piero scaruffi 2004 · 2015-04-04 · 18 what the middle ages knew • romanesque architecture...
TRANSCRIPT
2
What the Modern Age knew
• Regional art
– The fragmented political nature of Europe is
reflected in regional artistic styles
3
What the Modern Age knew
• Sculpture
– Wiligelmo (1100, Italy)
– Benedetto Antalami (11xx, Italy)
– Nicola Pisano (1212, Italy)
– Arnolfo di Cambio (1231, Italy)
– Giovanni Pisano (1248, Italy)
– Jacopo della Quercia (1367, Italy)
– Donatello (1386, Italy)
4
What the Modern Age knew
Lorenzo Ghiberti: Gates of
Paradise, Battistero, Firenze
Nanni di Banco: Quattro
Santi Incoronati, Or San
Michele, Firenze (1384)
Antelami: Ambo of
Parma’s Duomo (1178)
Pisano: Baptistery
Pulpit, Pisa (1260)
8
What the Middle Ages knew
• Architecture
– Benedetto Antelami (1150, Italy)
– Arnolfo di Cambio (1245, Italy)
– Filippo Brunelleschi (1377, Italy)
10
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman manner
– Imperial chapels a` la Ravenna
» Harmony of square (Earth) and circle (Heaven) via the octagon
» Same structure used in early baptisteries
» Same structure of the Holy Sepulchre
11
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman manner
– Basilicas
» Vast, plain rectangle
» Rows of blind arcades
» Three parallel aisles
» Light wooden roof
» Large windows for lighting
12
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Feeling that contemporary culture is barbarian, and perfection can only be found in the styles of the past
• Artists dream of reproducing the classical styles of Greece and Rome, not of innovating
• Buildings for relatively small groups of people
• Roman vaulted architecture as the model
13
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance • Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed)
• Aachen cathedral (805) modeled after St Vitale
• Germigny-des-Pres, France (806)
• Lorsch (800)
• Klosterkirche Niederzell, Reichenau (799)
• Klosterkirche Mittelzell, Reichenau (888)
• Klosterkirche Oberzell, Reichenau (900)
• Corvey, France (880)
• Quedlinburg (920)
• Gernrode (960)
• St Benigne, Dijon, France (1001)
• St Philibert, Tournus, France (1009)
• St Michael, Hildesheim (1001)
14
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed)
(from Hariulf's Chronicle)
15
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Aachen Cappella Palatina (805) modeled after St Vitale
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
16
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
Lorsch gateway (800)
17
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
St Michael, Hildesheim (1001)
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
18
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture – Byzantine churches: central dome surrounded
by semidomes and other “round” forms
– Monastery churches: modification of the Roman basilica with
• transept crossing the nave (symbol of the cross), separating the choir (monks) and the nave (public)
• altar as the focal point of the building
• subaltars for individual monks in the transepts and in the apse/ambulatory
• high windows for light
19
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Pilgrimages (Compostela, Crusades)
require buildings to accomodate
thousands of pilgrims: radiating chapels
20
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Imperial cathedrals (Kaiserdome)
• Speyer cathedral (1030-60)
• Mainz cathedral (975-1137)
• Worms cathedral (XI-XIII)
– Germany
• Maria Laach (1093)
• Tournai cathedral, Belgium (1110)
• Limburg (1215)
• Bamberg (1237)
21
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
• Mainz cathedral (975-1137)
• Worms cathedral (XI-XIII)
22
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– France
• Ste Foyes at Conques (1050)
• St Sernin at Toulouse (1080)
• Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed)
• Pontigny (1114)
• Fontenay (1139)
• Paray-le-Monial (1100)
• Autun (1120-1135)
• Vezelay (1104)
• Orcival
• La Trinite`, Caen (1062)
• St Etienne, Caen (1068)
• Jumieges, Rouen (1052)
23
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– France
• Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed)
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
Cramer & Koob
26
What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture
– England 1066-1200
• Winchester cathedral (1079)
• +Durham cathedral (1093)
• Chichester cathedral
• Worcester cathedral
• Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed)
• Norwich cathedral (1096)
• Rochester cathedral
• Gloucester cathedral (11th c)
• Castle Hedingham, Essex (1140)
28
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Spain • Santiago de Campostela (1078)
• Santiago de Penalba (919)
• S. Maria de Lebena (924)
• Ripoll (1032)
• Seo de Urgel (1131)
• Tarragona cathedral (1171)
• Lerida cathedral (1203)
• Jaca cathedral (1054)
• St Vicente, Avila (1109)
• Zamora cathedral (1150)
• Salamanca cathedral (1150)
– Portugal • Tomar (1162)
29
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Spain
• Santiago de Campostela (1078)
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
30
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque art in Italy – S. Miniato al Monte, Firenze
(1062)
– S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080)
– S. Sigismondi, Rivolta d’Adda (1089)
– S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII)
– Duomo, Modena (1099-1323)
– S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398)
– Campanile, Pomposa
– Battistero, Firenze (XII)
– Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV)
– Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180)
– S. Clemente, Roma (1100)
– Antelami: +Battistero, Parma (1196), transition to gothic
– S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV)
– Duomo, Firenze (1296-1436)
– Campanile, Firenze (1334-59)
• Norman Italy – S. Nicola, Bari (1039-1197)
– Duomo, Cefalu (1131-XV)
– Cappella Palatina, Palermo (1132)
– Duomo, Trani (1150-1250)
– La Zisa castle, Palermo (1154)
– Duomo, Monreale (1174-1186)
32
Romanesque
in Northern Italy
• Romanesque art in Italy
– S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080)
– S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398)
– Battistero, Firenze (XII)
– Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV)
– Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180)
– S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV)
– Antelami: Battistero, Parma (1196)
33
Romanesque
in Italy
• Romanesque art in Italy – Duono, Firenze (1296-1436)
– Campanile, Firenze (1334-59)
– Duomo, Trani (1150-1250)
– Duomo, Amalfi (1203)