-.-:-:-:-:-----IJ:'N~nlrTIlMIOr. A8HNBIOI\IOOHK

PXAIO:.Or. ::Yf :iTOVAAJ:nt IApIO. HIp)". mcray. L _1...

'--'''1XpovOAoy.! I

YLOSBY JOHN

qNew York 1980

HACKER ART BOOKS

I

First PublJshed 1971, New York.ReIssued 1980 by Hacker An Books, New York

ubrary of Congress Caralogue Card Number 79-91823Inrernarional Srandard Book Number 0-87817-267-X

Pnnted In the United States ofAmenca.

T\BII': OF CO Th T~

520 . 523

5T 534

299323

. . 332335

. 34034{

.~352

35:: )361

. 365r8

. 387392

. . 402412

. . . . . 41-422

. . . 429432

439 444

. 454624664--

. 4 249449505

Kr~RA;\lLl",O~ .. . . . . . . " ....

KLEPSYDRA

KODRO~, l\.LLL SAD BASILe. .KRONO A 0 RliEA

KYNOSARGl:. ....LATRlt E

. . " ....

LYKEIO" . .

LY IKRATES ;\'IONU.\IEl\:T .~IETROON IN THE AGORA . " ...NIKIAS 110N ;\[ENT . . .. .. (

Y;\IPHE. . . . " .

ODEION OF AGRIPPA " .. .ODEION OF HERODES ATTlCUSODEIO OF PERIKLESOIKIA . . . .OLY;\IPIEION. .PALLADION .PAN . . . . .P NATHENAIC \VIAY ... .. ...PAl'\HELLENION ..

PA~TAINOS,LIBRARY OFPA~THEON . . . . . .. ..PARTHE):ON . . . . .., .PERIBOLOS OF THE T\,\'El\'E GODSPHILOPAPPO ~IO~C~IEp.:T .P_ '\'X . .. . . . .

PO~IPEIO. ' .PROPYLAIA ..,

RO~L\ :\. '0 ACGeSTlJSTADIC~1 . . . .. ....

STO:\ OF ATTALOS ., .,STO:\ OF ATT:\LOS,

E:\RLIER BeILDI~G .STO:\ OF EU~IENES. .STOA OF ZEU ELEUTHERIOS .,.STOA \,\'ITH DINI lGROO~IS.THEATRE OF DIONYSOS . ., ..,THOLOS . . . . . . . . . .., ., 553THRASYLLOS ;\101 L'~IENT. .., 56_TRIPODS, TREET OF .., 566ZEUS HYPSlSTOS. .., 569

. . . ..

. . 5~3ZEUS PHRATRIOS. ..,S PPLE~I E T . .' . . 577JNDEX. . . . . . . . ., . .., 5 1JNSCR IPTIO~S ..... , .. ..... 5

7276

12~

~9196

100104112121124IT1314314151 0191196198204210213228233242244253258261274278281289

\'11IX. . l

. . . X lJl1

2837

\552

. . . ' . '. . . . in ~(lmc in~t.\nc{s to include Ch.lpt {h adin in Gircd,As th. hook IS puhltshcd simultancously In t ....o )an!\ua!\cs .t was nccCSS,lr}

~lIjn!\ to secure the alphabetical order. These titles appear In it,llks.

FO RI \\ 0 R() . . .J~TRODI ( n()~ .\BHRI YJ \ rIO,:- .PJCTORI \1 S )1 RCi' .\(;OR \ . . . . . . . . .

\ ,OR \ OF C \I S.\R _\~D AL'CI S1TS ...\ ;OR \~O\lJO~ .'" II h.lIl !'" ROPOLHI A.-ROPOLlJ:

~IYCI::S.-\E-\); SPRJ):G HOeSEA. \[Y=,EIO); . . . . . . . . . ._WHRODITE HEGDI0~E

-\='D :\PHRODITE OCRA~L-\:\POLLO DELPHINIOS . ..WOLLO HYPOAKRAlO.WOllO PATROOS-\POlLO PYTHIOS . ._-\RES .... . . . . . ..-\RTE\1I .-\GROTER.-\. ..-\RTDll ARI TOBOliLE ..-\RTE\!I BRAliRO='IA.\ KLEPIEIO=' . . . . . ..-\ KLEPIEIO): PRI=,G HOC E ..\THE='.-\, .-\RCHAIOS );AOS ..-\THE='A :-':IKE.-\THE=' . . . .BALA.YEIABOCLECTERI00:CHALKOTHEQUE . . . .ElEC L'IO:-': ...E):='EAKROUl'\OSKALLIRRHOE ....EPO. 'Y"IOC HEROES. . .ERECHTHEI00: . . . . . .EROS AND APHRODITE . . . .

- GY.\INA JU~l OF PTOlEi\IY . . . . . . .HADRJAN, AQUEDUCT OFHADRJAi':, LIBRARY OFfIADRIAi':', ARCH .HEKATO.\IPLDO, .HLPHAJ TOS . .. .HERAKLE AI.EXIKAKOS .HLRAKlLS PANKRATES "HOROLOGION OF A DRONIKOSlLISSO ARLA .

H ) I~ 1\ \\ () R \)

Th'ik,ll)fflll1t)\\ingLlpthL'I)!'IOIU\I \)ICIIO \ltYOF \N('\I; rR')\II;1 I: , "\ '\1' I I' , ,,) .rntSI ,IS1WIl, u,tlnV(lunJtS

nn IhL' gr "It cities of the allcit'lll \\ orld Ius Iwen \Vel ollle'\ 011 III ,,'Itl"s 'llltl '11111 '( II, \ '/. II' k', , "", . 'lVL't)\ t le .elll 1'.1 t Irt' llOll

of th' (; 'mUll \rcluenlogicll InstilLl!l', ,\n L1nderl'lkin \\ hich \1'10, '\11'''110, 'I' I'L' tl I I' '.'. ,.. " 0, wmt: SCIITt \ llett 0,

justilicltioll, for \thells sLlIlds in the foremost rank with her m:ln) spkndid huildings and monuments, \\ Ilnt:sseof imp rishable glon. The mod 'rn clpiLtI cit \, continuousl) growing upward and out w:ll'(l, impall" 10 som"of th . ,In ient Il1nnuments perpetually ch,lnging criteria and new fram's of ret'tn;nce, whil ' others m;linlaintheir pride of pLtce e\'l'n in their present surroLlndings and form well ni,'h unalterable focal points.Fortun'lteh it has prO\ed possible to win John '1'1':1\ los over to the project of the PIC'roIlT\!. \)ICI10NAltY 01'

\~Cll;'.l \'lllE, ", an advantage which cannOI he ovelTSlimated, hcc;luse Mr. 'J'rav!os has :In incompar;,bkkno\\'kdge of the ancient remains, both those which still stand abm C ground and those which h:lvL' Ix'cn un

, '

e;lrthed; and it is eXCiI\-ated remains in particular, thal must bc represent 'd in:1 pictori;11 dictionar), one aim or\\ htcb is to documellt the topography of thens. This monumental work by John 'l'ravlos, shaped b) conditions"asth difTcring from those obtaining in Rome, sen-es, I think, the caLIse of scholarly research as well as mellingthe demand made upon a standard reference work. \~armesl thanks gO to 1\11'. 'l'r:lvlos for accomplishing agreat and difficult task. \Ve also gratefulh ;\ckno\Vkdge support from the SOCieL) 0 Friends of the Cnm'ln.\rchaeological [nstitute (Theodor- \Viegand Ce, ellschaft) \\ hich has made puhl i ation of this t!ocumental'\work possible.

Berlin, June 21 st 1970I'IILT 1\lllt t.

[ TRODUCTION

\"ith the establishmcnt of thc independcnt d G\ I

m() ern reek state and rani I I . h h. rc ue logicll Socicl\' in IH3~ hrge scal .' ' " . cu ar y Wit t e foundation of the

. , '. . e eXC:1yatlons began in Athens .had be '11 1 uric I for ccnturies, not ani)' on th \ I' ,to uncover anCient monuments that

, _ . e 1 croJ 0 IS, blll also In the 10' 'rh .w '1" put hsh':I trom time to time in variOl I I' ,. wer town. e results of thiS workIS arc laeo oglcal periodicals and I' bl bgLlphs doling \\ ith both the topor'lphy and th L a so In nota e oaks and mono-L' b' .' e monuments of Athens Among th d' W Ibook. hrst publish'd in 1905 and re-published' 1931 . I ".. ese stu les ather Judeich's

. In Wit 1 additions and co ' , I d .know[ 'd.~~c t f the ancient cin. This book is a I . d 'II . rrectlons, IS a an mark In our

. . , c asslc an WI always remall1 a v I bi 'dth' 'I eurac\' of its obs n'ations and the rich bib!' h': a ua e al to study because of

, IOgrap y It contall1s Recent large scale ex r' hwhos b ginning coincides exacth' with the appearanc f] d . I' . '. . cava IOns, owever,. _ " e 0 u ell' 1 s second edition have mad d' I .

SlOn ot the whole work necessan'. ' e a ra lea revl-

Th most important ofth se excavations for our knowledge of the t h f h '\1

' " " _. opograp yo t e city was that of the Agora.. so Import.1I1t \\ ere the eXCayatlOns at the keramelkos in th " f h P

. '. ,e regIOn 0 t e nyx, along the whole north andouth slopes of the AcropolIs, In the regIOn of the Olnnpieion a d r:T I H" C , . ," ,n near "-0 onos IpplOS lor the dIscovery of

Plato s Academy. Interestll1g smaller excavations took place on the Acro ]. . h R A ... _. . , po IS, In t e oman gora and In the

Llbran' of Hadnan. In addltlon to these regular planned excavations we must al t h 'h hI', '. . .' . ' so no e t e tiC arc aeo oglcaldlsco~'enes made by chan.ce .In the course of bUlldll1g operations, particularly during the last ten years. Thanksto thIS unprecedented bUlldll1g boom, new information has been gathered which allows us to understand thela\'-out of almost the whole of the ancient cit\,.In 1960 I published a general study on the deYelopment of the city-plan of Athens in which the lay-out ofthe city was given in various key periods of its history, from the establishment of the first settlers down toour own times. I haye always had in mind, ho\\'ever, the preparation of a special study referring principallyto the area and the monuments of the ancient city from an architectural point of view and based on the resultsof the latest excavations and my own observations o\-er the last forty years. In the present book, PictorialDictiol/ary of AI/cimt Athms, I present all the new disco\'eries and the yarious theories that have been expressedabout them as well as my own conclusions. I should like to thank most warmly the President of the German.\rchaeological Institute, Professor Kurt Bittel, and also my friend, Professor Emil Kunze, formerly Directorof the German Archaeological Institute in Athens, for the honor which they did me in asking me to writethis book as one of the series of Institute publications. The publication has been undertaken by the well knownpublishing house Ernst \\'7asmuth, Tubingen, and its director, :-fr. Gi.inther \'i'asmuth, a friend of arts and letters,has taken the greatest pains over the appearance of the book.I began collecting photographs, preparing plans and writing the text in 1965, but the time at my disposal walimited because of other obligations. I was able to bring the work to completion, howeYer, through the strongsupport of my friend Professor Homer A. Thompson who obtained lea\'e of absence for me from my work atthe American School of Classical Studies in Athens and at the same time an jl1\-itation to the Institute forAdvanced Study at Princeton for the academic year 1967-1968 where I finally finished the job. I should like tooffer my warmest thanks to Professor Thompson and also to Professor Carl Kaysen, Director of the Institute

at Princeton, for their support. .' .~fy Greek text in its final form was handed over to an American archaeologist fot translatIOn Into Enghsh. Onher personal request she wants to remain anonymous. The architecht]\[r. \\'. Hoepfner, took care of th Germanversion. To both lowe many thanks for their trulj' accurate rendering of my te~r. Their success is ~ue not onh'to their knowledge of Greek but mainly to their knowledge of the topograph) and monuments ot .\thens .lI1dthe related problems.~ly thanks are also due to the present Director of the German l\rchaeologieaL Institute in ,,\th'.ns, Profe. o~U. Jantzen, and most especially to the Editor of the .. lfbel/iscbe .I/illfilflllgm, !lLr. ). ~ hmldt, tor hiS r ad}assistance. I am also obliged to the former members of the Institutc, 1111'. \'\'. Fuchs and ;\lr.G.l 'cumann.

