pig flow dr. locke karriker, dvm, ms r.b. baker, dvm, ms food supply veterinary medicine department...
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Pig Flow
Dr. Locke Karriker, DVM, MSR.B. Baker, DVM, MS
Food Supply Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal
MedicineIowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
VDPAM 310Introduction to Production Medicine
Swine Topics Lecture 1
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
The Evolution of Pig Farming
• Pre 1950– Small subsistence herds < 10 sows
• 1950 to 1970– “Mortgage lifter” +/- 100 sows– Outdoor continuous flow farrow to finish– Selling or growing feeder pigs – “on dirt”– Pigs were produced in batches in mid west– Produced continuously in the south
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Industry Structure: Historical Perspectives
• Before 1980 – high zoonosis potential
• Interface with wildlife and other domestic species – Low productivity/efficiency
• >8 million sows producing <100 million pigs• < 12 pigs per sow per year
– Different set of disease agents – More chronic diseases/syndromes– Higher suckling pig mortality– Little genetic improvement
• Pigs were fat • >3.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain• Slow growth rates
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
SOW FARM / BREEDING HERD
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Historical Industry Perspectives
• After the late 1970’s • Margins and Efficiencies drove the industry
– Feed costs• Very low – corn hybrids and productive years
– Biological potential of the pig realized • Repetitive reproductive potential• Almost amazing growth potential
– 3 to 300# in six months
– Value created per pig• $30/pig margins
– Disease impact was highly variable during the period
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Historical Industry Perspectives• Visionaries of the Day
– Producers• Wendell Murphy, Bill Prestage, and others
– Breeding Stock • Roy Pogue, Ken Woolley, and others
– Processors • Joseph W. Luter III
– Wall Street Investment Bankers – Brand Marketers
• Hormel etc. – First Integrators
• Premium Standard Farms
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Historical Industry Perspectives
• Biosecurity Development– Before 1980 there was little
• SPF and some genetic companies
– Derived from observation - intuition– Types of Biosecurity
• Internal • External
– Last 5 years more science based
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Pigs and Facilities
Age Groups• Breeding and Gestation- Sows / Boars – (Adults) • Farrowing / lactation- Piglets & Sows for 3 wks• Nursery- Pigs 7 wks• Finisher- Pigs 18 - 22 wks
Fw N FnB&GSows Pigs Pigs Market
WeanedPool
GiltPool
RecyclePool
Breeding Pool
Replacement Gilts
60+ DaysIsolation/Acclimation
BreedingSemen
30 dayPreg. Check
True Recycle18-24 days
60 dayPreg. Check
AbortRecycle
Farrowing
Open
AbortRecycle
Not inPig
WeanedSow
Open
Weaned Pigs / Isoweans
Breeding HerdFlow
WeanedPool
GiltPool
RecyclePool
Breeding Pool
Replacement Gilts
60+ DaysIsolation/Acclimation
BreedingSemen
WeanedPool
GiltPool
RecyclePool
Breeding Pool
Breeding
30 dayPreg. Check
True Recycle18-24 days
60 dayPreg. Check
AbortRecycle
Farrowing
Open
AbortRecycle
Open
Not inPig
WeanedSow
Farrowing
Weaned Pigs / Isoweans
WeanedPool
GiltPool
RecyclePool
Breeding Pool
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Pig flow systems
Basic concepts of pig movement
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Pig Facility Development
• 1975 to 1985– Change to total confinement
• Improved welfare for people and pigs– Continuous flow (high disease burden)
• 1985 to 1995– Change to All-In, All-Out in all production stages
• Multisite production • This design eliminated many diseases
– Barn sizes based on the slaughter haul truck– Economies of scale and biologic efficiencies were
realized
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Variety
Different sizes and types
British Radial Production
Single Site: Continuous Flow
Basic Pig Flow
Phase Review
PROCESSBEGINS
SOW UNITBREEDING & GESTATION DEPARTMENT
PHASE 1
SOW UNITFARROWING DEPARTMENT
PHASE 2
NURSERY
PHASE 3
FINISHING
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Basic Pig Flow
Sow Unit Market
SowUnit
Finisher1
Finisher2
Nursery
M
A
R
K
E
T
Isoweans
FeederPigs
Fat Hogs
Finishers
Fats
MarketHogs
M
A
R
K
E
T
Weaners
Basic Flow
8 – 15 lbs35 – 75 lbs
220 – 290 lbs
220 – 290 lbs
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Market Pigs Fat hogs / Fats
The BIG Picture
FinishersMarket Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / FatsMarket Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats
Production Systems
Single, Two, Threeand Four? Site Systems
Single Site
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Single Site: All-in, All-out
Two Site(Option A)
Site 1
Site 2
Site 1
Site 2
Two Site(Option B)
Site 1
Site 2
Site 1
Site 2
Multisite: Nursery
Three Site
Site 1
Site 3
Site 2
Site 1
Site 3
Site 2
Three or Four Site?
