Rich Growing Richer and the Poor Growing Poorer” (USA 1890s)Poor Growing Poorer” (USA 1890s)

““We drink to our We drink to our Constituencies. Constituencies.

May they Live May they Live

long so that welong so that we

may Prosper.”may Prosper.”

““The Bed ofThe Bed of

Roses”Roses”

Sudanese CartoonSudanese Cartoon

Nigerian War On Corruption PosterNigerian War On Corruption Poster

My Favorite: “Tea Money” On the RoadMy Favorite: “Tea Money” On the Road

““The U.S. Congress Corruption The U.S. Congress Corruption Caucus”Caucus”

Corruption Transferred? Corruption Transferred?

Understanding Corruption: Understanding Corruption: Four ThemesFour Themes

1.1. Structural IssuesStructural Issues

2.2. Cultural InterpretationsCultural Interpretations

3.3. Social ContractSocial Contract

4.4. Life Boat EthicsLife Boat Ethics

The ParticipantsThe Participants

1. Structural Issues- Imperfect 1. Structural Issues- Imperfect Political and Social InstitutionsPolitical and Social InstitutionsLobbying Legislatures Accepted but Lobbying Legislatures Accepted but need paymentneed payment

Influencing Authoritarian Executive Influencing Authoritarian Executive Branch often called corruptionBranch often called corruption

Structural PovertyStructural Poverty

Is all corruption functionally or morally Is all corruption functionally or morally Equivalent?Equivalent?

James C. ScottJames C. ScottThe Poverty ArgumentThe Poverty Argument

““Poverty Shortens a man’s (sic) time Poverty Shortens a man’s (sic) time horizon and maximizes the horizon and maximizes the

effectiveness of short term material effectiveness of short term material inducements”inducements”

19691969

2. Cultural Interpretations2. Cultural InterpretationsCultures View Corruption DifferentlyCultures View Corruption Differently

Views of “The Gift”Views of “The Gift”

““Honor to the Honorable”Honor to the Honorable”

First Cut of the HarvestFirst Cut of the Harvest

Is there a universalityIs there a universality

WelcomeWelcome

Cultural DebatesCultural Debates

3. Social Contract Debates3. Social Contract Debates

Civil Service agrees to middle class Civil Service agrees to middle class wageswages

Society guarantees a middle class Society guarantees a middle class life stylelife style

Breakdown of social contract leads to Breakdown of social contract leads to Corruption and Red TapeCorruption and Red Tape

Social ContractSocial Contract

“ “Australian Bureaucracy is a forum for Australian Bureaucracy is a forum for people to sound-off their complaints”people to sound-off their complaints”

4. Life Boat Ethics: Food, Health and 4. Life Boat Ethics: Food, Health and Education and the Middle Class Education and the Middle Class

administratoradministrator

Who is more Important?Who is more Important?

Your Family? Your Neighbor’s FamilyYour Family? Your Neighbor’s Family

A Family with a Different Language A Family with a Different Language and/or a different religionand/or a different religion

Who do we throw out Who do we throw out of the Lifeboat?of the Lifeboat?

Sectoral Conflict in Northern Sectoral Conflict in Northern Ireland and SpainIreland and Spain

In Conclusion: Finley Peter Dunne In Conclusion: Finley Peter Dunne on Reforming Corruptionon Reforming Corruption

Quoting Mr. Dooley:Quoting Mr. Dooley:

"A man that would "A man that would expect to train lobsters expect to train lobsters to fly in a year is called to fly in a year is called a lunatic; but a man that a lunatic; but a man that thinks men can be thinks men can be turned into angels by an turned into angels by an election is a reformer & election is a reformer & remains at large." remains at large."

U.S.A. About 1910U.S.A. About 1910

The Poor and the The Poor and the GovernmentGovernment

Focus of the Discussion: Reforming Focus of the Discussion: Reforming Corruption: A Technical or Cultural Focus?Corruption: A Technical or Cultural Focus?

ReferencesReferencesDavid J. Gould, Bureaucratic corruption and David J. Gould, Bureaucratic corruption and underdevelopment in the Third World : the underdevelopment in the Third World : the case of Zaire (New York : Pergamon Press, case of Zaire (New York : Pergamon Press, 1980).1980).

Arnold Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston and Arnold Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston and Victor T. LeVine, eds. Victor T. LeVine, eds. Political Corruption: A Political Corruption: A HandbookHandbook (New Brunswick, NJ.:Transaction (New Brunswick, NJ.:Transaction Publishers, 1990).Publishers, 1990).

Arnold Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston Arnold Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston eds. eds. Political Corruption: Concepts and Political Corruption: Concepts and Setbacks (New Brunswick: Transaction Setbacks (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2001). Publishers, 2001).

References, 2References, 2

Robert Klitgaard, Robert Klitgaard, Controlling CorruptionControlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).1991).

Robert E. Klitgaard, Robert E. Klitgaard, Tropical Gangsters: One Tropical Gangsters: One Man’s Experience with Development and Man’s Experience with Development and Decadence in Deepest AfricaDecadence in Deepest Africa (New York: (New York: Basic BooksBasic Books, 1990)., 1990).

William L. Riordon, William L. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tammany Plunkitt of Tammany HallHall (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1963). (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1963).

Last ReadingsLast Readings

Mark Twain, “Hadleyburg”Mark Twain, “Hadleyburg”

Nick Kotz, “Jamoe Whitten”Nick Kotz, “Jamoe Whitten”

Jeffrey Archer, “The Coup”Jeffrey Archer, “The Coup”

Samuel L. ClemensSamuel L. Clemens (November (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910)30, 1835 – April 21, 1910)

Nick Kotz and Jamie WhittenNick Kotz and Jamie Whitten

Jeffrey ArcherJeffrey ArcherBaron Archer of Weston-Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born 15 super-Mare (born 15 April 1940) is an English April 1940) is an English author and former author and former politician.politician.

His political career ended His political career ended with his conviction and with his conviction and subsequent subsequent imprisonment (2001–03) imprisonment (2001–03) for “perjury and the for “perjury and the perferting of the course perferting of the course of justice.” of justice.”

Welcome to an experiment!Welcome to an experiment!

CASE HISTORYCASE HISTORY

“ “Ethics and Responsible Ethics and Responsible Government in a Time of Crisis”Government in a Time of Crisis”

Government of the Federal Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (GON)Republic of Nigeria (GON)

Five GroupsFive GroupsFive Groups:Five Groups:

1. Civil Service1. Civil Service

2. Parastatals2. Parastatals

3. Private Sector3. Private Sector

4. University4. University

5. International Donor 5. International Donor CommunityCommunity

DiscussionsDiscussions

Twenty Minutes to Discuss Twenty Minutes to Discuss questions and prepare questions and prepare presentationpresentation

Each group has 6-8 minutes for Each group has 6-8 minutes for report backreport back

General DiscussionGeneral Discussion

Group AssessmentsGroup AssessmentsGON Case StudyGON Case Study

(All questions to be examined (All questions to be examined from your group/sectoral- from your group/sectoral-

Employment perspectivelkkl.l)Employment perspectivelkkl.l)

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions1. To what extent, can the problems of 1. To what extent, can the problems of corruption be addressed by technical and corruption be addressed by technical and training problems?training problems?

2. What are the cultural, ethical and 2. What are the cultural, ethical and political dimensions that should be political dimensions that should be addressed in any case history?addressed in any case history?

3. How well, would you predict, that the 3. How well, would you predict, that the GON (or any country)would do in GON (or any country)would do in implementing an anti-corruption implementing an anti-corruption activity?activity?