Pinhole Photography

•Photography is the process of making pictures bymeans of the action of light. Light patternsreflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a light-sensitive medium.

•The word comes from the Greek words phos("light"), and graphis ("paintbrush"), togethermeaning "drawing with light"

The camera• A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens and with a single small aperture — effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side.

• Light from a scene passes through this single point and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box.

• The human eye in bright light acts similarly, as do cameras using small apertures.

A camera has a few simple components:

A light tight box Aperture – A hole through which light

enters the camera.Shutter – A way to control how long

light enters the box.Lens – A way of focusing light for a

sharp image.Viewfinder – A way to aim the camera.Film Holder – A way to hold the film

in the correct place to receive the focused light.

A pinhole camera is the most basic image forming device in photography. It is a direct descendant of the camera obscura, (Latin for “darkroom”).The camera was actually a large room that would be entered by the user.

Light entering a small hole in a darkened room produces an inverted image on the opposite wall. It was used initially to view solar eclipses, but by the seventeenth century the process was made portable by fitting a lens to one end of a box and using a sheet of glass at the opposite end to view the image. A mirror inserted inside at a 45 degree angle would reverse the image, giving the viewer a corrected orientation.giving the viewer corrected orientation.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Pinhole-camera.svg

History• As far back as the 4th century BC, Greeks such as

Aristotle wrote on naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras.

• The 10th-century Alhazen published this idea in the Book of Optics in 1021 AD. When Ibn al-Haytham began experimenting with the camera obscura, he himself stated, Et nos non inventimus ita, "we did not invent this

• He improved on the camera after realizing that the smaller the pinhole, the sharper the image (though the less light)

• He provides the first clear description for construction of a camera obscura

Sir David Brewster,a Scottish scientist, coined the word "pinhole“and was one of the first to make pinhole photographs in the 1850s.

• Around 1600, Giambattista della Porta added a lens to the pinhole camera

• It was not until 1850 that a Scottish scientist by the name of Sir David Brewster actually took the first photograph with a pinhole camera.

• Up until recently it was believed that Brewster himself coined the term "Pinhole“. The earliest reference to the term "Pinhole" has been traced back to almost a century before Brewster to James Ferguson

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Pinhole_hydrant_neg_pos.jpg

Instead of a lens, the camera has a small hole that admits light. The image is not as sharp as one formed by a lens,but the entire field of view has an equal degree of sharpness.

A pinhole camera has nearly infinitedepth of field. Everything in the photo is in focus.

Only a few light rays from each point on the subject can get through the tiny opening and

reach the film in small clusters that cause minimal blurring. rays

A larger hole permits a greater number of rays from each point on the subject to enter the camera. These rays are

recorded as large circles which tend to overlap each other, creating an unclear image. They are called

circles of confusion.

Straight surfaces may look curved if the film plane is curved.

This image was made from a camera with six pinholes.

A nineteen hole camera.

Any deviation from round will affect the sharpness and the perspective of the image. An oval or short slit will smear the image in the direction of the longest dimension.

Horizontal front slit, with a vertical back slit.

A pinhole camera can be made out of just about anything. This one is made from a red bell pepper, which acts as a safelight for paper.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/PinholeCameraCloseup.jpg

Sources

http://www.nh.ultranet.com/~stewoody/photo.htm

http://neon.airtime.co.uk/pinhole/

http://www.pinholeresource.com/gallery1.html

Renner, Eric,

Renner, Eric. 2000. Pinhole Photography: Rediscovering a Historic Technique. Focal Press, Boston.

Upton, Barbara and Upton, John. 1981. Photography. Little, Brown and Co., Boston.