I IRODU( flO

But if low thanks to the German Institute for reali/ing the puhlication of this work, lowe a more speciald bt of gratitude- to th G re k \rchacological ~erdce .lOd to the \rchaeological Society of Athens which

n rou h prm id d not onh the permission but also the means for conducting excavations and imestigatiomt "ariou arch.1 ologic.ll sites in \thcn.. Ther also allowed me to usc in m\ stud) the results of excavations

conduct d b\' ,.uious colleagu s as ,\ ell a, the right to republish photographs of archaeological discoveries.:\mong th se colkagu', .lr' included successi\'e Directors of the .\cropolis, Messrs. 1. ~Iiliadis, .t". Platon andG. Dontas, th Dir ctor of the '\;ational \rchaeological i\1u eum, Mr. B. Kallipolitis, the Director of the Epigra.phicll "Ius urn, \lrs. K. Pepp.lDelmousou, and the Ephors of the Third "\rchaeological District of Athens,"lr.Ph.:tanopoullos and the .:\llsses B.Philippaki, .\.Andriomenou, and O.Alexandri. To all of these I givemv mo t especial thanks.For providing photograph for publication I am further grateful to the Trustees of the Briti h .:\Iuseum, to theBerlin .:\Iu. urn, to the .\merican School of Classical Studies, to the former Director of the Agora Excavations,"fr. H,"\. Thompson and to :\1iss \lison hantz.In the List of Illustrations the source of each photograph is noted, and the names of the archaeologists andphotographers who were so kind a to giYC me prints from their personal files arc recorded. A great man) ofthe photograph come from the im aluable collection of the German Archaeological Institute, and a certainnumber have been prodded by the Director of the Kc.rameikos Excavations, \Ir. F. Willemsen, and his colleaguesthe architects :\Iessrs. G. Gruben and W. Hoepfn r, \\hom I would speciall) thank.The text of the Dictional:.> consists of eighty chapten in which are included monuments, temples, sanctuaries andyarious other buildings of anciem Athens that haye been disco\ ered and can be certainh' identified, or which I

~ .

think can be identified. Other topic, of which there is a large number, are simply memioned or noticed brieflywith bibliographical references in the chapters dealing \\ ith the topography of.\thens in general..-\ a result thereader will ha\'e to look up these topics in the general index at the end of the volume which is the work of:\fis E. Brandt and ~1iss A. Kokkou.In each chapter and for each special topic bibliographical references arc gi\en. These refer mainl) to recemstudies, but an exception has been made for certain old books that comain Yaluable information as well as forthose that hare extensi\'e earlier bibliographies.-\s a basic principle we haye tried to include those pll blicationswhich describe and identify the monument immediately after their disco\ery.In the difficult task of compiling the bibliograph) I haye receiyed im aluable assistance from :\[iss .-\. Kokkou.

he has also willingly assi ted me in the whole process of publication of the pres or book.

Athens, April 1970 J. TR \\ LQ,

J\BIIREVI/\TIO ~

.\A\gor., Guide

, \ V::(),OX7"X

\nn.,11 d ,ll'lnSlltUIO

\nnu.ulo

\nrD nk.

Anz\\ i n

Atti

.\ZB '\I.\

BAC"EISTLR, Denkmaler

BCH

BdI

BEAZLEY, AB\'

BECLE, Acropole

BOilS, Propylaen

BOTTICIIER, Cnter-suchungen

BRCCKSER, Friedhof

BSABSRBull. Lund

BUSCIIOR, Tondiicher

CASSO,"" Acropolis,'vfuseumCAVVAD'A')-KAWI RAl')Akropolis

\ rch~H') It)g ischl't' \ n;rl'i~tl'rThe \ t helll.tn \ g:or;t, .t\ G II ide to I he1"C.l\.\1 ion ,\ltd \Iuseum, .Athens 1962\llInic.lll .Iourn"l of \rchaeology\ llIertc.1l1 .I ou rn.d of Ph iInlogy

:\tilleilungen des Deulschen ,\rchao-logischen InSlituls .\thenische Ablei-lung'\-) "\') '"PZ:X!.O \OYLXC( V:X ,S:X7{X e:;'_ \01jVW\)\nnali dell']nslitulo di Corrispon-

denza \rcbeologica\nnuario della cuoia i\ rcheologica di\lene,\nrike Denkmaler, berausgegebenyom Kaiserlieh Demseben Arehaolo-gischen Institut, Berl in 1891-1931Anzeiger der Akademie der \\issen-schaften, \\ien, Phil.-hist. KlasseAtti del settimo congresso inrernazio-nalc di Archeologia Classiea, I 1ll,Roma 1961Arehaologisehe ZeitungBulletin of the Archaeological Insti-tute of AmericaA. BAI"'EISTER, Denkmaler des Klas-sischen l\ltertums, I-III, l\Iunehen-Leipzig 1885-1888Bulletin de Correspondance llelle-OIqueBu!letino de!l'lnstitutO di Corrispon-denza Areheologica]. D. BEAZLEY, Attic Black-FigureVase-Painters, Oxford 1956E. BEULE, L'Acropole d'i\thenes,I-II Paris 1853 -1854,R. BOil"', Die Propylaen der Akropo-lis zu Athen, Berlin-Stuttgart 1882C. BOTTlCIIER, Bericht ubet die Cn-tetsuchungen auf der Akropolis ,'onAthen im Fnihjahre 1862, Berlin 1863A. BRccK"'ER, Der Friedhof amEridanos bci der Jlagia Triada zuAthen,Berlin 1909Annual of the British School at AthensPapers of the British School at RomeBulletin de la Societe Royale des Let-tres de LundE. BUSCIIOR, Die Tondacber derAkropolis, I IT, Berlin Leipzig 1929bis 1933S. CASSO'"', Catalogue of tbe Acropo-lis Museum II Cambridge 1921, , .P. CAVVADJA~ - G. hAWI RAU, DieAusgrabung der Akropolis yom Jahre1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, Athen 1906

- -,rC:\ll.z~ rjUVeJ.Eu('n

n .\BBRE l.\TIONS

PB

JdI

[tOm the Athenian Acropolis, Cam-hridge, Mass. 1949Revue Beige de Philologie et d'His-

tOlecPaull's Reolencyelopadie der class;-schen Alterrumswissenschaft. NeueBearbeitungRevue des (,tudes AnciennesRevue de Philologie, de Lltterature etd'i Iisroirc AnciennesRheinisches Museum fur PhilologleF. RourRT, Thymcle, Paris 1939L. Ross, Archaologische Aufsatze,1-11, Leipzig 1855-1861Sitzungsberichte der HeidelbergerAkademie der \,(,issenschaften. Phil.-hist. KlasseSitzungsberichte der Akademie def\i;'issenschaften zu Munchen. Phil.-hist. KlasseSupplementum Epigraphicum Grae-CU1TI

L.D. CASKEY, H.N. FOWLER, J.M.rATO"", G. P. STE\ C'"', The Erech-Iheum, Cambridge C\lass. 192-J. STUART - . RE\'ETT, The Antiqui-ties of Arhens, I-IV, London, 1762bis 1816Classical Studies Presented to E. Cappson his Se\ entierh Birthday, Princeton1936Studien zur Kunst des OSIens, J.Strzygo\\'ski zum sechzigsten Ge-burtsrage von seinen Freunden undSchulern, \\ ien-Hellerau 1923Studies Presemed to D.l\L Robinson,I-II, Saim Louis 1951-1953C. STYRE'IWS, Submycenaean tu-dies, Lund 196-I. T p.\ y_\ O~ I IIo),:::oo 0!J.!.%1t E:;Ej,!.~!.C;

- , \0 - , , - -"':'WV 4 -fjV(o)\) ~;:o 7W'J ;:POLG70t:!.Y..WVZp6vwv !J.SZPI. -cwv ci:PZwv -;0;; 190')

cxtwvv~, , \O'~'JCXL 1960Uni\ crsit\" of California. Public.1tions

,

in Classical \rchaeologyC. \\ ACII,\IUTIt, Dte Stadt \th n im_\lterthum, I-II, Leipzig 1 -4-1 90O. \\ ALTER, Athen, \kropolis, \\ ien1929'1'1 t. \\ IEGA'D, Dic archaischc POf(lS-,\rchiteklur der \,-ropolis zu \th n,Cassel Leipzig 1904\\ . \\ RLDE, \ttische ;\f.lUern, \th n1933R.E. \\ \CIII RI t\, I,ter.lt\ .lIld 1 pi-graphlc.ll Testimoni." The \thenI.ln\gor. III, PrInceton 19 -

'\.CXpICJ,1)PLOV d~ \. K. 'Op),2VSOV,1 4, 'AO'ijVCXI 1965 1968It ZlIlLH \u~&r.lhullf"cn .llll P,\tl-, ~ :-..nben'\Ischen Sud ion, 13 tim 18-0

Ztll J II, Sl,ldion

RI3Phl1.

RE

\X'YC' I II IU I Y, Tcstinloni,l

RF.ARe\ Phil.

\'fREDE, J\fauern

Rhl\lRour'RT, ThymelcRoss. \ufsatze

\\ILGAND, Poros-\rchitektur

\\ ALTER, J\kropolis

SBJ Ieidelherg

STUART-RE\ETT

S131\1unchen

Stud. Capps

Dedications

SEG

STE\'ENS-PATON. TheErechtheum

University of California

Stud. Robinson

\\ ACIIS\lUTII, Arhen

StudKunstOst

STYRENWS, Sub-mycenaean StudiesTp.\Y.\O~,IIOAOSO[J.IX'1j

RB'H 1\1 0: " :\fVlholo~y

H\\\

BEBF R DH. Pon"-s ulpturHu L, \thens

IGJ \cOBY, F. G.H.

JHJIAN

Journal RIBA

JRSJUDEICH, Topographie

LEAKE, Topography

PASA

IIpcxx-:. 'Ax?:/).RARALBI rSCIlEK,

PE....ROSE, AthenianArchitecture

;\Lo\RTI"', L'agoragrecque::\IcDo".uo, MeetingPlaces

Greek. Roman and Bynntine StudiesJ.E.II. RRISO 1. DL G. \ I RRAII.:\fythology .lnd 1\[onuments of \n-cient \thens, I.ondon 1890Il.1ndbuch der k1.,ssischcn l\llertul11s-\\ issensch,1ftR.l h lILRnry. \Itattische Porosskulp-tur, \\ ien 1919I. T. [lILt. The \ncient City ofAthens, London 1953

I u:nBUH~, '.Axp6;-;oAI~ ~. I.\Kllll [j I1~, 'II 11 [UKr,VCXLX1}'\Xp67tOAI~ TWV '\O"l)vwv, '.\O'ijvCXI1962Inscriptiones GraeeaeF. JACOBY, Die Fragmente der Grie-chischen HistorikerJahrbuch des Deutschen ArchilOlogi-schen InstitutsThe Journal of lIelien ic StudiesJournal International d'>\rcheologie

umlsl11atlqueJournal of the Royal Institute of Bri-tish \rchitectsThe Journal of Roman StudIes\\ . J L'OEICII, Topographie von,-\-then, J\lunchen 1931"\\ . 1\1. LEAKE, The Topography ofAthens, London 1841R. 1\IARTIK, Recherches sur l'agoragrecque, Paris 1951\'f. A. ::\lcDoNALD, The Political

leeting Places of the Greeks, Balti-more 19431\litteilungen des Deutschen Archao-logischen Institutsl\femorie. Istituto Veneto di scienze,lettere ed artiLe Musee BeIgeG. MYLONAS, Mycenae and the Myce-naean Age, Princeton 1966A.N. OIKO"O~fIDES,The Two Ago-ras in Ancient Athens, Chicago 1964Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Ar-chaologischen Instituts in \X'ienShifter utgivna av Svenska Institutetj Rom. Opuscula ArchaeologicaExcavations of the Athenian >\gora.Picture Books. PrincetonIIA[JAnA:-;';oIIOY1\O~,A. IIAIIAl'IANNOnOY1\Ol:-'E;-;lyp~,,,?,,,l IIAAAlO~, ,ApzaLe

Phot. I.. Bcn:tkillDraWing hy J. Travlo'iDraWing by J. Travl()~Agura I.. xcavalions LXXIX 32DraWing by J TravlosAgora Excavations XXXVII 62Photo 1. Vcrnardos. J. Travlos ArchivePhOto M. Vcrnardos. J. Travlf)S ArchiveFplgraphical Museum1:.pigraphlcal.MuseumEpigraphical MuseumAgora Excavations 83 167Agora Excavations LVII 82Agora Excavations 4-269Dtawlng by ].TravlosDrawing by J. TravlosAgora Excavations 5-151Agora Excavations 4 268Drawing by]. TravlosThird ArchaeologIcal DIstrict of AthensPhoto Alison Frantz AT-272 aPhor. J\lison Frantz AT-272bEpigraphical MuseumOM, Atb. Bau. 651Photo .M. Vernardos, J. Travlos ArchivePbot. j\L Vemardos, J. Travlos ArchiveAgora Excavations XLVII-26Agora Excavations XLVIlI-64Redtawing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 57Redra" ing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 61Agora Excavations LIII-51Agora Excavarions LlII-48Agora Excavations L-93Agora Excavations LIX-47i\gora E..'Xcavadons XLVnI-63Agora Excavations I-51Agora Excavations I-52Agora Excavations 83-87Agora Excav~ltions 83-343Agora Excavations 82-622Agora Exca\cadons 82-599Agora Excavations 82 600Drawing by]. TravlosPhoto f\l. Vcrnardos, J.Travlos Archi\'cDrawing by ]. TravlosJ. Travlos ArchiveJ. Travlos ArchiveStuart-Revert, T, Chapt. II, PI. IPhot. l\r. Vcrnardos, ]. Tra\'los ,\n.:hivcSr~latliche Musccn Berlin~(;l,ltliche Musccn I3crlin~tuart-Rc\'cu, I, Ch,'pt. 11, PI. 111Dra\\ iug by J, Tr~n 10$J. ThrcpsiaJcs Coli ctlonI. ThrcpsiJdcs COIICCrillOI. 'I hrcp:-i.lJC'" CollectiunIl

