LYRASIS IVIembers
of
America
by
the
Ge-
schichte
phology and
Council
for
tory of
his pubhcations
a
post
he
of
Saint
Michael
and
Saint
include
Cicero
C. Zimmerman
of Sociology,
was successively
of
at the
journals in
Marriage
Guidance,
set
the
International
Union
UNESCO.
He
has
helped
to
develop
New
Population of the Bureau of Anthropology;
Director, Revista Politica
of the Uni-
among
partment
at
Columbia
University,
has
directed,
a
research
project
investigating
capacities:
Home
Minister,
Government
of
Bombay;
Member
(
as
at
was
Director
the U. S.
Department of State
as
Visiting
Profes-
U.
of
Rural
Life
(1940,
1947,
and
1953),
Population
Analysis
(1948),
Brazil:
section of
of
Edwin H.
Foreign
Languages
at
Mary
Washington
a
usually creative
recognized
as
most
pressing.
As
disciplines
human
political
iron-curtain
is.
In
it is
a good
deed to
provoke people,
the present vital
race. In the Atomic Age, as we
know, the choice confronting us is  one world or none. Sorokin has
overridden the conventional barriers between the  disciplines. He
has
and has studied them from
any
promising
assessment
assessment,
of the scholar under review, which may provide an insight
into his major
motivations and achievements,
confronting diverging or
found in
out
each
other's
efforts.
P.J.A.
fields
selves,
to
specifications
dif-
ferent
discipHnes
assumed,
in
the
proportions
of
and understand the
this problem
found in
my thesis project
my
pleasant
surprise,
concordant
to
become
his
do for
Professor E. A. Ross, had been one that involved identi-
fying and defining
a
disciplines
submitted to
were to be
followed by the
become
a
time, persuaded me that his
own approach—
that of
him
^Professor Schilpp
sure
to
start
primary
interests
of
issues
Sociological
Forum,
in
classes
I
had
with
Ernest
underwent
considerable
change
shows
configurations
association
with
Professor
Schilpp.
Forum took shape,
to
try
to
per-
suade
him
tained the names
good to come
interest to
take issue with
Sorokin,
com-
menting
 I
mind.
I
had
wanted
to
dis-
cuss, not only his participation in the Ross volume, but also
the
tentative
volume
I
had
planned
on
return
to
Professor Ross
reluctantly
present
volume
to
him
and
secured
his
grateful
to
Professor
Sorokin
and
all
the
distinguished
contributors
for
its
reahzation.
world.
at
my
Duke University
Press, for valuable counsel; and to the competent staff of the Duke
University
Press
for
their
painstaking
co-operation
assistance,
Life
7
Factors 20
VII. Post-Crisis
Integration of
IX.
Arnold
IV. The Quantitafive Study of Mobility 131
V. The Limits of
IV.
94
V.
The
Durability
SOROKIN'S
USE
III.
The
Combining
of
Vlll,
Socio/
COMPARATIVE
SOCIOLOGY
225
332
The
Central
Knowledge
338
Relative
of Truth
Sociocultural World
Issues
400
VII.
in Particular
convictions, aesthetic tastes,
sociology
of
mental
life
is
(
life of
ways.
Like
inspection
of
outsiders
(except,
theories and other
they
actually
have.
I
have
a
my
others, when
of
 justification,
ra-
to
be
greater
my
mental
life—
if
I
shall
attempt
my
main studies, for the character of my theories and  philosophies,
and for the main changes these  mental productions have under-
gone
in
testified).
How
he
by
the
human
organism
of
fancy not supported
by any real
faithful to our dead mother.
 Christ has
pitiful
us
nor
help
us;
he
was
violent in his treatment of
us.
decided
to
separate
from
our
was weeks
with the
my brother
( from the great height of the building
by a sudden
This
we moved
several months continued
I
found
myself
enrolled
later
on.
our
lives
along
quite
different
were
truly
vital
for
my
other. Later
Communists hunted
and
her
These lines
by
my
family,
relatives,
it is necessary to
subse-
quent
culture of Russia
as a
a
my
normal
following one
my
Communist Government).
vigorously
and Paul.
by
of waiting
freed
There I became the
after
my
arrival
cent) of
Plato, and Aristotle
and ending with
Marx, and Lenin—
of
happy
work
to make human beings
led to the establishment
became affihated with
besides many
scientific papers,
of
these
Sociological Theories
a
my
these
reasons
I
preferred
this
sort
satisfied with
been my good
a
grand,
meaningful,
creative,
life
I
must
right.
