pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology...
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
1/36
Pilot whale, common dolphinPilot whale, common dolphinand whiteand white--sided dolphinsided dolphin
life history, behavior andlife history, behavior andphysiology characteristicsphysiology characteristics
Damon GannonDamon GannonMote Marine LabMote Marine Lab
William McLellanWilliam McLellan
UNC WilmingtonUNC Wilmington
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
2/36
Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
globi= round cephala= head, macro= large rhynchus= snout
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
3/36
Field ID Chacteristics
Total Length= 15 - 18
Max Weight= 3,000 4,000 lbs
All black
Diffuse white anchor between fins
Large bulbous head
Very large dorsal fin
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
4/36
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
globi= round cephala= head, melas= black
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
5/36
Field ID characteristics
Total Length= 16 18
Max Weight = 4,000 0 5,000 lbs
Dark black w / white cape behind dorsal fin
Very prominent w hite anchor between fins
Very round head
Very long peduncle
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
6/36
Long-finnedShort-finned
Fin length does not define species!
Significant overlap of fin length
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
7/36
GlobicephalaGlobicephalasppspp..
Source: OBIS-SEAMAP
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
8/36
Short-Finned Long-Finned
Source: OBIS-SEAMAP
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
9/36
Mate, B. et al. 2005. Movements and dive habits of a satell ite-monitored longfinned pilot whale(Globicephala melas) in the northwest Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science21(1):136-144
Individual Movements
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
10/36
Life HistoryLife History
3636~15~1555--88M: 17M: 17F: 8F: 8--99
M: 45M: 45F: 62F: 62
4040~12~1255
M: 17M: 17
F: 6F: 6--99
M: 46M: 46
F: 59F: 59
Longevity (yr)ReproductiveMaturity (yr)
CalvingInterval (yr) Gestation (mo)
Female ReproLongevity (yr)
S-Fin
L-Fin
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
11/36
1
17
77
5
1
45
5
7
31
47
Loligo squid
Spiny Dog
Illex Squid
Atl. Herring
Atl. Mackerel
HistioteuthisChiroteuthis
Food HabitsFood HabitsLongLong--Finned Pilot WhalesFinned Pilot Whales
Strandedn=8
Gannon et al. 1997(Mar. Mamm. Sci.)
Bycaught (DWF Mackerel Trawl)n=30
Gannon et al. 1997(Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.)
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
12/36
FishesScopelogadus mizolepis (Big Scale) 43%
Merluccius sp. (Silver/ offshore hake) 1%Unknown fish 6%
SquidsBrachioteuthis riisei (common arm squid) 10%
Loligo sp. (Long-finned squid) 10%Histioteuthis reversa (reverse jewell squid) 7%Taonius pavo 5%Chiroteuthis spp. (Long-armed squid) 3%Abraliopsis 3%
Mastigoteuthis sp. 1%Histioteuthis arcturi 1%Lepidoteuthis grimaldii (Grimaldi scaled squid 1%Ommastrephidae (Short-finned squid) 1%Unknown Squid 8%
Food HabitsFood HabitsShortShort--Finned Pilot WhalesFinned Pilot Whales
Source: Jordan et al., in review
S. mizolepis
Loligo
H. reversa
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
13/36
Diving
Nowojchik, R. et al. 2003.Movements and dive behavior of two stranded, rehabilitated long-finned pilot whales(Globicephala melas) in the northwest Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science19(1):232-239.
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
14/36
Foraging Behavior:Foraging Behavior:LongLong--Finned Pilot WhalesFinned Pilot Whales
Appear to feed mostly at nightAppear to feed mostly at night
Dive to depths of at least 650 m (~2,100 ft)Dive to depths of at least 650 m (~2,100 ft)
References: Gannon 1995, Gannon et al. 1997 (Mar. Ecol.References: Gannon 1995, Gannon et al. 1997 (Mar. Ecol. ProgProg. Ser.), Baird et al.. Ser.), Baird et al.2002 (Mar. Ecol.2002 (Mar. Ecol. ProgProg. Ser.). Ser.)
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
15/36
Werth, A. 2000. Mar. Mam. Sci. 16(2):299-314.
Long-finned pilot whales
demonstrated to use suction tocapture prey
Captive animals (rehabilitation at NEA)
Kinematic study from video-records
1 st quantitative study of suction feeding
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
16/36
Feeding MechanicsFeeding Mechanics
Suction feeding (Suction feeding (WerthWerth 2000, Mar.2000, Mar. MammMamm.. SciSci.).)