I I. kr 4 6I I D \"8 b }. rr \ 10I 0 "mgb }.lr\loI 0 I, r. 2442I 4 1 I, \kr. 400

I~ () \1, \kr.4011"'6 I \\ In" b, J. l'U\ 1o,17" [r 'lin b j.lr \1

PI C'I'O R I A L SOU R C E S xv

\1UHI112IB\11.\3,-136437438439440411

490 Agora Excavations XXXII-584'JI Drawing hy J.'I ravlo Phot. \1t'1}l) I 1,llltZ \ I 2-836- Ph",t. \ll ...lll\ 1 LUlU \ I' 2-93bS r;; ::-'tu.~({ R1..,\",tt, I, (h pt IIIJ.... (, PIlOt \I,-.on I rMHZ \'1 2H93-- Phot \11:-00 I r.lntz \"1 .2 '8..rs Phl)t. \hst>n 1 r.lOtZ \'1 12S

3-~ Dca\\ iog b~ J. Tr.1\"1o..3$0 Dr.Hung by J. Tra\"kh.,$1 Photo Creek .\ir force3::-.2 ~t.l.ltllch ~lusct:n Berlin3X) .\gor.l Excavation:) I 435

,

384 ~Jtion.ll ~lusc=um38- "\;:ltional )'lusculll386 D \1, \th. \.1r. 3103 - 0.\1, \th. \ .1r. 31238 0 \1, '-.1t. :'-Iu,. 3918389 Drawin~ by J.TrO\los390 Thlru \rchacologlcal District of _\[h~ns391 Drawm,g by J. Tra\'los after drawin~5

of kcramcikos J.xC;l\,,\tions3')2 D.\!, "cr. 9 03, b393 0.\1, Ker. 5954394 D.\!, "er. 6166395 D.\l, Ker. 217396 Photo j lanmb,l

39~ Phor. Ilanmbal39 0.\1, Ker. 6063399 DAI, Ker. 8052400 Phor. ,\Iison Frantz AT-103401 Photo .\hson F ranrz AT-84402 Photo .\hson Frantz AT-85403 Photo Alison Franrz AT-86404 0.\1, Ker. 6310405 0.\1, Ker. 6308406 Ph"r. Ahson Frantz AT-253407 DAI, Ker 8516408 DAI, Ker. 6178409 0.\1, Ker. 5956410 Ph"t. \Iison Frantz AT-98411 Ph"" Alison \ranrz AT 374\2 413 I .pl~raphical l\1 useum414 DAI, Ker, 5811415 Di\1, Ker, 472416 Photo Ilannihal, j.Travlos /\rchlvc417 Drawin~ hy J.Travlos41 fS P.)\ ri"ltophron Collection419 [)rawln~ by J.Travlos420 P.t\ri~tophronCollection421 ali(Jnal Museum422 'ati(JOal Museum423 IlCiI 51, 1927, PI. VIII424 'ational Mu,",cum425 Agora I :xc

54 D01\\IO"'- h\ J. lr.l\lo!.5 goca l' , ,.tlOS 82 160

5 6 Dca\\ inlor 0' J."1 r." I",~ S'" Ilrst \reh olo~Kd.1 DI"rnct ot \then ...

Dr \\ inJ,t 0' J. / r.n I",'2, p. 1%718 lIespen., I, 1932, p. 198719 ,\gor.. EA~" .nions "'\ r t3720 lIesperia 7, 19 B, p. 616721 Draw I11g \" J Tr,n 10'722 Dra" 109 by 1, Tr." los

1

1 Butldins- of the west side of the .-\gora in the 2nd cemury after Christ. Restored drawing.

~GORA: .The part of .-\thens where the whole life of the city was concentrated, the focus of political, commer-CIal, SOCIal and administrati\-e activity, was called the Agora. 1Iuch written information about the Agora hasc~me down to us, both in the ",-orks of ancient authors and in inscriptions; the verr best description is thatot Pau anias, written around the middle of the 2nd century after Christ, which furnishes a guide for recogni-zing and identifying the buildings which have been brought to light.The location of the .-\gora north of the Acropolis and the Areopagus was established in the last century bJvarious small-scale exca\-ations undertaken by the Greek Archaeological Society (1859-1912) and by the German.-\rchaeological Institute (1896-189-). Chance finds also contributed information and the most important ofthese came from a trench opened up for the Athens-Piraeus railroad in 1891. The American School of Classical

rudies has uncovered the whole _Agora, carrying our systematic excavations from 1931 until the present withan interruption of six !-ears during the war, at first under the direction of Theodore Leslie Shear (1931-1940),later directed by Homer A. Thompson (1946-1967), and by Theodore Leslie Shear, Jr. since 196 .Although the excavated buildings are in a most ruinous state, it has been possible not only' to reconstruct theplans and to identify them with certainty but also to establish the history and the topography of the wholearea. Recent excavation have produced e,'idence to show that the Ite was chosen for the Agora at the begin-ning of the 6th century B.C. in the time of Solon and that it continued to exist in the same spot for about eighthundred and fifty years until the Herulian destruction in 267 after Christ. The earlier Agora, founded by Theseusafter the S)'nolktsIJlOS, was a much simpler affair without a definite plan and was probably located below theAcropolis and the Peripatos on the northwest ide of the hill. This is the Old .\gora about which .\pollodoros(Harpokration, ITriVO'1/10; ',!rFQOOITTj) states: "The Athenians called the Aphrodite established in the neighbour-hood of the Old c\gora Pandemos, because there in olden times the whole people (the Demos) met ior theirassemblies which they called agorai." According to Pausanias (1, 22, 3) the shrine of \phrodite Pand mos wafounded by Theseus and, in my opinion, it was located in front of the entrance to the .\cropolis, fig. 5..\ - forthe Prytaneion, which according to tradition was founded by Theseus (Thucydidcs II, 15, 1 3; Plutarch, Tbmlls24), Pausanias fixes its site with sufficient precision, referring to it twice in his rour through \then:. first hesa\'s that it is near to the shrine of Aglauros and to the "\nakeion (1, 18, 1 3); sccondh he s;l\ ~ that it is at the

b~ginnjng of the Street of Tripods (r, 20,1). This means that the Old l\gora_e:-.tmdcd fro~l th shtine oL\ph~odite Pandemos as far as the I::.leusinion (p. 198) on the lower north slope ot the \cropohs and the street whichhas been dic,covered there; this street branching ofT from the Panathcnaic \\ a\ rna) be identified, in m! opinion.with the Street of the Tripods .

AGORA

Th gora of Th sem, where building ",ent on continuously until the end of the 7th century B.C., comprisedth follo\\ ing shrino and public buildings. To the west of the\cropolis, between the Lnneapylon and the

r opagus: the shrine of .\phrodlte Pandemos and its precinct where the Assembly of the People met, thehrin . of Bl.lllt , of Den1Lter Chloe, of Ge Kourotrophos, the Kyloneion and probably the Bouzygion; the

f mous court of the _\r opagus was on the hill of the same name. To the north of the Acropolis and in thearea around the Elcusinion, belo,I' the age-old revered shrines of Apollo, of Zeus, of Aglauros and the Anakeion,w r th mor important ci, ic buildings such as the Prytaneion where the perpetual fire was kept and whereambassadors and those rendering the state great services dined at public expense. 'X'e learn from Aristotle(A/h. Pol. 3, 5) and Suidas (iiex('il') that the buildings in which the nine archons were housed were close tothe Prnaneion. Thus the Archon Basileus had his headquarters in the so-called Boukoleion which was near

,

the Prytandon; the Archon was in the Prytaneion, the Polemarch in the Epilykeion, and the remaining sixarchons, the The mothetae, in the Thesmotheteion which was also used as a state dining-hall. In the Panathenaicprocession the Panathenaic Ship followed a route which shows, in my opinion, that there were importantpublic buildings n ar the Elcusinion; the entire procession went right around the Elcusinion, according toancient tradition, in order to pass in front of the most important public buildings of the Old Agora, fig. 540.W'ith the continuous deyclopment of the city, especially after the union with Eleusis around the end of the 7thcentury B.C., the power of the Athenian tate was definitely established. The needs of the capital city multipliedand its boundaries were expanding continuously. Because of this increase in the power of the city and becauseof the new needs of the administrative bodies the Agora ,,'as moved or, to put it more precisely, was extendedto the north by alan; later on Peisistratos and his successors contributed to it, constructing new buildings. Themost important administrative buildings were put up in the time of Kleisthenes to\vard the end of the 6thcentury B.C. The new Agora occupied the spacious level area east of the Kolonos Agoraios, between theAreopagus and the Eridanos river, that is to say the area where the oldest cemeteries of the city lay, those of

~Ircenaean,Submycenaean and Geometric times, figs. 5-17. From prehistoric times on this ,,'as the place wherethe _\thenians came together to celebrate fe tivals and to hold contest in honour of their heroes and ancestors ..\t the beginning of the 6th century B.C. the Athenians in talled their official ci\"ic centre in this area which\\'as free of other buildings. Here for centuries the Athenians continued to hold athletic, dramatic, musical andequestrian contests in honour of the dead and of the gods.By far the most important festival celebrated in the Agora ,,-as the Panathenaia, probably founded in the timeof Theseus in honour of the patron goddess of the city, Athena Polias. Pherecydes reports (Marcellinus, T'daThucydidis 3 in Jacoby, F. G. H. I, pp. 59-60) that Hippokleides, who served as archon in 566 565 B.C., foundedthe Panathenaia. He is referring, doubtless, to the Greater Panathenaia which Peisistratos and his sons made

famous, elevating it into one of the greatest religious festi,'als; on this account one tradition attributed thefounding of the Greater Panathenaia to Peisistratos himself (Schol. Aristeides, PallalbenaiCIIs, \"01. III, p. 323).During the celebration of that great festival the procession crossed through the Agora by its principal thorough-fare which started at the Dipylon and ended up in front of the Propy laia. The section of the road inside the Agoraser\"ed as the dromos where various races and equestrian events were held, and for this reason the Panath l1aic\'Vay is often simply referred to under the name of Dramos. Himerios refers to the Dromos (Oralio, III. 12) andI believe that three inscriptions found on the Acropolis refer to the construction and repair of th' Dromoo(Raubitschek, Dedications, pp. 350-358, nos. 326-328). The first inscription, fig. 18, is dated to 566 565 B.C.,i.e. in the archonship of Hippokleides when the Greater Panathenaia were celebrated for the fir~t tim' .1I1d thathletic contest was introduced (Emebius, Jherol!)lllli CbrOlll(OIl, cd. Ilelm, p. 102; S, ncellm, ld. Dindorf, p. 454,line 8). The prizes for the victors in the Panathlnaic conte~tswere Panathenaic amphorae fill d"l\ ith ad. and theearliest Panathcnaic amphorae have beln indepenckntlr dated to the decade 570 560 B.C., fi~. _3 (Be.lll I. Il'r,p. 89, no. 1). The Dromos of the Agora mu~t have begun a little to the north of the Peril olo~ oi the '1'"1\ chGods, fi~. 5, in front of the JIerms and it ended Jlear the Eleusinion. The~e, at an, ratc, arc the limits ~h 'n InXenophon (Illp/Jarc!JlClIJ III, 2) in describing the anthippasia held in the .\gOL1. Various mOJlUIll nt~ comm '-

3

!l10rallng \Ietolle Jlllilt hOI l e\lllt ,tlll :tJlIhippa ia and tit apllb:ttt Jnle I t'J'Jd at dthlr end (Jf the Dro-!l10 , fl .24 27. '1 hl ()Jthl tra, '" hilll ",a appr"ximalth ill tllt rniddll of tLl \WJr:t '",a' u'ed f'Jr dramaticand mu ietlllJntc t ; ",,,,,dlll 'rand talld Wtre 'll Ill' arl,und il ('Jr tl e pu l:t ',r . 'J f l (Jrehe tra '~'a~ con-Idend to h on 01 the mo t COli picu(JU ~pot~ and the fir t tatue trl ad'irn tLe AWJra "'ue , up ncar it

III 510 13.< ,the talUl III llarrnodlo and \ri \(Jgeiton wh(J were h(IO(Jund a the liblrattJr ,,(tid: dn.'I h pnnup I buJldlllg lJ1 the 1 l. ~ \ 'ora until the time (Jf the h:r Ian de'lructi(Jn 'here a f'J II 'J ' ': 'In theno th Ide, thl: 'tar o! the Twch e (Jod5 and an(Jther

\GOR \

THEOI D (,ORo\.JVDEl H, To gra hi . pp. 62 63,2 - 2 6,296 299;

. BR 'HR, H. ria. uppl. " 1949, pp.53 54;'-:-"r T" ")")' ")?'. T, ,'-. HE LJ::\, . nmoma. pp. __'f- ' __J, I \1.\(1-,11 ~j)a" p . 24. 2 '-29, 34; l\RH., L'agora:recqu, . 256-261; Or 0 0 l!Dh, The T,\ 0 .\go-II ,p . \'II-XIX, 1-'0; H. ,\. THO IP~O., ,\rchaeolog\' I', 196", p. 30"-'06; R. E. \\ YCHERLEY,:\rchaia .\~or.l, Pho nix 2 , 1966, pp. 2 --293.