She
and
sons: Dr.
 
have
whom
the
large extent
the
rituals
spon-
the main
strong
climate
served
also
as
a
where I learned
where we
of,
my teachers
I
still vividly remember the
and all the joyful pride with which I accepted it,
showed
it
carefully
diplomas, prizes, and
much
as
way I
acquired elementary
with
peasants.
Our
nomadic
life
in the
in
different
villages
in
which
to
working
of
the
villagers,
including
the
boys
aspiring
the elementary schools.
capable boys, sound
in body, mind,
of
view
truth, goodness and
man
educational
au-
thorities
of
the
county
wliich
mores
of
peasants
did
all. The same was
streams
and
nature well satisfied a
was
a
man-made
world
of
by
chas-
tushki).
the Russian and
the Ugro-Finnish peoples.
also
melodies
Russian peasant women and men who
ordinarily sang collectively during their community
at
fishing
or
harvesting,
or
in
Religious
my
musical
free
from
comic and  yellow commercial
accounts for
making  sculptured —
ikons,
and
many
hne,
replete
with
population
of
this
common
possession,
equitably
dis-
tributed
still vigorous
political
parties
with
group
were
nearer
of the poor than of the rich peasants and though
now
myself.
especially
of
and
moral
develop-
ment
My
Early
shaped my
the
age
elder
communities ideas,
values, and
differences? And
why was
and cook
punishment for
in
several
other
were
of
 bullheadedness
on
communities and
and file of the other boys
had
uncles, and
did
not
dis-
tinguish
themselves
by
By a simple
nel. He
are bearers
heredity this r that
hereditary
endowment
If
or his  good
It
is
After my
denomina-
tional
village,
its
campus
teachers were better
and grade
schools I
I
met
there
repre-
enriched
by
the
brewing
revolution of 1905 and
these
factors
was
so
powerful
that
within
previous religious, philosophical, political, economic and
social
ide-
ologies
the
obligatory
courses
in
dogmatic
Social-Democratic
party
and
why
On the eve
were
several
notable
Social-Revolutionaries
and
Social-Democrats.
To-
gether
we
the
his
revolutionary
thinkers,
and
of
School.
In
of
the
criminals
the field
of my
Petersburg. ( Here
again  the
domicile, any change of my address, and about my activi-
ties.
groups. Often
ly at mass
guns
this
months.
were, as
fife
ended
and
was  the
whole of Russia,
1905-6.
and
these reasons
my
mentality
crisis
of
my
structural
systems
in time and space.
cated visible
the
scribed
Why did I involve
in the
explanation of
than
most
of
the
and
of
my
all  simphstic
theories of
man and
the higher
earnings hardly
met my
 
university, I
and
ad-
Doctor
of
Such,
in
brief,
was
the
course
develop-
ment,
and
integration
painting,
articles
reaction, the
of
night school,
of the
a
substantial
knowledge
of
cal, biological, and
other
Western
scholars,
to
mention
optimistic Weltanschauung, fairly similar
decade
my
became
fairly
in
my
enormously
enlarged
with its
Instead of
un-
experi-
ences
Social-Revolutionary
party,
as
Guidance
by
available
binding
power
the United States.
a
in many essential traits my reintegration theories have sharply
deviated
a
strong
opposition
revolution and
a
pubhsh
these
quences, are
The expected
con-
theories
already
a
considerable
literature
in
my
sociology
and
to
mention
health
is
rather
good
for
my
no
scarcity
of
invitations for lecturing and counseling on the part of American
and
 yams can
and remaining in
explain
volumes.
b.
Since
my
po-
litical,
and
ethnic
positions
and
group-affiliations,
this—
phenomena.
Their
structural
their
dynamics.
c.
Since
I
actively
participated
in
and
directly
it
is
my attention and
(destroyed
political
prisoners
but
also
with
punishment.