Normally Swallow Prey WholeNormally Swallow Prey Whole
Pilot whales suck!Pilot whales suck!
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
17/36
Field ID Chacteristics
Total Length= 6 - 7
Max Weight= 200 lbs
Long beak
Between 40-55 teeth per row
Hourglass color pattern on side
Common Dolphin
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
18/36
Common Dolphin
Source: OBIS-SEAMAP
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
19/36
Life HistoryLife History
??1111--12122+2+88--9.59.52525--3030
Longevity (yr)
Reproductive
Maturity (yr)
Calving
Interval (yr) Gestation (mo)
Female Repro
Longevity (yr)
Common Dolphin
Westgate, 2006
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
20/36
Food HabitsFood HabitsBroad Diet: small, pelagic, associated with deep scattering layeBroad Diet: small, pelagic, associated with deep scattering layerr
Common Dolphin
Fish: Mackerels, herrings, silver hake, sternoptychids(pearlsides), myctophids (lanternfishesmany species),paralepids (barracudinas), scomberesocids (sauries), stomiids
(dragonfishes & viperfishes)
Cephalopods: Loligo spp., Illex spp., Sepiola, Alloteuthis,Brachioteuthids, Chiroteuthids
Crustaceans:Acanthephyra (peaked shrimps), Pasiphaea(glass shrimps), Meganyctiphanes norvegica (northern krill)
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
21/36
Stomias boa, scaly dragonfish
Chauliodus sloani, viperfish
Pasiphaea, glass shrimp
F. Costa, FishBase
F. Costa, FishBase
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
22/36
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)Lageno=bottle rhynchus =beak , acutus =pointed
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
23/36
Field ID Chacteristics
Total Length= 8
Max Weight= 600 lbs
Blunt beak
Less than 40 teeth per row
Both white and yellow stripe on side
White-Sided Dolphin
common
white-sided
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
24/36
White-Sided Dolphin
Source: OBIS-SEAMAP
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
25/36
Life HistoryLife History
1010--1212??66--1212
Longevity (yr)ReproductiveMaturity (yr)
CalvingInterval (yr) Gestation (mo)
Female ReproLongevity (yr)
White-Sided Dolphin
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
26/36
Food HabitsFood HabitsBroad Diet:Broad Diet: demersaldemersal & pelagic schooling prey& pelagic schooling prey
White-Sided Dolphin
Fish:Atlantic herring, Atlantic mackerel, silver hake, sandlance (sand eels), cod, pollock
Cephalopods: Loligo, Illex
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
27/36
Question for TRT:
Are animals just in the wrong place at the wrong time orare they attracted to the trawls?
If they target the trawls, what cues do they use to locate
the gear?
If they are targeting the trawls, at what point do theyinteract with the gear?
Note: 4 different species, so answers may not be simple.
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
28/36
EcholocationEcholocation
Comprised of three distinct processes:Comprised of three distinct processes:
Sound productionSound production
Sound receptionSound reception
Signal processingSignal processing
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
29/36
Sound ProductionBottlenose dolphin
No Vocal Chords
No External ears
How do they produce, and/ or
receive sounds?
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
30/36
Sound Production and ReceptionToothed whales produce high frequency sounds on top of their
head at the blowhole and travel through the melon
Copyright Dolphin Research Center
They receive sound through the lower jaw and is directed to theears by fat channels that have similar properties of water
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
31/36
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
32/36
Target Detection
Diameter of target must be > 1 wavelength
= c/f
Wavelength (meters) = Speed of sound (m/sec) Frequency (Hz or Cycles/sec)
S-Fin Pilot Whale: = 1530 m/s/ 60000 cyc/s = 0.025 m
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
33/36
Flashlight Beam
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
34/36
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
35/36
Passive Listening vs. EcholocationPassive Listening vs. Echolocation
Costs of EcholocationCosts of Echolocation MetabolicMetabolic Ecological (alerting competitors, predators, prey)Ecological (alerting competitors, predators, prey)
Passive ListeningPassive Listening Killer whales (BarrettKiller whales (Barrett--LennardLennard et al. 1996)et al. 1996)
Bottlenose dolphins (Gannon et al. 2005)Bottlenose dolphins (Gannon et al. 2005)
-
8/3/2019 Pilot whale, common dolphin and white-sided dolphin life history, behavior and physiology characteristics
36/36
Hearing