\PHRODITL P.-\.. DL\IO.\\". DORPFELD, \. I 20, 1 9:l, P 511; \. KEP,\ Ill-

'}" IT . .' 1 . I' I ")ntlT. \O~~ ~IO Ta !!O.I"I.UIU Tl,= ~'.!0-:70/.E'(':, .I.T. .... ..1929 . -3-- ; 1\'. R. H. Ho\ UXD. Greek Lamp.; andtheir :'urYi"al (J 95 j; \-. H.:'. ROB!. "0', Potten ofthe Roman Pcnod, Chronolog\ (1959); \"1. C. GR. XD.JOl'\X, Terracottas and Plastic Lamp of the RomanPeriod (1961); \"11. J. PERLZWEIG, Lamp of theRoman Period. First to eyenth Centun' after Christ(1961); \'Ill. E. T. H. BR.-\XX, Late Geometric andProtoattic Pottery, :\Iid Eighth to Late eventh Cen,tury B. C. (1962); IX. G. C. .IILE>, Islamic Coins(1962); X. :\1. L -\XG - :\L CRO>BY, \\ eights, . leasureand Token (1964); XI. E.B.H,-\RRbOX, Archaic and.-\rchaistic ~culpture (196-).Picture BOIl": 1. B. P.-\.R1'E>-L. T.-\LCOIT. POt- andPan. of Clas.ical Athens (19'1 ; 2. H. A. THO. tP>O.',The toa of .-\ttalo II in .-\thens 19-9); 3. D.Bl'RRTHO.IP';ox.. Iiniature ~culpture from the .-\thenian.-\gora 19'9: +. :\1. L.-\.'G, The Athenian Citizen

-(1960; 5. E.B.H.-\RRbOX, _:\ncient Portraits from the:\.theruan .:\gora (1960' ; 6. \'. R. GR,-I.CE, .:\mphorasand the .-\ncient \'\ine Trade fl961 j ; - \.FR. 'TZ.The :\Iiddle Ages in the .\th nian .\;ora (1961 : '-'.R. E. GRISWOLD-D. Bl'RR THO.IP,OX, Gard n Lor ofAncient .-\thens ~ 196~ ; 9. J. PERLZ \ EI(,. Lamps fromthe .-\thenian .:\gora (196+ ; 10. B. D. :\IERIIT. In>cri 'tion from the .-\thenian .-\gora ~ 1966); II. :\L L -\XG.\\'aterwork in the .:\thenian .:\gora (196 ~ ,Hupma 1, 1932 - 3" 1969.Hfspma .5'l/ppl. 1. 19T - 11, 196-.

PRLHI TORle GR.-\.\ rsT.L. HEAR, Heperia 4,19'-. pp. 'lu 320::. 1l)3l'.pp.21-23; 9,1940, pp.r-1-2()1; fL\.THO.IN"-.Hespena 1-, 19+ , pp. 154-158. lb.' I()b; _I. ,t):_,pp. 104-10 ; 22, 19';3, pp. 3' '9,41 42, r -4 , - '-195+, pp. 5- 58: LD. Towx'L';D, II 'r n,124. 19"-,

.-pp.1 --219; 1.\ER\IFlLI:. j.TR\\Llh.ll' r.l '''.1966, pp. '5-- ; _lYRL,ll , '-.ubn1\ cel1.l .1n _III h '.

t\CORt\ 5

(; EO~I F I'R Ie (; R '\VI'.SD.13VRR. llcsperi'l _, 1933, pp, .. _ .5,1; T. L. SIIEAR,Hesperi'I .. 1936. pp, 23 31; 6,1937, pp. 364368; R.S. Ym'NI;. l.atc Geometric ;"l\'e~ and a SeventhC 'ntur\ \\'cll in the \gora, \lesperLI Suppl. 2, 1939;II. \. '1'110\11"0:-1, II'speri'l 16, 19-17, pp. 196 197; R.S. YIWNI., \n \;ad!' Geometric Gra\c ncar the l\the-nian \gom, I lcsperia 18, 19-1-9, pp. 275 297; C. \".Bllt;1 '. Two .\thenian G ra\ c Groups of abom 900B.C.. lI'speria 21,1952,pp. 27 9 29-1-; E. BRA N, LateC 'om 'tric Grayc Groups from the ,\thenian gara,Hesperia _9, 1960, pp. -1-02--1-16.

...\ RCllA lC G R\ \' I,::'R. S. Ym'Nc, H speria Suppl. 2, 1939, pp. 11,21-33;id., Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 67-134.

COL TESTS;\1. COLLIGNON, Course d'apobate sur un bas-reliefattique, BCH 7, 1883, pp.458-462; TIL. IlmloLLE,BCH 15,1891, pp. 369-373; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 4,1935, pp. 379-381; A. W. PICKARD-CA~IBR1DGE, TheTheatre of Diom'sus in Athens, Oxford 1946, pp. 10-

,

15; B, D. i-IERITT, Hesperia IS, 1946, p. 176, 10.24;RACBITSCHE[.., Dedications, pp.350-358; l\IARTIN,L'agora grecque, pp. 202-223; II. A. THO~IPSON,Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 49-51; \,'YCIlERLEY, Testi-monia, pp. 80-81; J. J\. DAVISO ,l'\otes on the Pan-athenaea, JH 78, 1958, pp. 23-41; P. E. CORBETT,Burgon and Blacas Tombs, JII 80, 1960, pp. 52-60;'1'1' \ r.\O~, f/oi.wl)OII/%,}, pp. 36-40; I I. A. THO~IPSO "The Panathenaic Fesrival, AA 1961, pp. 224-231; id.,Elq'f':ULflt TU'E"; Til:; I.UT'..!fiu::, nTJlI tj'.!(:)(t)I' t'i~ T(i.; (l!!x,da::,'.IO';I'IJ~, 'J~':TfTl/lJi~ T/I~ (1)tJ.oaOrl%IJ~ EXOMI~ TOll }[W'f:Tl-aT/II"o" ',IO'/l'wV 1963/64, pp, 276 284; R, R IIOLLO-WAY, Music at the Panathenaic Festival, Archaeology19, 1966, pp. 112-119.

KI~RAMElKOS BOUN DARY S1'ON F.T. L. SHEAR, llesperia, 9, 1940, p. 267; WYCllERLEY,Testimonia, pp. 221-224.

ACORA BOUNDARY STO "S'f. L.SIIEAR, Hesperia 8,1939, pp.205 206; \X!YCIII'.R-LI,Y, Te5timonia, p. 218; J I. A. THOMPSON, Ilesperia37, 1968, pp. 61 63.

I'liRIRRIIA T"RIA\X!YUJERLEY, Te5timonia, 1'.218; 11. A. 'l'1I0!'oII'SO ,I lespcria 22, 1953, pp. 46 47; TI'A l'AOl,;, IIII)., ",11I1l/x",

p. 100; J. 'f'1I111'.I'SIADES E. VANDERPOOL, IC},T. 18,1963, p. I 11,

I'I.IU~CIIOI IS\lAJ. CARCOI'INO, I :ostracisme alh~nien, Paris 19352 ;

IARIIN, I:agora grcCtluc, pro 325 327; R. E.\' YCIIEIILEY, JI IS 75, 1955,pp. 117 lli!; \X1ye IIJRLEY,Te5tirnonia, pp. 163 165.

51'OA POI KILl.J DEICII, Topographic, pp. 336 -338; T. 1.. SIII.AR,A Spartan Shield from Pylos, '1:''fI1i1. 1937, pp. 140 143;J. TR>\VLQs, Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; H. \.

TIlO~1pso , Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 327 329; R. L.\\!YClIERLEY, The Painted SlOa, Phoenix 7, 1953, pp .20-35; \\!YClIERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 31 45; AgoraGuide, p. 64; L. II. JEI'FERY, The Battle of Oinoe inthe Stoa Poi kile: A Problem in G reek A rt and lliston

. ,

BSA 60, 1965, pp. 41-57.STOA OF TILE lJ ER illS

J UDEtCII, Topographie, pp. 336, 369-370; J. F.CR01'oIE,'!;r:TdUXflOl 'h'IJIWi, Al'vl 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 308-309;J. TRAVLOS, lIesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; \\''Y HER-LEY, Testim Ilia, pp. 102-108; Agora uide, p. 65;J. TIIREpSIADES-E. VA 'DERpOOL, JT(!(i~ Toi~ 'E(!ltai~,IdT. 18, 1963, pp. 99-114; ~. K(JnL\N()r.lII~,II'Ult%O:T./UUl' HI :T(!omV:Ta, ,.. lIhJ"Ol 1966.

L :.OKOR lOIJ l'DEICII, Topographic, pp. 338-339; \\'Y IIERLEY,Testimonia, pp. 108 113; TI'.\1'.\()~, llo}.O

J\GORA

LI:. '.\ 10T.... r\o~, llohOt)oJuX1i, p. 40; R. E. \\ YLIIFRLEY,L n lon, Hesp ria 34, 1965, pr. ~2 76; \. Pre Ki\RD-C:\ IBRInGI-, The Dramatic Festi\ .lIs of \thens, Ox-ford 19 )82, pp. 25 42.

.\L I.\R 01 /f l:, \(,OR \10:'R. ,'nLLwHL, Hesperia 2, 1933, pp. 140-148;H..-\. THO\lPSO', Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 91-93;\\"YCHFRLEY, Testimonia, pp. 122 124.

G R L.\ T D R r\ IH ..-\. THO~IPSON, Hesperia 6, 1937 , pp. 3 4; R. S.YOUNG, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 253-267; H. A.THmWO:01\, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 53-56.

\ (.c)l( \-

,, 1he -\2;( 1".1 .lftcr the e'00\ ltllH1' 'll1d the rccnmtructlnl1 of the :'W.l of -\rtalos 111 1956. \'le\\ from the Hill of the ~\ mphs

"(,ORA

-

01 y[TEPOEI\I\AAIKOI T.1I01e 2 VnOMYKHNAIKOI TAIIOI.3 rEOMETPIKOI TA.OI

4 nEPIBOl\ot TAGlON~ BI\AYTH8 ACDP061TH n",NAHMQ!7 rH KO YPOTPOG>Ore .6.HMHTHP XI\OHg KYf\nNEION

10 BOyzyrlON11 ArPAYI\O[12 ANAKEION13 GEIMOlDO?ION14 EI\EYIINION15 npYTANEION10 BOYKOI\EION17 Enll\YKEION18 9EIMOGETE10N19 HAlAlA20 nEPIBOI\Ot eOUnXAIONOt2 I B 0 M 0 r 12 e EON22 I\EQKOPEION 0)23 IEPQN 610t24 NAO! AnOl\l\nNOr25 N AD r M H T POI e EON2t!t BOYl\EVTHP10N27 npVTANIKON26 0 POI A r 0 P A I29 I E P 0 N30 I H rEI 0 N31 ENNEAKPOYNOr:32.6.POMOI33 0 P X H [ T P A)4 T Y PAN N 0 K TON 0 I

0'

/

/. t, lImetriCgraves 4. (,ravc enclo~urc 5. II Inu Il: 6. Aphrodltl: 1'.llldcIllO' 7. (;c J-...oullh Cl'llIUII 1\'(, 21. \II,llof the T\Ioclvc God~ 22. LenkorJoll 2~. ~hrlllC o( Zl:U~ 4. I'cl1lpk 01 '\1'0110 S, I\'lllpk 01 !Ill' \llIthcl 1,1 thc(,od 26, Old Bt,u!cutcrJoll 27. Prytal1lkoll 2H. Bound,II I 'lPm' of the Agot.1 lJ. I'rl.1I11'uI.ll ,hlltll' ,0. I'hl"C ""1

31. Lnncakrount, ~2, l)rolno~ 3~. OIL he'lI,1 ~4. 1') I,lilt ,1.11'['1".

\COIl i\ 9

-----

--

---- -'--""'/,...-

-- ---

,

,,I

----

_----- j.r---,--

III-{'~~-J--~ ~_,

-

r

-

--

- --

,

5 {o ",,'- -

6 Rock-cut :\Iycenaean chamber tomb found on the north slope of the Areopagus. Section and plan.

7 ,\Iodcl of the chamber lOrn b, fig, 6. Agora 1\1,,,,

\(,O/tA

\(,()!t,\ 11

l) \,,, ((I 1'''111 till' Ch.l111hll l"mh. Ii". 6. ICpl.ICld In "I' "Hul P''''t1lHl "iter mending. \gclt'a \Iu'.

101\" P I It)lll rh lhlll1h I IPIl,h, tI. h. \)I.lI1H.l\.",ll,12111 \,"tttl \Iu' HI -11

f

,

,

\GORA

12 \mph",a, 0.71S m. hi ",, ('>llI,lIl1lng Iht ,,,hl'~ "f Ihl !>Ulll'li 1'''''>11 ,lIhl oth" 1'\lll'" 11"111 ill< !>1111t1. II". II.g' ,fa \Ill

11 Geometric cremation burial of a II 'altlw \\ oman found on the \\' ~Iore of the Areoragu~. \lOul1d 850 B.e.

1

\gora \1 liS.11.

, (, U It ,

II g.,found ,n the amphora from the gLl\ e,

14 ( L,y chc", 0.445 lll. IOllg. I 'v, model gJ ,lI1.1IICS 1111 ,he hd. 'gilL' i\lllS. I' 274" .,"d b.

13

14 \(,OH \

--.-~

15 17 (,c()mctnc gravc of a woman. 'J he graVl:, 1.81 0.64 111., \\.1~ In :l IJl111h bUrI.1! ground ,,>lith ot thl'Th()I()~. I,nd of 8th c. H.c' Agora 1\1 U~.