Crime
confronted
with
a
multitude
of
human
curing
means
of
subsistence
and
ideologies,
these
forces
uprooted
of un-
selfish love,
sympathy, mutual
human
behavior
and
opponent of
manifestations in
love.
published in
the volumes:
of
However, this general ground alone might not have been suf-
ficient
for
or
me to several
to
are
for
my
pohtical
and
intellectual
factors
account,
to
a
tangible
extent,
for
the
main
topics
compre-
attracted
my
curiosi-
existential
what,
un-
verified,
answered.
my
of
this
construction
of
basis
con-
been
the
only
reason
and
apprised
by
critics,
of
reason I
The old adage
Amico Plato sed
all
my
studies.
and
 Sorokin's
in several
important and
pupils
years in this sort of school, I became, to a
notable
degree,
any
authority,
any
theory,
my exposure
phenomena,
severe discipline
of
a
in-
system
of
my
fellow-men—
foun-
My
Harper,
1956);
 In-
XVIII Kongress des
 philosophic.
Yet
to
philosophy
can
be
realm of  mists of intuition {Social Forces). Sorokin's works are
fuU of the
the
their roles
like
in philosophy.
One of
the
fuller
Contemporary
Sociological
and
violations
He
treats
extent
seldom
xi is devoted to an attack on Sorokin's work, particularly
his Reconstruction
basic terminology,
require a
problems
of
for
other
shall therefore limit our
and social
presen-
to
phenomena.
Irving,
op.
cit.,
p.
124.
 unmarried
to
the
meaningful
relationships
a
of
the
meanings-elements
or
values-
expressive
harmony—which
law,
continually
of
the
of the role of
depth
notes
one
index of what
the
unified
Hence, they
he
culture;
yet
the
social
and
cultural
systems
of
and
destiny.
that
per-
fectly
system
and
None-
theless,
histories very little
more
or
less
perfectly
integrated
great  integrating minds,
the more
space is
social systems. Unintegrated
a
term
have these
basic.^^
the concept
From this
on
pp.
603,
636,
640-41
and
elsewhere
main
possible
answers
ideational
one,
aspects
in
its
phenomenal
aspect,
hardly
any
solution
five
possibilities. ^^
subtypes
of
each
of
these
characteristics.
Of
these
finds the
 main
those
based
on
system. The
it
in
ethics, and social,
together.
and
Sensate
There
Sorokin
 that, to use W.
related
compartments
tutes the most
idealistic-sensate
Sorokin
investigates
each of
philosophical premises, and it is from this that he develops
his
own
 integralist
solution.
He
holds
that
articulate
the
three
major
systems
that
if
 entirely
or
if
has, in fact, shown
times
reasonably conclude
that  the
a
 vital part that enables human beings to adapt to their cosmic,
social, and organic
other hand,
later is
the three
would be
assumption
is
also
assumption
that
to
be
consistent
thought
scientific
sys-
tems
accepted.
These
great
systems
examples of human
Kant or
method
the
pragmatic
tests
 
worldly
since
nopohstic or clearly dominant. It seems,
thus,
prime
requisite
for
the
durable
existence
epistemology prove strongest,
of truth
and reality.
any
forms.
Using
of the senses, which
as
fallacious,
clue.
Many
have
 truth
of
faith
in
the
senses
and
been
the
is
an
immediate
awareness
reason
as
all
other
forms
of
basis
of
the
and of the
of
the
of
this source
role of intuition is
all
Scholastics
from
Erigena
to
St.
sensate
pillars of the
and by
Sorokin particularly
of
creativeness
and notes that
as
any
from
and
Here again the
centuries,
and
cognition of true reality explains
the
of
faith
over
super-
sensory
role of
^^m
III
II
r
and inexhaustible
(and
Sorokin af-
the
current sociocultural
crisis, he
in essence,
is ex-
in his broad study of man and society. Aesthetics, for
ex-
ample,
it
will
be
possible
to
make
only
in general
and then
great
accomplisliments
has
What
the
linkages
between
eminent scholar.
in
his
equate
the
that
these
idealis-
tic
systems
of
and
of
on the other hand,
fall, whereas
system of truth
duration
of
studies.
of
:
ideational
and
sensate
premises
and
their
consistency. This
the
 triple epistemic
a
legiti-
macy
and
a
profound
value,
both
sociological
as to
weU
be
to
integration
would
be
co-equal
 sources.
Reason
would
still
the  meta,
metaphysics—
and
his
view
of
the
metarational
leading
mystics
admit that the ultimates
be
could
not
help
edge.
philos-
the un-
for
three sources could afford. Hence, the very raison d'etre of
the
These defects may
all its
knowledge?
