pia 2501 development policy and management week five
TRANSCRIPT
End of development model assumption Orthodoxy: Overseas capital
investment
Accepts Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control of trade and commerce
A New Reality: Local soft political institutions, weak private sectors
Change: the Neo-Orthodoxy
The Realities: To End of 1980s- Focus on anti-Marxist, growth regimes
Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa (newly emerging States)
Politics not important
Neo-Orthodoxy
No development management- development programs are “bad”
Can’t make planning better Neo-Orthodoxy and
privatization
To what extent is the state planning approach possible?
Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation
Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities
“Looking fora Rule to Follow”
Neo-Orthodoxy View of Development Management
Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people
Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development
National Planning to be replaced by local and regional planning (and Projects
Failures of Development Planning
A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy
Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model
Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity
Planning was a “shopping list”
Counter-Orthodoxy Argument Bureaucracies are socio-economic
actors
Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies
A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process
The Problem (1): Bad Planning and Foreign
Aid
1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories & ideas
2. LDC Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training
3. International Organizations (UNDP, IMF and World Bank) promoted Programs that were unworkable.
The Problem (2)
Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development
Foreign aid was seen as little more than a front for foreign policy
Anti-Planning: Neo-Orthodoxy: The Problem (3)
Planning illustrates problem of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society-
Planning Part of the Problem
But the Problems are real
But….
Donors Need Planning Skills (Still)
“National Program Support Office, Afghanistan” (October, 2005)
Project Management Unit (PMU)
The Middle View The Moderate Interpretation of
Development Administration Failures
Goal: Realistic Decision-Making based on sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) “Mixed Scanning”
Balance Public-Private Partnerships
The Problems of Development
Management: Discussion Quote of the Week:
"The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved."
Graham Greene
Return to Issue in Discussion
Is Strategic Planning (involvement) possible?
Structural Adjustment Policies1985-2001- Redeux
Failure of the Developmental State: Goran Hyden
Linked to “pre-scientific modes of production of peasants”—Economy of Affection
Failure of State and “Exit Option” (See work of Albert O. Hirschman)
Problem of Endemic Patronage and
Corruption
Structural Adjustment Policies1985-2001
The Structural Adjustment Argument- Need to
1. stabilize currency and markets (getting the prices right)
2. Promote Free Trade
3. Need to refocus role of state from development to law and order and deregulation
4. Address the problem of Debt and Structural Adjustment reforms (IMF and World Bank)
Structural Adjustment, Cont.5. Reduce the size of the public sector (infamous
19% cut)
6. Promote Privatization or “NGOism”—Negative on the State
Privatization (Rambo vs. Effete)
Faith in Capitalist Entrepreneurialism
Neo-Orthodoxy had a purist element
Structural Adjustment Policies1985-2001 The Argument for “NGOism”
Left wing Privatization (Private Voluntary Organizations, Cooperatives, Community Based Organizations, Non-Profits)
Energy of NGOs Structural Adjustment Public Sector Reform—Reduce size and
restructure state Populist
Summary: Development Management in 2000
Concern about incapacity: Questions raised about efficacy of state approach
Critics spoke of negative state
Government had become a negative
Debates focused on privatization, public sector reform and NGOism
Need to address issues of external vs. internal solutions to development problems
(domestic capacity vs. international redistribution)
Summary: Development Management in 2000 Focus should be on issues of sustainability and
institutional development- not projects
Need to search for a creative, flexible, and innovative management system
Difficult to separate development from politics
Implementation had become the neglected component of development policy (Pressman and Wildavsky)
Question: The appropriateness of the U.S. case study as lessons for development action?
Choices:
Contracting Out and Privatization
NGOism and Grants
Capacity Building (HRD)
A Mixed Scanning Approach
Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant & White)
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem” in LDC?
How to get people to think developmentally?
Changes in programmatic values have an impact on LDC elites
Problem of the Organizational Bourgeoisie: Bureaucratic values unchanged from colonial period as domestic elites manipulate public policy (Picard)
Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant & White)
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem” and the Public Sector
Myth of civil service neutrality: Bureaucratic elites have interests “Statism”
At best what results is benign neglect, at worst resource extraction
Problem: failure to develop and indigenous capitalism
Problem: The Expanding Civil Service
Civil Servant Component of the total Current Budget
10 to 15% in MDCs
30 to 60% in LDCs
South Africa in 2001, 46%
Benin in the 1980s, 64%
Central African Republic in the 1960s, 81%
Private Sector
Limited to settler, pariah groups—Jews and Roma in Eastern Europe, Chinese in much of Asia, Lebanese and East Indians in parts of Africa and Latin America (See Books of V.S. Naipaul)
Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant & White) Debates: the “Attitudes Problem”
Indigenous Elites- Sometimes referred to as “Comprador” classes or “dependent elites,” since they have been co-opted and are linked to Northern Tier states- Cronyism
Expatriate Attitudes?
Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant & White)
Debates: the Bureaucratic “Attitudes Problem” continued
How developmental are bureaucrats?
Can the state be used for SOCIAL ENGINEERING?
Is the private or non-profit sector better
at development?
Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant & White)Basic Needs Assumptions: Problem Need for increased capacity of public,
parastatal and private sectors
State should remain central to development planning and management
Need for administrative reform to develop more creative development structures
The Discussion Debate
Joyce Cary, “The Two Faces of Progress”
Denis Goulet, “The Cruel Choice”
The Development Message?
Is Progress the Answer?
Discussion: Stanley Karnow: “In Our Image?”
In Our Image (France, U.S., Portugal)
Is assimilation the answer?
In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East / Africa?
Latin America: Just Spain?
The Problems of Development Management
Quote of the Week:
The Quiet American- An Alternative to expatriate non-involvement?
"The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved.“
Graham Greene
The Development Debates
What message does each author bring to the table?
What do we learn about development?
What do you like and dislike about the two books
Case Studies for Next Week
Carlos Fuentes- “The Cost of Living”
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”