A C. 0 i{ 1\ 15

, ,

-

,

..~

.'

..,

(j

,

" ,

,

,

,

",

,

,. .,

,

-

'.

". -, .

... -... . .

: :. -/ " ..._."""'t>7-.Jz>0

:0

I-l

,/

-

~

)

\ \ \-- ~

" . 0 ~

'.

0 .

r-

... .. ,

E9 \?>~-

," I .~.:~-

~

'"

o '//

.. .. ....

o

o

.. .... ..

, ~

> wfn4:g. "" r 0 0

,0 .,

'. 0

." J 0

1 Inscription recording the construction of the Dramos in the Agora, 566 B.C. Width above: 0.45 m.W'idth below: 0.475 m. Thickne s 0.24 m. I-Icight: 1.33 m. Reconstructed by A. Raubitschek. Epi-graphical ,\rus. 6214,6215,6224,6226.

19 Inscription recon.llng the repaIr "I' the IJromos in the Agora; 0.675 0.365 m. l.ptgt".plllcal :\Ius. 6212.

1(.

20 '\gota J 7039. \\ idth 0.326 Ill.

\(. () II \

21 \gom I 5510. \\ ,dth 0.318 m.

:l2 Hflllnd "V tll/Il ot Ihe gor.1 ('\(':0',1 J ~~I() I'I/IIHII/I II/Ill',", "I Ihl' (h"I", (hl h"lIlll!.l1l 'l"lll ,h\'\\ll 11111,.2\),I 11 II rlllllld 1// fI/lI, 21.JO III to Ihl ,oUlh "I Ih" Olll. BUlh .lIl d,lIed '" .01"'111 on 1\.( .

\(,()I\ \

'\ P.lILllIH lule 1IIlpIHH,I, t III I ,(,(. 1\.( 11(.1 \ Ill. hlph I tllllltlill IKI \ 11I1I-..llk IIH \, h,1I1l1.1I1 (",tl.1\1111 II \111 .... ("lhll~'C111 .1IIlplllll.l")

I

IJ ( ,)I I

I IJ J

" m '" J ~ I 11rlf 'rrr fr

flrr rI

\GOR \

26 Relld of apobatcs contest on an Inscribed base, 4th c. B.C., 0.95 >

GOR

28 The western part of the anCI nt uty with the A~()ra, 1. Delman ("lie 11. P,II,lIe (;atl' Ill, ~,lCtl'd (.,lIl' I\' I 11'\ 1,,1\Gate V. Eriai Gate XIV, Olpylor1 above the (,at,~ XV, Mdltlde~ (;atl',

21

AGORA

40. Strategeinn41. ~nuth\\'Cst Fount.un House42. StO.1 \\ith Dining-rooms,4.>. \Iint44. LI\\courts4S. StoOl I'nikilc46. StoOl of the Herms

I

-

", '.,r ....

I .....,. ..... ',. J 1- .......... ..J I ...........

........ ),,~ -.............. ... ...

'. I.... ,

..... ,--- .......... '

....1-

I

-

J[

I

II

I r.

II

I

" / ..= //~

I I' .

,

J

I,

III I

0 I L\

... \

r

,,

........ ......

.. '-' 42 '-'-"'-'. '" ........ ,,~

,'T, / '" ..-........ ...-..... . / / T /.

, / /1I I

,,

'\(;OHA

~", "-.., '., "'- ...

,..... .......,....

AGORA

I

-

35

II

I

I i?,A,YAOr1967

-

-

AGORA

-

- ---

I0

0

'..

0

..

, ,Jc

,

/ ).'~

OJ

:.....-.......~

,

1

(

,.~. ; !t. ... ......

" ~ ..."". '-, -... -.- --........... 4~ ~ ...

...... ....

'- ..~ ,"'-... -,'--.......... ; -

~ -...... -

-

r

,....-.-....... rr,,- ~. 042

. . . . .............." .........~'r-. ~""""r- r- .... ' .

'1 r-.

""0

21 ,

"'., ......., ........, ......... '.......... "'15 .......

-- ,'. ."'-- ,

-- .--...

0i':c~~_=~_~~5;:;O~ ;;;100 M

L .I

30 :

r .,

,

-

)7

~;

- .. '

., :.-ro",,

'-"11"--.

I

rr---.:..i.. '.-....~,

1-_ 2'--...l

~. ~3'

/

~." .. 1-......- _ ...,J~3B ...

1

'0." '." .,..

-0 " 36

-

-'.

30 The Agora Circa the end of the 4th c. B.C.

21. Altar of the Twelvc (,od,26. Old Bouleutcrion29.1 riangular shrine30. Thescion31. Lnneakrounos35. Panathenaic Way36, Temple of Hephaistl>s

37. Stoa of Zcw, J..:.lcuthcllns38. e\l Boulcutcl'ion39. Tholos40. ~trategclOn41. South\lcst hwl1t.1tn lint'"42. 5toa with Dimng.room,43. \llnt

45. ~toa Poikllc46. Sma \,r th Ilcrl11~r". rcmpl' of ZCll' Plll.ltrt

23

l

I

,

,\

I TP,,"YAO[1967

,-------,,.,,,. ,

,\,

CE-------

, ,

E

,

t

'6

I

,

~C'

-

\4'll.!!, r-1

AGORA

'9

-' -

,

,

'.

\'.f' '" ' .

J

I I

!

1

T-,,

". ,'. ',

,,

~_~=__=_s',:o~ .;:'OO Mo~

,

I. 49

,

I

.~",."'.=...,,""'~...C'_.,....., .. , .. , .1--=_ 0

:-:- :r ~O" .

-.

,

I

52' ,. . . . . ., :__: '"

~

,

'0 >7 4'

~ .~ ,.. :" ...

L .a

,

I i

-

I r "

I

,

.....-L...::, 46

,

B)

>J

'7

I'r.:-....l j,.r---'Lr--' ...!..;: j

'. j ) r:::-:-:..-.rr---.

!\C,ORA

-

: ....... .

. " .'. .,. .... .

.. '" .

" " . '. 36

31 '1h~ Agora circa the mid-2nd c. B.C.

-~/j'..ry----

21. Altar of the Twelve Cods29. Triangular shrine30. Th~s~ion31. I.nn~akrounos35. Panathenaic \'\Ia)36. Temple of IkphaislOs37. Stoa of Zcus Joleutherios3R. '\,cw Bouleuterion39. '1holos

40. Stratcgeion41. Southwcst Fountain I (nusc43.1\linr45. Stoa Poikile46. Stoa of thc Ikrms47. Tcmple of Zcus Phratrios and

A thcna Phralria4H. Tcmple of polio I':n moS19. I"P0l1V010US Jkrocs

50. Bouleutcrion propv1nn51. \liddle Sm"52. East Budding54. Tcmplc of .\phrodttc Ourani.55. Ilcllcnistic Building56. \ kln)on5-. Snut h Sto., 1158. ~w., of Att.""s ,.nd Donor'

\lP11UlllCllt

. 'J. Hem.

, \t,OR \

\gOrl \lIh

p of If, \ '''I l'II"l 'lId "llllll\ .1I1l! (\1111 \~"r 1 \Ill

25

I

1

n

7'

. ~.~..-----

l TPAVI\OI...7

H'

"

.---:-::1-.4 .....

72

' .

AGORA

"0c

61. Swa of the Roman period62. Keramei kos boundan swne63. "-.orrheast roa64. Round FountaIn House65. OdeIOn of :\gtippa66. :\Irar of Zeus \l!oralos6-. Temple and :l1",r of .\res6 . "outh" cst I', mpll69. \\ cst T mple-0. I ." 1 empk-I "'"uthe 1 t r mpl- 2. \ n'lph.l.Ion-3. I .Urlne-4. I ,bran of P.Ult3InO-'i, .'nuthca t ... to.l

E., t ~r--.: , , .

&J .........

,

'--'

\ C ()!\ \

3 - Th~ t~mpk of H~phal~to , th~ s()-call~d Th~~llon, on \-"olono, -\golllO,.

,n IIf

I I I

-27

,

t

TPAY"OI19157

74

'.

72

1

J

-

...-J 1--1 '0l

AGORA

___ ...J

'--.,---------- ,

~ .... -.. .......t

...... , .. ,... ,

- ,-

-:t:J-,D

u u

6~'O:... '::'?O M

__.,....1' - , .

.. ;,

!/~

r

L.... _

~ ~~~-------------~~ ~ 1 ~: I, 77 .,, .' I, .

~ .. I'. I IA , ;-.-. rrrr.-.. .....- .,,;.

I67_~I

---------

1

-- .---

L

r --

.. - ----

-

I l-

o

r

L._________ .-

- -----" --- ---------

J7

..-

'r--J'"

37 The Agora area in the beginning of the 5rh century afrer Christ.

30. Tholos36. Temple of 1kphaisros37. Swa of Zcus Eleuthcrios

56. ,\lctroon5R. Stoa of Analos67. Temple of Arcs72. ymphaion

:4. ~lll.l of the 1 ibr.u\ {If P.ultainos,ind rO,lll to the Rnnl.l.n :\~C,)ra

-(,. I ..lle Rom.lll Fllrtilicatioll \'\ all77. (;\"l1uusiuI11 of the (iiants

,\GORi\ OF CAESAR AND AUGUSTUS

a~OR Of C l' . R. L) At'Gt"H" is usually called the Roman Agora to distinguish it from the Agoraf th Gr k p riod xca\'at d b\ .\mcrican archaeologists, Since, however, its special purpose was to serve

tradin~ c ntre, it should be called the commercial Agora or, more precisely, the commercial section of the gora. That i~ to sa~, ~ince the commercial district has ,not b:en found anywhere in the American Excavationsof the _ gora, w th r fore con. ide r that the ca. tern ~Ide ot the Agora IS not defined by the Stoa of Attalos

~ .

but that th .\gora xtended farth r to the cast, as far as the Horologion of Andronikos, Only on this assump-tion is it possihle to account for the fact that there was so much free. pace available for the construction of theRoman .\gora and other public bUlldlI1gs such as the Horologion of Andronikos, the Agoranomion, the public

latrin, and th Librar~ of Hadrian, fig. 39.The ar a ,,-her the Roman Agora was built is without doubt e"tremely important. It is situated near the Old.'\gora founded by Theseus (pp. I 2); the \, hole region comprising the Old Agora and the Agora founded by

olon and the area later occupied by the Roman Agora must have been a single indivisible unit, fig, 28, untilat least a late as the 2nd centur! B,C. when the Stoa of Attalos was built. From the earliest times, in fact, therewas probably a pecial section, to the north of the Old gara and near to it, to serve the commercial needs ofthe city and there too were other public buildings and lawcourts, Here too, in this area around theRoman Agora, were probably the shrines mentioned by Pausanias (1, 18, 4-5) such as the shrine of Sarapis,the temple of Eileithyia, and the place where Theseus and Peirithoos were supposed to have made their cove-nant, This entire region was also called the Agora, as we learn from a great many passages in ancient authorsmentioning the special sections where different kinds of victuals were sold, Howe\-er, it may be that ju t asthe western part of the A.gora was customarily called the Kerameikos so the eastern part also had its own name.\\e identify the eastern part of the Agora as Eretria, the namc handed down by Strabo (X, 447).Before the excavations of the Roman Agora only the monumental Doric propylon, the Gate of Athena Arche-getis, was vi ible, figs. 40-41. \-ery early on, howe\'er, the discovery was made that this ,,-as the entrance to alarge rectangular colonnade, the columns of which appeared in the cellars of the houses \\'hich covered thewhole area. C. Botticher conducted a mall-scale excavation in the southwest corner of the building in 1862. In1 90 the Greek Archaeological ociety began sy tematic exca\'ations and found the southeast corner and theeastern propylon. The excavations were continued in 1931, 1942, and 1955, and finally in 1965 and 1966 theexcavations were resumed and the clearing of the southern half of the building "'as completed. The building is111 m. long; the width was originally estimated at 87 m. on the assumption that the Gate of Athena :\rchegetiswas on the axis of the peristyle. After the most recent excavations the width \\'as found to be 98 m. and conse-quently the Doric propylon is not on the axis of the peristyle.The plan of the Roman Agora was simple, a great open-air rectangular court, surrounded by a colonnadebehind which were stoas or rooms used for shops. In the centre of the south side of the colonnade a smallfountain house is preserved and also a stair connecting the Roman Agora with the higher stre t level in back.The foundations and the walls are made of rectangular blocks of Piraeus poros; the steps, st) lobate, columndrums of the peristyle and the antae are of grey-blue H ymettos marble, and the remaining architectural m mbers

ar~ 0: white Pentelic marble. The careful workmanship and the total absence of mortar in the joints date thebUlldlIlg t~ eat~y ~oman times. This date is confirmed by the imcription on the architra'T of the Doric propdon.From the lIlSCrIptlon (1. C. 112 3175) we learn that the donors were (aefar and, after 27 B.C., . \ugustus,

\GOR \ OF C \E .\R \r-;O \LGlJ TLS 29

2nd century after Christ on their lower surface.. Contemporan' with the repairs of 126 127 .-\.D., the EmperorHadrian decree regulating the ale of oil (I. G. IP 1100) was in. cribed on the northern door jamb of the centralentrance of the Doric propylon.It i. not kno,\'n exactly when the buildin~ began to fall into ruin. After thedestruction of the main .-\gora b\ the Herulians in ?6- .-\.D, and the con. truction of the Late Roman Forti-fication \\ all the life of the cit~ wa. re triered to the area '\'ithin the new circuit wall. ["rom that time on theciyic centre and adminitrati\'e building: ,'ere eddentl\' transferred to the ar a of the Roman .\gora and theLibrarY of Hadrian, It j a :trikin~ 'act that from that nme until the middle of the 19th centun, the market.

place of .-\them wa. located in precisel, rhe same place and the life of rhe city continued to be concentratedrhere.