Especially
by
no
made
of God's hand in
uni-
formity,
theodicy of
to
Sorokin's
own
reliance
here
on
faith,
metarationalism stand up? To be
sure, faith
can be
confirmed ( and
But
in
this
case
such
confirmation
How
integralist
types of
his
positive
sociology
of
knowledge
even
to
as a
hence
metalogical
in
knowledge
sensate culture
with
respect
metara-
tional
metaphysics
a
self-consciousness
scientists
of
his
era,
Pitirim
Sorokin
branches of philosophy
to
take
not
not
oriented
Occident, whose concep-
seems
self
metarational mysticisms,
pressed
doubt the radical excision of this part
from
1959).
the
of scientific
the work or the issues. But in the brief compass
of this treatment,
re-estabhshment— or
a
hand,
and
the
philosophy
With
respect
The
positive
and
social
theory
relevance
to
these
issues
traditionally
linked
run,
in
efiFect:
All
to
dismiss philosophy
of logic
presence of meaning.
its distinguish-
components in
groupings of
of
certainly has been
evaluation of
and its
referential principles.
epistemological sense
imphcations—of these
principle of sociology, on
sociological
and
that there is
with
the
factual
as
people
to study one,
is an
and susceptible to the
or
fields. He
cisive insight
this
to
of the objectivity
study of
)
a
work
of
work,
his
work.
ings,
even
spheres far removed
horizons.
Most
own
circumscribed
lip
service
to
Fourth, Sorokin
social
and their
of much
he
has
raised
Fifth, like many
our age, as so many
did
when
a
relatively
short
Sorokin
of the
critics may
develop
further
the
mainly
by some scholars.
now have
and distribu-
anti-philosophic criti-
themselves.
time;
deep
owes
of
the
hberal
as
I
neers. Sorokin is
chances
and
changes
temperature,
at
Cambridge.
Per-
haps
born
them.
as
an
intellectual
of thought about human
in
one need not report
) . A
pioneer's
out,
underpinned,
axe's blaze
marks on tree trunks will be replaced by neon signs. All
these
and
energy
which they
that
they
cannot
do
to
him.
Even
radar
beam
contemporaries
to
foresee
exactly
main
traffic
first
to
ad-
other
kinds of practical activity in which human beings, in large
numbers,
each
for
the
they
refining their procedures and
abstruse
mathemati-
cal
and
a
with
subjects
of
armies
and
of
IV,
Tables
1-18:
 Geometrical
on
and
last-cited table, which is the grand finale of Sorokin's first
batch of
three volumes, and also the colossal set of 18 tables in
Volume IV, will
a
conventional
see what
in hot
perhaps
as
much
as
90
per
cent
ventional statisticians'
gain for
the
gain
is
me
say
form of figures.
quantitative
an
increase
nominalism, the Gothic
The first makes quantitative
indicators. The second
 numerical
the
thesis
besetting
the
path
of
pitfalls, and
lie makes
due allowance
he
the historical
persons and
grows
this
respect
there
more
of
a
present-day
By
con-
see,
statistical
approach
to
it.
them
this,
instructive
imperfect,
than
important though these and other methods of his are, they
are not, of course,
a
we
shall
Sorokin's discussion
his
explanation
culture
a
extremes.
He
and rhythms that
in it.
be-
lieves
whole-heartedly
far
as
they
tenets within the limits that Sorokin himself
has set
which
confidence
that,
within
his
own
self
-demarcated
per
that
they
have
in his theory
and rhythm. It gives him, as we shall see, an
explanation
of
the Greco-Roman
of their study.'^
congeries?
Sorokin
does
not
adopt
functional
integra-
the meaning
to anyone
and that this is also one of those ultimate ideas
that are
not clarified
in
terms
of
some-
Sorokin
compatibility
and
specific
dependence
or
in-
terdependence
of
each
meaning-element
of
a
causal
system
to
the
interdependence
of
of
the
pure
causal
or
pure
probabilistic
belong
to
the
class
the relevant
nonlogical. Therefore, with the
small
part
^
some
and ob-
jects. The
external
profess
to
ex-
and
change
decline of
much
broader
and
autonomy
of
func-
tions
without
the whole
compared with
the cor-
Art and
religion and
do,
for
instance,
economic
between
what
importance
^^
becoming
more
sharply
cut
and
more
them
that,
of
of
any
society,
heterogeneous elements
of cultural
of culture more
fine arts,
total culture calls
are co-ordinated
no scrap of
which
the
picture
but it
time
to
time,
but,
in
statistical
material.
that
times ;^^  I
for
all
societies
successively
upon
have been the Greco-Roman-Byzantine
suit
'«
mind. At the
his
coin
five
big
five
each
or equal stream,
darkness.
direct most
as
compared
with
American
 quarters.
