pilot selection anthropometry a comparison with measures taken by a single avmo- smith
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Pilot selection anthropometry
Dr Adrian Smith16 AVN BDE / AVMED
MAJ (Dr) Sue SteeleArmy Aviation Training Centre
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Sitting height limit: Kiowa 92-95 cm
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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Sources of differences
• Growth • Diurnal variation
• Repeatability– Inter-observer – Intra-observer
• Technique*– Measurement technique– Posture– Equipment– Training
Differences up to 2 cmnormal.
• Mistake/error– unintended, random
• Bias– systematic distortion
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
The present study
• Army Aviation Centre, Oakey• Single experienced AVMO• 56 student pilots
• Anthropometry measurement (“Measured”)– Stature, sitting height, BKL, BHL
• Recruit medical examination (“Recorded”)
• De-identified.• Analysed at AVMED
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Stature
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
165 170 175 180 185 190 195
Stature (cm), Measured
Stat
ure
(cm
), R
ecor
ded
Aircrew Data Linear (Perfect Match) Linear (+/-2 cm) Linear (+/-5 cm)
Correlation 0.881
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Sitting Height
80
85
90
95
100
105
80 85 90 95 100 105
Sitting Height (cm), Measured
Sitt
ing
Hei
ght (
cm),
Rec
orde
d
Aircrew Data Linear (Perfect Match) Linear (+/-2 cm) Linear (+/-5 cm)
Correlation 0.705
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Buttock-Knee Length
50
55
60
65
70
75
50 55 60 65 70 75
Buttock-Knee Length (cm), Measured
But
tock
-Kne
e Le
ngth
(cm
), R
ecor
ded
Aircrew Data Linear (Perfect Match) Linear (+/-2 cm) Linear (+/-5 cm)
Correlation 0.768
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Buttock-Heel Length
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
95 100 105 110 115 120 125
Buttock-Heel Length (cm), Measured
But
tock
-Hee
l Len
gth
(cm
), R
ecor
ded
Aircrew Data Linear (Perfect Match) Linear (+/-2 cm) Linear (+/-5 cm)
Correlation 0.588
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Difference Stature Sitting Height Buttock-Heel Buttock-Knee
<2 cm 91% 53% 53% 68%
2-5 cm 9% 27% 31% 25%
>5 cm 0 20% 16% 7%
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Measure Mean difference (cm)
Range (cm)
Over-recording(cm)
Under-recording(cm)
Stature 0.68±1.5 -2 to 5 1.75±0.83 -1.12±0.3
Sitting Height -2.50±3.0 -8 to 3 1.47±0.71 -3.90±2.5
Buttock-Heel Length
-1.50±3.5 -12 to 7 1.77±1.47 -4.07±2.4
Buttock-Knee Length
-0.29±2.8 -8 to 6 2.39±1.57 -2.87±1.9
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6
Recruiting Location
Per
cent
of s
ittin
g he
ight
s m
easu
reds
Difference 2-5 cmDifference >5 cm
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6
Recruiting Location
Per
cent
of s
ittin
g he
ight
s m
easu
reds
Difference 2-5 cmDifference >5 cm
Military Health Facilities DFRCs
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Correlation of measurements
Parameter Mil Centres DFRCs
Stature 0.926 0.943
Sitting Height 0.588 0.845
Buttock-heel length 0.730 0.812
Buttock-knee length 0.428 0.725
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Parameter Location Under-recorded(cm)
p
Stature DFR Centre -0.07±1.3 <0.05
Military Centre -1.33±1.5
Sitting Height DFR Centre -2.71±2.5 <0.05
Military Centre -4.63±2.3
Buttock-Heel Length DFR Centre -1.54±4.4 0.87
Military Centre -1.75±3.4
Buttock-Knee Length DFR Centre -0.04±3.3 0.15
Military Centre -1.36±1.7
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Is the difference consistent?
What happens when you get close to an anthropometric limit?
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Under-recorded (cm)
Relative Difference (cm)
p
Sitting Height ≤98 cm
Military Centre -3.3±3.2 -2.0 0.03
DFRC -1.4±2.6
Sitting Height >98 cm
Military Centre -5.6±1.9 -4.9 0.01
DFRC -0.7±2.1
Under-recorded (cm)
Relative Difference (cm)
p
Military Centre
Sitting Height ≤98cm -3.3±3.2 -2.3 0.03
Sitting Height >98cm -5.6±1.9
DFR Centre
Sitting Height ≤98cm -1.4±2.6 -0.6 0.31
Sitting Height >98cm -0.7±2.1
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• “But they may have grown.”
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Sitting height, 12 months
2008-2009 n Under-recorded(cm)
p Range
Military Centre 20 -5.28±2.1 <0.001 -8 to 0
DFR Centre 14 -1.43±0.79 -3 to 0
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“Growth”: it doesn’t add up
Stature ≈ sitting height + buttock-heel length1
Group-mean differences• Sitting Height 2.5 cm (grown)• Buttock-heel length 1.5 cm (grown)
but• Stature 0.7 cm (slightly smaller)
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
1 Not quite, but close enough.
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Summary
• Differences in anthropometric measures– Frequent– Large (>5 cm)– Aeromedically significant
• Sitting height most affected– Critical dimension for current aircraft
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Summary
• Current system of anthropometry– Not reliable– Inaccurate– May not inform the pilot-selection process.
• DFRCs more accurate than some ADF facilities.
• Some centres better than others.
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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Summary• Pattern of differences
– SH, BHL >> ST – Under-recording error > over-recording– Magnitude greater close to anthro limit– Military > DFRC
• Unlikely due to:– Diurnal variation– Growth– Random Error
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Possible explanations
• Staff– Untrained– Inexperienced– Competency, proficiency
• Primitive equipment• Non-standard facilities / room layout
• Candidate advocacy?
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
What can be done?
• Formal training in anthropometry– For those engaged in measuring pilots
• QA, maintenance of competency, proficiency
• Standardised anthropometry– Equipment– Layout
• ? Centralised anthropometry
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Centralisation
• Advantages– Equipment– Training– Experience
• ? Location– Demographics– Geographics– Logistics– Training
• ‘Hubbing’?
• DFRC-only anthro?
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Which tool?
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Take-home message
• Anthropometry – Is important.– Can directly affect flight safety.– Needs to be done accurately.
• It is easy to measure pilots, • but hard to measure them well.
– Trained, experienced staff– Proper equipment
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Thank you.
Questions / Discussion
Dr Adrian [email protected]
Ph: 08 7383 3169