.1l.\RI Rl'En, I, Chapt. I; \.I\l"~CII~, '/:'1'''''I 3-, p. 13; BOTrlCHER, L mer uchun_cn, pp. 222226;":. 1;:0\\\\ OI':'IL,ll~""!T. I 90, pp.ll-1 , I 'II,pp. --II; .\. '!>LUE,\'I'EI_, 1/~.. t%T. 1910, pp. 112-126;.\. (JP.\.'. .. .:,o_, lti.T. 5, 1919, Il'J'.!'J'.!T. P 16; P. GR\L"DOR, Etude ur .-\thenes ,ou' .-\u_u tc. III. I.e larche romain d'.-\thenes et la Tour de' Yem , .lu B 2 .1924, pp. 109-121; GR"'I~DOR, .\ugu Ie, pp. 1

19-; (1). ~l \11 " 1\ _ I i.t 13,193031, I/,,'.!,,'.!r.pp. 1 14; JU)J I< II, 'f opo 'raphie, pr rl r4; BCH

~5. 1931, p.+66; \ \ 19n, pp. 300 302; 1I. . ROBI -. The '1'0\\ er ot Ihe \'i ind and the Roman. lar-o..

ket-Placc, \J \ r, 19n, pp. 291 0); I111.L. [hen,pp. 20:; 206; \J \ ~9, 19:;:;, p. 223; BCH 9,19,55,pp. 21 220; \. 111'\ ':'0_. 'f,'PiI" 1964, 1/Uf!lJf!r.pp.9 20; . II \ \111 , lei.t.20, 1965, X!.Ior. pp. 34-37.

\e()R \ 01 ( \ f,:" \ R \ D \ LJe LJSTU,>

3~ Llnrar (,f Hadrl'ln and the Romdn Agora. Lower kl, qUdd, ,1m.gor.. with the'[ ('\Hr (,f the \X Ind" Aerial photograph, 1963.

'll1l,lIIl, "I,hl I Ibl,'I\; I" the" 'Ill

\ (, () It \ () I' ( A J '. ~ A I( A N I) A LJ ( ; lJ~ 'I' IJ S 31

TPAYI\OI'966

I(orano-

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

....... \

o

o

o

o

o

. . , . .

"

69,37o

100I M

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

79 I

-

0

~

~ 0~

~ 0

6938 J~ 06 6 0

flO. Ilol"Ol"f!'I'" III And .. ""k", ( 1",,\\ l"I" of thl" \\ ,ncl,)su rn,ll n(ll ng:s.

79. Roman Ago,.,

- .- -

,

82 I

" 81~~~ 80 (~@ .. ' ..

f I ~0,r.I, , ) . , 0~ ... I 72 20I

The Roman Aw,ra and7H. LIbrary of Iladrianm"'" H2. I.atrines.

o

39

1 0

0 0 0/

" 0 I0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 0

78 0 00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0I

0 0

'1'-

...

-h

4fJ C"'tr "f Athena Archq(ttJ , the

\(,OR \ OJ ( \1 ~ \H \ l) \[Jel ~ I'l'~

Ie tern propvlon o( the Roman \gOJ,I, \ tl\\ 1'0m till' ~\\.

( 0 Of ( I /) l (,3

I ('d' ,,/ ht.:r ,t \rc hq! (I he.: l tcrfl' prtJp\lflll fit till I{nr1l1n \ 'on, \ I \ tr rn th I .

\t,OR \ 01'( \FS \H \ I) \l (,t S l'llS

\ ( ,(l)( \ (l' ( \ I,'" \ H \ N I) .\ I) ( , I h I I J...

,, \ C, 0 R \ 0 f' ( \ r '> \ R \ '" D \ l C, '> '] l S

H The east rn propylon of the Roman Agora,

4- I a t "Ie "t the oll'lnn,HI "I the Rom.in gou, VIL\\ 110111 the not th

_\C,OR l"'O~1l0:-': Facin~ the ca~tcrn plOpl Ion (II' the Roman A~ora arc the ruins of a building which is custom-arill' called the "\goranomion 'yen thou~h there is no positive proof whatsoever for such an identification.The building stands 4.71 m. higher than the lel'el of the propylon and a broad stairway leads up to it, fig 47.The "'alls of this huildi ng arc or poras ashlar masonry; the main fa

\ ,OR \NOJ\110

4(, 'lar )Ie arche (,f the fac;adc of the Agor,lnOnllon. \lld-hl c. arll'l ( hi "l.

AGORA NOM ION 39

-

-

I TP ...VAOI19&&

...

c

"

I]0I 2

7

-

G

1

11 35

->0] ] ..

-2.] ~

0 5 10=- t I =-< = , M,

r

7220

B

18 00

- .,.1 2 ) 4

,

,+I

1I1

I

t

LA

II " IJ .,.

I ,(.

r Agoranomion fa

\ G 0 R \ 0:\1 J 0 ~

,/

cro,,,o,! \10wdJe) n,r hAndr, Ike",co'" H' rolo ',JOnJ.

4

\ ( () I( \ N () \1 I () '"

:;0 In'cn ,cu CPI't\ Ie bl"ck o( the \goranomi"n, no. - in lig. 48. On the ""cropol,,.

41

51 J,,,cnj,(;d marbl, >cmllllnd,tr arelt; 1.74(, I.O('() 111. I. (,. II' 11'11.

AKADI:.I/1 1

: B\ the nd of th 18th cmtun' scholars had located the sitt: of the :\cadem\, fig. 53, to th we t ofth cit in th Out r K rameiko~ ncar Kalona. Hippios on the basis of informatIon prcscn'ed in anCient author.In tud ing th topograph\ of the .:\cadcm\ toda1" we ha,-c not onh- the anCIent texts but also concrete evidence,thank to the -cav,Hion, carried out b\ the private donor P, .\ristophron from 1929 to 1940; these excaution~ r dir t d b\ K. Kourouniotl and spon.ored by the Academy of \then -, \fter a long inten al the c ca,arion w r r. umed in 195~ and continued until the present, directed b\ Ph. _tavropoullos and financed b~ theGr k Archa ological ::ocien',The .\cad m\ ,,-ith all of its various establishments occupied a large quadrilateral area, 450 300 metres, tig. 41-..\t the nd of th 6th centur~ B.C. thi. area wa. apparently enclosed bv a wall which has been attributed toHipparchos (_uidas, TO 'IrTOf!/.Ol TEIXIOl'). 'othing of this early wall has been found, but the remain ofa 'en'much later pr cinct wall yield valuable information as to the extent of the Academy, even though it holds goodonlv for later times. The remains of the ea. tern and. outhern line of thi later precinct "'all 'were dl coveredn ar the church of St. Tryphon and a section of the ,,-e tern line of the wall, strengthened by buttre ses, hasbeen found at the present-day Telephanou. t. 0:0 traces of the northern line of the wall have been found upuntil now; it hould follo,,- the south ide of an old rural lane, now called Aimonos St. Here we have a fixedpoint, for in December of 1966 a boundary stone was found In situ near the southeast corner of Aimonos andTripoleos treet; the inscription on it dated circa 500 B,C. reads h6_'eo~ Ti; hE>

IK IIJJ;AlI.1 43

dated to thc cnd of Ih Ilelltni~lic period or Ih' hl'l!;inning or Roman limes; many poros architectural blocksfrom classical buildings wen: used in ils consl ruCI ion.The large square perist \' It is dated to Ihe second half of Ihe 41 h cUltury B.C. ; only the conglomerate foundationsfor th columns h,\\'e been found up until now. During the exc~v~lions on Ihe northwe,t side (if the peristyle,fLlgments of tcrracOl!a metol es wilh paimed dccoration ~nd ~ntefixcsdaung to the beginning of the second halfof the 6th C'ntllr) B.C. \\'cre found, ligs. 54-55. Seventy small fragments of honorary decrees dating fromthe -tth cemur)- B.C. to Roman times wcre found scattered throughout the whole area of this building.R cent linds made by Ph. Stanopoullos include the writing tablets of the students, found ncar the section ofthe pr 'cinct \\'all with the buttresses. Among hundreds of slate tablets only twenty have letters inci~ed by apointed instrum nt, J-ig. 64. nother important discovery in this area is a relief which has on one side Athenawearing a helmet and holding a spear, and on the other jV[arsyas with a youth. From time to time variousstrucrur s, wells, graves, and a great quantity of sculpture, fig. 63, have been found to the west of the Academyand on either side of the preselll-day road which leads to the Kephisos river. The region of Athens called the;\cademy was at no time limited to the area \\'ithin the precinct wall. It was surrounded by gardens and gro\'esand in 3 8 B.C. Plato established his famous school in the district between the Academy and Hippios Kolonosand other schools and institutions were installed around about the gymnasium.The Academy enjO\'ed great fame throughout antiquity and was still flourishing in the time of the Emperorjulian and during the whole period of the eo-Platonic philosophers until 529 A.D. when by decree of rheEmperor justinian all the educational institutions in Athens were closed. The destruction of the Yarious build-ings of the Academy began then and in the course of time the ruins were buried to a depth of 2-2.50 In. underthe silt from the f.::ephisos.

FRAZER, Pausanias II, 1'1'.387-396; I I. KA~Tl'llnl1~,'/I %r.01J/lEW, 'E'P'I!l. 1922, PI'. 89-100; L. WEBER,Kerameikos-Kulte, AM 50, 1925, 1'1'.139-156; AjA34,1930, p. 390; K. Ko)'PonOll'l'II~,Ufja%T. '.I%a,). 5,1930, Pl'. 420--424; jUDElCIJ, Topographie, PI'. 412-414; II. A1'11:'1' O

44 U.:..-lj)LIII I

PRI HI~10R[( lIn .....\ \ 19Y, p. I-I; 19.36, r 11'i; 19r, p. 11-;

45

-

..

)

I

"

11,.,., .1'./, I

c

.'

1'111/'/1 III

!.In f , IIIf f

.\tUI'. L J)l'l u"l..... r

-

JaIltolltl.{I' '.J.l. r" /J I'1l

..-

"~ur ,It' Ti/1lltflIr ~ I1J.Jtmlluopr-

-

,..

.q.ol..

.. l. '-l1. "- , ,-

~~

t.

c

PI.. IXO/-;

\

54 Terracona am fix s of the beginning of the second half of the 6th c. B.C., found west of the quare Pcnstyleof the ~'\cadem\ .

:;:; I r.Il.:mcnt "t I rt'"Jlt.l p lint dl11UOp , I"und tl>g thu \1I1t l~,lntell c h.) \ n III II' :;4. \c Idun, t.: (.1\.10011 (0110on1

IA IO/!IIl/A 47

8

58 Fragment of a vase in rhe Agora.Agora P 10507.

57 Boundary stOne of the Academyfound ill situ near the SE corner ofthe intersection of Aimonos andTripoleos Sts. Circa 500 B.C.Width 0.29 m.; height 0.84 m.StOreroom, Third ArchaeologicalDistrict of Athens.

/"

...

' in449 and 431 B. C, Hesperia 26, 19 "', Pl" 163 1

[I\./W ('OUS 55)".: "",' .I1ol'a';{l", '. Wlj,", 10(,7; J\.I1\ 7 , !96R, pp._66 _67.

I'R F III STO RIC '\ C R() PO LI S\ ", I ,./.: Ii - -, . ~, ,) ,

-.-no. \_. ll' o~ .f!!O,aTU!!'}lO~ ":TO TIl" .IX!!().7ro},t1','!"ql/,II. 1002, pp. L3-130; Eo IIE.\Eld .... ll~, JhP,/I'(LIi;';''';" ',I"(lO:H').).:, IdT. 1, 1915,//u(I

lk/()/'O//I

I

-

65 The :\cropolis of :\thens from the \\ e~t )Ll't before the GreLk \\ ar of Independence. Painted In 1819 b\ L Dupre.

=et_---=::::I..!!!-

.;:

I

I

-

.' .

-

-

I

/

\

)I

/

,,

)

,

. /

\

,,,,,

,,

o

I

!,

It

4+. 9,,

,

1\

(

57

10 I. Pclarglkoll \\ all102. Acropolis Ctltr;lnCe103. Postc rn g,lle104. Stalr\\ a\ to thc \t\cclla ',In sprin~105. Proh;lhlc IInc of till' Outer l'dar~ikon106. (;col1lctnc gr.l\'es

I

/;

J(1( I

'05

"

,

,

, ,

'00

I K NO PO US

~.. /,

"'",

,

95. ,\Iiddle J lelladic gravcs96. Late J fellacllc wclls97. Latc lfelladic gra\cs98. Pcripaws99. \Iycenacan ascent

100. \Ivccnacall palacc

rfI

\

I

.,

I

' .

I

-

o

9'

100 -

,.