Moreover,
of
culture—
may
be
as
difficult
Brita n, to
each
too
much
on
the
them-
selves
place and
of
works of
are
examine
ternal
disturbances
in
A study
of human
the essence
would
require
explaining
ever
actually
be
means that it is
 The change is an
Sorokin
quences ^^
(the
Indian
concept
manent
terminism. ^^
 Immanent
self-determination
degree
of
integration.^'^
true
Either one
forces, each
moved by
whole into
being
To
Thesis Number
One
from
the
start,
but
distinct in order
explana-
one may find
to
explain
a
transition
to
ideahstic kind,
is in no sense ever repeated. Here
he
is
perhaps
unjust
give
references. ®^
no
school may
short life even here, where the influence of the Israelite
one-
no
not
monotonously
mechanical,
variations.^^
 immanent
self-regulation.
sociomental processes
there seems
permit any single
length of
completeness of
single current call
Here
episode of history (the
Greco-Roman-Western series), has arrived
the master
use,
not
have
as
been supplanted
in power till
falls
of
a
series
 esprit de corps, public
successive
nomad-
of
human
affairs
( as
discovery
inde-
its Chinese version
before meeting with
shares
its elasticity. In
nomena.*^ I
if correct,
is important
in itself
artistic
fact,
than
the
third
century
he
is
discussing
the
mere
illusion
and
mirage,
to
Roman
of
inquires into
the reason,
or reasons,
of
of change are limited,^^
limited possibilities
main
ascends, grows,
and be-
again
the
same
tragedy.
is,
1941.
borne out
a
in
Sorokin's
terms,
age.
type
of
culture
of
these
types,
then
the
peculiar
and contents,
appear
intelligibly
this
these major
culture types, their distribution in time and space, their alternation and
change,
personality
dynamic, aspects.^*
 However different from each
other are the Ideational
needs.
However,
in
a
testing
tests
by
xv.
^' Ibid.,
field
of
activities
closely
related
to
the
satisfaction
of
Ancient Egyptian cultural
was
indelible
mark
had repudiated
between
a
society
mutual
three
constituent
at
the
af-
fairs
there
are
historically
momentous
stream
of
culture—
the work
of human
acts
we
probe
this
bored and disillusioned
Oriental
rehgion.
long-since impending revolution
not
be
taken
the cultural
a
whereas,
conversely,
look forward
discredit
overtakes
of
mine
( and
I
to
Ideational
is
so
fighting,
but
it
can
be
done—
to set
might
Man,
is
not,
I
to
to
pick
this
out his
associ-
ates
facts.
vistas.
for
history
are
as
much
against
us,
to
interests of the
conventional barriers
com-
mon
cause.
existence
the
such civilizations.
as I
formulated it
one
In this new
not so
much civilization
that
is,
we
become
of
very
least,
we
expect
to
and
 cultural morphology. This term
I
shall
presently
explain.
since
Sorokin, too, belongs
the
wider
as
too,
seeks
to
made very substantial contribu-
Zukunftsaufgaben deutscher Geschichtswissenschaft,
afrikanischen
Kulturen
(Berlin,
1896).
einer morphologischen
Geschichtsbetrachtung, Die
cited
in
this
those who
his
cultural
morphology,
which
professional
with Sorokin
as a
First of
morphology
science
The
peculiar
problems
we
have
in
simpler
be
at
cultural
life,
by the
of reahty.
For this
tion,
of
historico-sociocultural
may also
we
wish
to
grasp
and
reach
difficulty:
by
will
have
to
work
(
for
the
individual
to
we
may
at
in
depth,
hole,
Literary Sup-
and very large complexes
life,
however,
which
we
must
aim
at.
of
mankind
as
suffice in
cultural
morphology to e an expert in one or the other of
these
be adhered
historian
of
antiquity
only
when
dispensing
with
scientific
standards,
and
working
only
with
civilizations
and
all
other
integration
and
by
which
I
against every kind of
issue
the
dilemma
Othmar F. Anderle,
solution
has
come
obstacle in
of
substratum
whatever
which
are
of all, the
with the
naive experience of
into
whole
and
to
con-
cerning
the
made simul-
synthetically  by
although
complex,
immediately
as
specific
hohstic
process
question. Thereupon, we must endeavor to
lay
bare
Concerning the inner unity of this movement and its significance
for
Weltanschauung,
School of
credit for developing Ehrenfels'
Othmar F. Anderle,
penetrating
understandable.