Site 1Site 3
Site 2
Site 4?Two Site 3’s
XSite 3Two Site 3’s
Multisite: B/G/F
Group/Cohort Origin
Single vs. Multiple Source
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
AGE SEGREGATED REARINGSummary
• All In – All Out production– The most significant change in production practices over the past 100
years.– One age group per room or building
• Limits disease spread– Reduces and slows the horizontal transmission cycle
• Much Better at meeting the pig’s needs – Feed optimized for each age– Temperature optimized – Space and water delivery optimized– Improved vaccine efficacy– Etc.
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineFood Supply Veterinary Medicine
Modern pig farm• The female population is divided into ~20
by-week groups of pregnant sows/gilts– Farrow a different group each week– Replacements are added to each group-week– 3 to 4 weeks lactation– 1 week breeding– 15 weeks gestation– Ideal total time from wean to wean is 19 weeks– Each female would ideally/potentially farrow
2.74 times/year
Single Sow Sources
Nursery NurseryNurseryNursery
Four Nursery SitesEach Site has a Single Sow Source
Multiple Sow Sources
Nursery NurseryNurseryNursery
Four Nursery SitesOne Nursery Building per SiteOne Nursery Room per Building
Multiple Sow Sources
NurseryNursery Nursery Nursery
One Nursery SiteThree Nursery BuildingsOne Nursery Room per Building
One Nursery SiteOne Nursery BuildingTen Nursery Rooms per Building
Quiz Time!
How Many Nursery Sites Have a Single Sow Source per Site?
NurseryNursery Nursery Nursery
Nursery NurseryNurseryNursery 2
How Many Nursery Buildings Have a Single Sow Source per Building?
NurseryNursery Nursery Nursery
Nursery NurseryNurseryNursery 4
How Many Nursery Rooms Have a Single Sow Source per Room?
NurseryNursery Nursery Nursery
Nursery NurseryNurseryNursery 14
Summary
• One sow unit supplies pigs to multiple nurseries• Each nursery supplies pigs to at least two
different finishers• Production systems can be categorized as:
– Single, two, or three site systems– Single or Multiple sow source system
• Each system has pros and cons• Understanding pig flow is essential in allowing you
to better address the system’s pig health options
9 Week Cycle Example
• Most larger operations (>500 sows) have farrowings on a daily basis– Most ship pigs either once or twice a week
• This means, there needs to be an infrastructure (i.e. buildings) to receive pigs every week
SowUnit
Finisher1
Finisher2
Nursery
M
A
R
K
E
T
Isoweans
FeederPigs
Fat Hogs
Finishers
Fats
MarketHogs
M
A
R
K
E
T
Weaners
Basic Flow
8 – 15 lbs35 – 75 lbs
220 – 290 lbs
220 – 290 lbs
Market Pigs Fat hogs / Fats
The BIG Picture
FinishersMarket Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / FatsMarket Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats
Sow Unit
0
Week # 1
Nursery
Sow Unit
1
Week # 2
0
Sow Unit
2
Week # 3
1 0
Sow Unit
3
Week # 4
2 1
0
Sow Unit
4
Week # 5
3 2
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0
Sow Unit
5
Week # 6
4 3
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0
Sow Unit
6
Week # 7
5 4
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Sow Unit
7
Week # 8
6 5
4
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0
Sow Unit
8
Week # 9
7 6
5
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• 9 week turn means that each nursery will receive pigs every 9 weeks
• This means that the producer who got pigs in week 1 will receive the next group of pigs in week 10
• Because of this, the producer must make room in the nursery for the next group of pigs before week 10
Sow Unit
8
Week # 9.5
7 6
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Sow Unit
Week # 9.5
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Week # 10
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Week # 10.5
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Week # 11
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Week # 14
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Week # 15
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Week # 16
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Week # 17
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Week # 18
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Week # 19
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Week # 20
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Week # 21
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Week # 22
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Sow Unit
Week # 23
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Sow Unit
Week # 24
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Sow Unit
Week # 25
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Sow Unit
Week # 26
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Week # 27
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Week # 28
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Week # 28
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Week # 28.5
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Week # 29
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Week # 30
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Week # 31
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Week # 32
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Week # 33
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Week # 34
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Week # 37
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Week # 38
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Week # 42
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Week # 43
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Week # 44
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Week # 45
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Week # 46
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Week # 47
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Week # 48
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Week # 49
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Week # 50
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Week # 51
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Week # 52
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