67 The Acropolis in prehistoric times.S9. Caves90. Sprinl!s91. l\:eolithic wells92. eolirhlc housc93. Caves with Carll' IlcJladic pottcr"94. Middle J felladic wells

'7

111. ROl'O] 1\

na n.l c nt to the \ewpoh on the north ~lore ot the hilI.I1

& 'f

-

lA !lO!'O!! \

6() Jh

~1 The Acrnp',hs on thc eve of rhe Pl.Tslan In\ aSlOn In 480 B. C.

l1It''IO\ .... (h

\ Illrhl

1l'I.HlmrII-l. \skkplll

61

9'

II' I/() PO 1.1.1

,,

,,

~

;rf-'.

-,

",,

,.

'6( - >'

, /... )

,

f-

>

: ,

,-

-

r~ / ,

.... "1

, ,

/ I/~- -"--

, I,L --- -4

I

I, 1

Ii,,,

'{

-III

f,

\

1/\

,

0_,~

LA'R()l'Oj 1\

--

;)

--

-277 IcrracfJtta antcflxC from the Acropoil\, 111 chronologl(:,ll ",dll ItOIll thl lnd lit the -th l. B,t. tl' th, h,gl(lllll1l.!(, he (flO! half "f thl 6th c. B,C. Acropnil\ \ton:room\.

I ANI JI'() 1/ \ 63

I !

1 Budding :\, anta capi al anti corner of cnt.lbbturc. :\nornh \11I. -l~O-,

lK /iO f'O f f \

x3 Buildln~ D, a ~LCLJon 01 the elllablature, earh 5th (. II (. \\ ,Lith of the tllgh phfJ.~(J3 m., of the metopl 0.454 m. Acropol,~ ,\/ us. 4404.

of the entablature. 550-540 B.C. \\idth of trlgh ph 0.444 m., of merope 0.-06 m. Acropolis2 Budding C, a section:\[us. 4402.

lJ.:.f1(J/'()//1

,_ T _ -Ct _d O'",-:rcc PeG 1"1e[", 'Ccond qu~n,r 0:' 6,h c. B.C. Rcsrorcd section is 1.60 m. lone! and 0.'0 m..: -\cr 'p ... ID.'_ 5',

I I m I h',etl< ,. I I I n(r I--.). :;,0 B c.. Rtlt,r., \1' " U I 01 Ifcrakl

I 9.... - Pt:duT. nt

:\c.r poll

be

686- ..,

AKROPOIIS

ta uc (Jf a kore, (rom and back "I ~ . Height 1. 1 m. CIrca 520 B.C. .-\cropoh .Iu. 6 ~.

IAIWf'()//1 69

--

..., ). -.

" ", ~--

... .:') \ r. ,

, 1 , r{.

2,- .~~ J (.; ~ J t -..:

-

\

~

-

_.

,,~ The 'fatue of "'thena Promachos and thc \ Otl\'C offcrlngs ncarby. Rcstorcd by G. P. Stcvens.

- I r Ch I !'''t()ltlt()t\!J\ {, P.:"'I,'{C\nl' 1.1'L1\1"'5.1.\\.11H9 Pla

lKRO!'OI II

91 The Acropohs and the surrounding hnnes and bUilding, In the 2nd c mun aftLr Chnst.

13 . Pe.;npato, In,cnpt on139. OdLlon ('1 Per ' Ie140 TLmple of Oll)!'\14 I. Th atrc (,f D om,142 Thas lio \luI umcl14") KI,,' \[01 ument144.:-t J )1' I Ullle'le

14~. \,\..lcpILI"'l146. I >nIL '!Ol14- Od "n ( Her Je ttl I14 .... hrInc' \'1 h

127. -\rremls Brauronia12 . ProP\ lala129. I emplc of Athena Ike.;130. -\gnppa \[onumcm131. Be.; u c lJ:lte132. Panathlnalc \\ a\133. Klep \dra134. \pollo II poaKlllO135. LaH (,f P.ln136. ( IH 01 -\gl.1uro13-. hrIne of I ro and \phrodlte

\\ .

1r o-cal e.;d Lrgastcrion11 . hnne of I:

71

\j

.' .

"0

II

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

/

1:.8 '0 HO"O(

HI""",. y"" .... ,

/

/

\\

o

o

o

o

\

IJI

o

o

II

0

o

o

o 0

o

o

o

0o

..

0

o

o 0

0

I

o

o

o

o

o

o

o 0

o 0o

o 0

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

0

o 0

o

'"

o

o 0

0

I1

.. o~

U

o

.......... ..\

!,,

I

'''\ HO "Ol IVK"lNlf

CJ

o 0

L....L.,

I/

I

,

I

'"

0_...

I

!/o.!I{)PO/.1 r

-

'0

"'

." /0 ..

o

o 0

o

o

126 ..... / .'

-j .:' .

C::::i~"J

o .... ,

'. 119 ,o

0

0

"0 . " .

.. 0o

o \';';"'--::"1 00o 0 0

o 0 0o

120

0o

oo 0

o

, 0

128 _...o

-0 0o

,

118 : Q

121

:Jm., ..

'':'' -.,

"AI'

/'~.;J)or

I

o

III

o ==__=~_~d"~ ..::tOO M.I,

IKROPOJ.I,\: MYCbNAEAN SPRING HOUSE

PRI 'G HOUSE: In the course of excayating on the north slope of the Acropolis, O. Broneer found,

&mon oth r important discoHrics, a hitherto unkno\"n spring in the cave of Aglauros, very far down, whichh d be n u d for a yery short space of time in the l\f)cenaean period. The excavation of the cave was begunin peil 1937 and at that time a study 'was made of the stairway; there are cuttings in the rock for the suppOrtof wood n steps on ither side of the cleft. In antiquity this tairway was used throughout the centuries as a

ret pa ,age and it was associated with a rite in which the Arrephoroi descended from the Acropolis and wentto th n ighbouring ,hrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens (p. 228).Th ca,-c i really a natural, nearly Hrtical fissure, 1-2.50 m. wide, 18 m. high, and about 35 m. long. At thetop of the fissure there is an entrance from the Acropolis just west of the House of the Arrephoroi and at thebottom there is an exit on to the north slope of the Acropolis, fig. 93. The recent excavations have revealed thatthe cleft goes much deeper down and that in it was a stairway by which people descended into the depths todraw water from a spring at the bottom, figs. 94-96. The newly discovered section of the stairway is made oflarge schist slabs resting on a rubble construction held in place by wooden beams. It comes to a stop at thejuncture of the upper layer of Acropolis llme. tone with the underlying layer of marl. A well was opened up inthis lov:er layer containing an underground yein of water; it is 9 metres deep with a diameter of 2 m. at the

top and 4 m. near the bottom.The finds of Mycenaean pottery are most .-aluable for determining the date not only of the construction of thelower part of the stairway but also of the time ,,-hen the spring and the lower stairway went out of use. Thepottery is dated in the second half of the 13th century B.C. and shows that the spring had a limited period ofuse of thirty to forty years, that it probably was destroyed by an earthquake and was abandoned after beingcoyered over with earth. The construction is contemporary with the programme for fortifying the Acropolis;it is one of the most ambitious works of the Mycenaean period in Athens and it is the first work officially under-taken to provide for the city water supply. Tradition evident!) presen-ed the memory of the spring for a longtime and Plato was undoubtedly referring to this spring, as Broneer conjectures, in his description of theearliest city in the Critias (lllc). Then too, the worship of the nymph Aglauros within the cave indicates a dimmemory of the vanished spring.

IT. KABBA':>IA~, 'ErpI'JI.l. 1897, pp. 26-32; O. BRoNEER,A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis,

Hesperia 8, 1939, pp. 317-429; L\KDBDII~, '.I%()6-:rai.I;, pp. 128-131; 1IYLo:-iAs, Mycenae, pp. 40-43.

~,.

IA/WI'()//\ \1\ (I \ I A ~I'HI. (,1101 SI

lA NO/'OI/I' ~t~ (I' \1 \N "1'llIN(, IIOll"t:

,. I

I9-1- Cuttings In thc rock to bracc thc \\ oodcn steps of the stalr\\ a, to till \1I'Cenaean ~Pllll~,

'j'i cctl',n (,f th~ tl'll t,'IT ",.IV tIl (lit \lynl1,'t,1I1 '>pllng.

"11\. 1I0 [>()/ /.\': 1\lyep.NAII.AN Sl'llINC, IIOllS!: 75

,

,

I

I

\ \

,

'..

I

."

'. 118.15,:."r C."

,

..

"

.. ' .

".';..'

'. '.

...

- . ~ ..

D

. .

.'

-

, .

"5' .. ,.,~ \--,...

, .

"

.'.

.. ... ~.,

. '

'.

.." .;

,,

"., --+--.li:"" .r-

. . '.

"

"

-

.,

'1.,,

..~

'. :

r/ ." .."., . '.

,1,,- ,

""\ I.,

I>,

, '. '.. ,- ..."... "" "_ ........

. i:. 1\\ -

A

\

~",

'i

-.

,

I '-0\ \-j: " ::::."

\ I

132.55-"--

FE BR, 22 1939

_ AUG. 20 1938

, -

."

14) 36,.

_,r\"."

.

'. ~ \. '. .

, I

:J 110.15..; "r- _. 1l-',: t='=.::..- _=,

109.00v

. .'.. " ...;~ .. ;~,;.

,.. ."--. .....

- ." .. ~. 112.96

" .. L-':":=-'---'o,'. -. f'

. -..,: \,

.. ",

'

." .'.~ 't .. .' :

,

,

....

" .

."-. ." . ."

,

"

,, ,

"' ..

. . '. . . .. '. '.''''

.. '. :.......... . ", .... "." .... ..', ... ~ . ' '..'~..' . . " .. '

.. "';. . ., " . .. .

. ... ~ ::-.::.~,: :.:.~'. " .'.

o 10 20'~................... ~...... M'967

96 Cross-section and north side of the clefl wilh the ,\flcen3ean Spring. A B."( he wOl1lkn 11Ight, of thl" st"lirw~\" B C."l he stone nights of the stairway D. The 'prong.

A IYNEJON

: Th pr cinct of th h alin~ hero Amynos, fi~s. 97~ 98, was found on the south slope of the Arco-in t 92 during excantion directed by W. DiJrpfeld for the German Archaeological Institute. This

shrin dat to th 6th centun B.C., is not mentioned by ancient authors. It was securely identified ont i of mam "\ oti....e reliefs and inscriptions of the 4th centun B.C. found in the excavations; the inscrip-ti n r f r to Am\nos.\.klepios and Dc'don (1. C. IP 1252, 1253,4365,4385,4422,4424,4435); an inscrip-tion of th Roman p riod abo refers to Hygieia (1. C. IJ2 4457). The Ltyl1loloJ!.icul1I Magnum (t1f~iOJv) recordsthat Dexion is the name which the tragic poet Sophocles was given by the Athenians when he was made a heroafter hi d ath for ha....ing \\-clcomed the god Asklepios, receiving him in his house and establishing an altar inhi honour. ophocl ' association "\, ith the Amyneion, in which he evidently set up the altar to Asklepios, ismade dear b\" in.criptions (1. C. IP 1252. 1253).The pr cinct wall of the shrine, built of large limestone blocks in the poly gonal style, is at the corner of one ofthe densely inhabit d city blocks of this district. The entrance to the precinct gives on the road for wheeledtraffic in the dirEction of the.\cropolis; in the beginning it was a simple gate but later, in Roman times whenthe le....el of the road ,,'as raised, the old gate was adorned with a marble fas:ade with two columns.The most acred spot in the shrine ,,'as the well, 4.10 m. in depth, with water thought to have healing proper-ties. The poros well~curb is presen'ed and also terracotta pipes which apparently supplied the sacred well withwater at a later date. The base of a marble offering table was found near the well. Around the offering table arescant remains of retaining walls which held in place the earth filling brought in to produce a le,'el terrace onthe slope. It seems that there was no building or small temple and that it was an open-air shrine. Probably theonly roofed area \,'as a simple toa with ,,'ooden columns tanding on stone base two of which have sur....iyed.Elsewhere within the hrine were bases on which the \'arious ....oti\"e offering ,,'ere placed. ome of these basesha,'e now disappeared ,,"hue others ha,-e been mo....ed away from their original locations.

, KORH., Be/irk cines Heilgoltes \:Y[ 18 189'1, ,pp, 231 256; W. D0RPJ-ELD, \\1 19, 1894, p. ')08;E. BOlRc,lf.r, Decret des orgcons d'Amynos, BCH1 , 1894, pp. 491492; \. KORJf, A~I 2l, 1896, pp.287 332; E. ell IIDr, Halon, \.\1 38, 19l3, pp. 73-

~7; Jl Dll( II. Topogr.lphll, PI" 2,'K 2ll l: () \\ \I-II R. D,ls Pricstertull1 des ~()phokks. I f.!"~.I'I~. 4hl)47 9; I. BI (III. \nnuario, . ~ 29 ,no Il)h- (l',pp. ')11 ,)I~.

\ \1 ~ I 10--

"

,

9- Remains oi the :\myneion, iteneral ne\\" from the \\~est.

_.-

,

} ;>

- ---

--.---

- - --

f _ i.~r-

~.~.%'.,)

_~ I

I

o

IIIIL _

lr oOQG"G"!._a 0

0[T \

J

10 15>-1 ~_3 M

/

~- -i

/

oL I

/

CJH The AmVllclon with the bac;cs, found within the precinct. for Hltin: OfrtrlllgS.

\ \[) I 10

IIf! ring "t the 4th c B ( . found III (hl shlllK 01 \111\ Il'''.

100 I. G. II' 43 '-. )..anonal ::\Ius. 3526. \\ Idrh 0.34 m

auoll,t1 \lus.

IJ') 10] \ "tl

101 Rc11cf~ In the storeroom, of the.:

99 I. G. II' 436-. \'\ Idrh ar rap: 0.32 m.

\1'11R()I)I'I'E 111,C;E~10NEAND APIIH()DI'J'I', OURANIA 79

SHRI EOI' .\I'IIROOI1'E I h:(a~\(1NE \ \) 'l'1'~II'LE OF AI'IIHO\)I I'E ()UIIAN1A: [n 1892 a large inscribed altar ofHymettian marble. dedicaled in 197/1% H.c. to phrodite Ilegemone, the Demos and the Graces (I. C.IP2798) \\"a~ di~ mercd ill .fifl/ at the 1'001 of Ihe north ~Iope of Kolonos Agoraios when a trench for the Athens-PiLleus railroad line \\ ,l~ opened up, Other finds at the same place in lude various statue bases and the curved1'l~e of the Thria~ians fOllnd il/ .rtfl/ (I. G. IP 3864) and inscriptions referring to the shrine of Demos and theGLI e~ (I. (,. IP 8H, 908, 909, 987).In the Jrd centun H.C. this \\"a~ the site of an open-air shrine where Aphrodite Hegemone, the Demos and theG raC'~ \\ ere \\'orshippcd; at a later date the cult of Roma was added, as we learn from an inscription can'edon on' of the 'eats in the Themre of Dionysos (I. C. IP 5047). There is nothing left of the shrine today, fordirecrll after the altar and the bases \\"ere found e\'erything was removed in order to make way for the railroadtrack. Ho\\"e\T(, the plans drawn up in 1892 ha\'e preserved a record of the lindspots and investigations carriedour in 19 6 and 1938 on either side of the railroad track by the Agora excavators have further defined the limitsof the shrine, fig. 102. An ancient road leading from the Agora to the acred Gate forms the northern boundar)'of the precinct and the southern boundary is defined by the vertical scarp in the dill" which had been quarriedout to a considerable depth in order to create a level area in which to install the shrine.\bo\e the scarp there is a rectangular bedding for a building of which some of the conglomerate foundationsare presened; '\\'e belieye that it was the temple of Aphrodite Ourania. The temple of carll' Roman times islocated at this spot on the basis of Pausanias' description (1, 14, 7). Architectural blocks, found while the rail-road trench was being dug out, undoubtedly come from this temple and show that it was built of poros in theDoric order. The cult statue of Aphtodite Ourania, a work of Pheidias according to Pausanias, must hayesrood in an earlier temple, a predecessor of the early Roman temple. An extraordinarily interestillg find camefrom a ,,'ell near the temple, a small marble herm, 0.32 m. high, representing Aphrodite Ourania, fig. 105.This little statue, dated to the mid-3rd centue) B.C., not only supports the identification of the extant remainsas the temple of Aphrodite Ourania but also gives us an exact idea of the appearance of the cult statue (Pau-anias I, 19, 2).

l\I'IIROl)lTE OLR \'.1 \JUO!'IC II, Topographic, pp. '168 369; '1', I .. Slll.\R,j lesperia 8, 1939, pp. 238 239; J. TR\\ 10';, J1c~r riaSuppl. 8,1949, pp. 391 '192; \\n,ltl.R1IY, T'~timonia, pp. 49 50.

\\ YCHI.RLEY, Testt-Suppl. 8, 19-+9, p. 392;59 61.

Hesperia

monl:l, pp.

APIJRODITE HEGEMONEK. 11ITTAh.m:, 'I':'('II'. 1858, p. 1747, o. 3328; H.LOLLI"C" l,i.T. 1891, pp. 25 27, 40 63, 126-129;Tn. Ilo\loLI.E, [nscriptions d' Athi:nes, provenant uutemenos e1u Demos et des Charites, Bell 15, 1891,pp. 344 369; JtJDEIClI, Topographic, p. 363; T. L.SIIEAR, lIesperia 6, 1937, pp. 338339; G. WLLTER,Daticrtc Altare in Athen, AA 1939, pp. 35 36;DbRI'I'ELO, Alt-Athen II, pp. 188 192; J. 'fRAVLOS,

PIIRODIT" lIEGEMONE AND A I'll ROD ITII OU R AN IA

JI TPA "''''01

.Q ,

/

,/

\. Il" . IS h.l"1\. \It.lr "I Demos .Illd 1111 (,[,ll'l'( I hl,.I,un h.lSe

/

/'

280

/

55. Iltllcnl'>t1c Ilurldlng(, I. StO.1 of til, /{Olll.lll I" Ilod(,2. 1l01l11d.lIv ,I"ne "f lile I tr.III1"h.",

-'-

35. I'anath, n;lI(. \X. av37. 5>lt>a (,f Z,t" I kurheTI"54. I cmpl, of Aphrodite Ourafll.,

.~. eo)

I.110 ) /

55 / ~o 80 \........,1 V / ,/ ' .~

f\1lQ ~ ~-..... ,,

.,

62,

!)Q 10 r...J, DI I 1'1 \11'-1 OS \ 1'-1> I, \ \\ ( 011 itT : i\mon~ Ihe hu lid iIl~S exca vated to the sou th of the OlympieionIn 19~2, the mos~ I~~port'lnt \\ 'IS a brge classical temple of which ollly the foundations have been preserved in.fllll, hg.s. 106 JOtI. 1 hiS \\as a pe:1I tend Doric temple amphidiSl} Ie in antis, built in the mid-5th century B.C.,,t date IIldlcttetl b\ th' pottery lrom the fOLUldations, by the excellent workmanship of the architecture and1)\' th ' usc of 1arian marble for the simas and the celllral acraleria on the pediments, figs. 109 110. 'The' t 'mI'l ' api cars to have stood until the middle of the 3rd century after Christ when it was demolished andits bloeb re-used as building material f I' the Valerian \,'all (p. 161). Four of the paras architectural memberswer' found in and near the temple: a fragment of the eurhynteria, one stylobate block, the lowest drum of acolumn, and an anta capital. "\ great many tiny poros fragments of various architectural members, found at thesam' ri~1e around the foundations of the temple, show that the entire temple was of a hard compact paras,exc'pt tor the metapes \\-hlch probably were of marble as were the simas and roof tiles. Since, remarkablyenough, no colour at all \\'as presen-ed on any of the architectural elements, the temple may have had nopainted d coration.l..:p until the present the excavations have yielded no conclusive evidence as to the identification of the tempie.But the first letters of Apollo's name are pre~erved on four potsherds, permitting an identification with thetemple of _\1'0110 Delphinios mentioned by Pausanias (I, 19, 1) as being near the Olympieion; Artemis Del-phinia and Apollo Delphinios were jointly worshipped there. The construction of the first temple of ApolloD lphinios should be dated, according to Pausanias, to the year when Theseus first came to Athens. Anyremains of the earlier temple would have been destroyed when the foundations of the classical temple werelaid down on the same site, but Mycenaean and Geometric pottery has been found to the east, and also theremains of various \\-alls of the Geometric period, the most important of which must have belonged to theprecinct wall of the older temple.To the we t of the temple is an archaic building which may contribute to the identification. The type of con-struction shows that it must have been an important civic building, probably the La\vcourt at the Delphinion.The ruins of the building were excavated in 1939 when, for the first time, the rocky spur of a little hill at iliesourh\\-est comer of the 01 rmpieion was cleared. According to ancient tradition, Aigeus established the Del-phinion on the site \\-here he was living. During the construction of the archaic building the hill was quarrieda\\'aY to a considerable extent, not only to provide room for the building, but also to isolate it from the sur-rounding area by means of the high steep sides of the cliff. On the other sides it was apparently enclosed br awall. This was probably the fenced enclosure, the periphrakloll, as Plutarch calls it (Theseus 12) \\'hich enclosedthe Delphinion. The Gate of Aigeus, mentioned by Plutarch as being to the cast of the shrine, should perhapsbe identified with the Diomeian Gate, X, which is, in {act, in that district (1" 160).The archaic building has polygonal masonry mainly of Acropolis limestone but \\ith some I..::ara limestone,u ed contemporaneously. There is a large square hall and two small ones on either side, figs. 113-114; theexterior dimensions for the whole building arc 21.50 X 11.20 m. The construction resembles that of the OldBouleuterion in the Agora (1" 191) and must have been built at about the same time, circa 500 B.C. The parti-tion walls of the two smaller rooms and the seashore-pebble mosaics in the eastern room and in the court infront of the building apparently belong to repairs executed in the 4th or 3rd century B.C. The various smallrooms to the cast of the building must be contemporary with it. They may ha\ e been destroyed \\-hen the largeRoman peristyle was built (p. 429) and a new precinct ran on top of them. The \\'all, still presern:d to its fulllength at the time when it was excavated in 1939, was the eastern boundary of the Lawcourt.

JIJDL\CII, Topographic, p. 387; 1\1. ;"11 I"OS, lIesperia16,1947, pp. 262264; 1. (-JI'I-:'IIUII~ I. TI'\r.\O~,,lth. 17, 1961{62, X~(JJ" pp. 9 14; AJ 66, 1962,

p. 389, R. Ii. "YeW RIIY, (;RB~ 4,19\ 1'1'.166168; :'rnu Nit s, Subm\ecll.tc.tn ~tudie'~, p. 22.

POI) OJ)I I I'll!. Ie)

106 G nerdl 'lew of the founda IOn of the t mple of poLo Ddphl'110 Iid-? h c. B ( .

..'

/"- -~

-

~::=:L::::::a: -t-"- . ,- ......

, , ~- = ~ ~.--.

-

, , ,

i ,,

0- 0 '0 0 Q Q~~' e 0 0 0 e-i .-0. -,-

,

-t t , -~ ~ ; 0lO ...... ..........J--.

~

D-T

-.,.. r- ~~

t -. -

0 1r

,

r 0t-

}-.....

0 ~ - 0jI

0 0~

0 0 0- D 0 rO 0 0 0 .0 0 0,~ -J

,

""J ()8

\I'OlIOnrIPIII lOS 5

lOH I fHIJld.ttllHl 01 the we,"" ..,idL o! fill 1l'lllpll or I\pollo Dl!phllllP.... \ Il'\\ Irnll1 till.. ~\\

6\POLLO DELPIlINTOS

10') Fragmcnt "f the p',n, architecture of the templc of polio Ddphlll10 .

\1'01 10 [)f'I.PIII lOS-I

110 I ragments 'If the marble aeroler;,. and SImas of the temple "f \1'0110 Delphll"'"

\I'OIIODJ'Ll'llINIO

,,'f, "'ll' If, J

I I ' Ildlltlllllld 111t11.\ I" .1111 1)1 11.11111111

J)'1111 I II III II1111 1111"111 "I

lilt I 1 .11111111 tlllllil',1111 .1,,111101 lilt 11\1 t

,.1,,1\\111111,1' 111'111111 \\Illlllh,\\

11111111'111 1111111 I,l(IH\ 11 hllllhi \ 111\

11\11\111

IHt\\\\lll

1\ I11ph. nl:(\ I. \- Ill.

\POLLO DEI.PIIINIOS

L T PAYIIOr1966Q

11003/I 'l 160bliJ0

o 00 0~

69 "'i'

r __

7,

f

--

-~6 46 ,o ,

I II I

I,

-

71 10

oo

162

o

o

o

o

6920

161

5662I 0

6690o

201M

o

73 40\ '

,

,

-

/

-

.',

-,,

,.

'0HI

..

7!> 1lO

o;

113 160. Temple of Apollo Delphinios - 161. Lawcourr at [he Delphlnion 162. Panhellenion.

, ,

i"hr ~" 1I I ...... . ,(. ( ......... ....t-A

, .

.: t .' .. -

,

fII(I lI

_..1 Ir' l

..................-l

< ,

'""'F---------....., '

114 The remain {)f the main buliulng of the Lawcourt at the DclphlnlOll. \bout 'i00 H.( .

POl.1.0llYPOAKRAIOS 91

CAVE 01' ~\P01!-0 I!YPOAh.HAIOS: \'irtu,dl\ Ihe enlire surrncl' 1,1 Ill" "'"Ils ()I' ('" J' th th I f h", ." - w". _" ve ) on enol' s ope 0 t e

.\cropohs, fig. 116, IS o\Tred \\ ith ni hes lor inscribed \otive plnclues dedicated to Apollo under the LongRocks or to :pollo I, ,low the TIeights. P.Ka\ "adias found ten such plnclues in front of the cave durin~ thee).cayatlOl\S 01 1897; sundar ones had prey iousl) been found ncar the cave, and rcccntl)' they have bctn found inthe \gOLI F,cwatiol\s.\11 the placTues h;1\ e a crown in relief and an inscription with a dedication to Apollo bythe nin' 'trchollS, rigs. 120 122. .\pOllll under t he Long Rocks was al. 0 \\orshippcd as Pythios, as may he inferred from a passage in I:uripides

(lOll 283 285); and the conne,ion between the nine archons and Pythian Apoll