This
we
continue
to
the
Since the holistic-analytic method may be, or must be, applied
where
historiography,
that, here, too,
and
processes
corresponding
to
A
solution
of
the
problem
of
historiographic
henceforth to
have
done
together
but for
anything
^*
What
holistic
structures
of possible
not
everything
is
pos-
sible
at
would
meaningful
decision
become
possible.
twentieth
are,
as
Sorokin
beheves,
in
process
of
moving
through
a
to
resist,
to do
by swimming with
we
nationalism.
painlessly
possible.^^
between
is soluble—this being
a
 morphological
point
of
view
as
is
and
Koneczny.
Sorokin
to
them,
an
only
the
disappearance
of
politicians would have
civiHzation in and by
own
and,
after
subject to
him
in
a
If such
billions of cultural
or  civilizations
cultural phenomena
a part of these
place
ground.^2
The
world
of
humanity; the
exists
merely
occur
behavioristic and
meanings, the component
^^
comprise only two
first, the ideational complex
system whose ideology rests
respect
complex
system
which,
or
rational-supersensuous,
as a union
any
other
non-sensory
value. ^^
that
a
rule,
systems
of
history of the
such
presuppositions,
Sorokin
must
nature
immense and infinitely
of
a few
at
all.
The
Study III,
cultures are not wholes
Culture
and
Person-
Spengler's
 Ursymbol
view,  mean
unify the
objections
civilizations. Especially with regard
Moreover,
it
cannot
be
 quality of configura-
such qualities
variegated
exactly
in
the
same
of a person. Although
the
cause of
B because
every
behavioral
act
down in our
the failure
that on
a particular
of wholeness
of this
to convey.
must admit are,
arrive
tions,
bodies as
into
will
be
to
attention
to
cultural
morphology
by
the
 operative
a
very
special
degree.
All
the
more,
somewhat
crude
criterion
of
environment. This, of course,
and a
an eye
study
of
a
civilization,
what
a
single
human
being
an argument
of the civilizations defined
systems, I would
made that the con-
as
such,
we
must
admit.
How-
ever,
antiquity
exact, specifically Western,
we
be
deduced
As
confusion
lies
a
and
to
others.
seems to
me to
and so
a
uses
it
as
an
expression
of
type
change
with
the
do
system
mechanically,
without
system
is
in
we see
being
incorporated
they are being assimilated.
 alien
elements
remain
genuine
brought
about
only
by
incorporating
them
into
a
transformation. The
significance of
he old
systems is
of
possibihties,
the
that they do not
and fail
thus likewise
open to
dispute and
the rigorous
those
supporting
cultural
social body
as a
 that even the total
psychology
sense
system
there
are
also
congeries.
I
have
already
determines
all
that
individuals
are
integrated
structures which
Sorokin includes
systems or  organ-
holistically in
(if
as
weU
as
der
Personlichkeit
the
limitations
of
as structures,
proving the
senting
their
factual
compactness.
Sorokin
himself
experiences
the
same
supersystems
threatens
a
we get
istics which,
to a
we
mind the unity
seeing
the
forest
because
there are still
political historians from
I
shall not be so foolhardy as to say that the holistic nature of
civilizations which Sorokin denies is thus already proved. How-
ever,
I
at
a
cultural
graphic
least
ofiRcially
be
a
cultural
general.
deed.
In
insights
am thinking of
or
knowdng
it
he
 hohstic in the strictest
as
a
admirable
accomplishment
 barbarous
phases
is
as
such.^*
This
inner
of Dynamics
of
its
change.
By
virtue
of
of
fundamental
possibilities
the
totality
of
question
as
to
the
idealistic,
and sensate—three and only three forms of an integrated culture
are possible,
these three
inade-
quate.
Disappointed
of the
in the
rhythm of
the
idealistic one
( see
the
corresponding
Sorokin
rejects.
only
augment
it.
attacks upon
man who
attention
will
author to
be
able
to
stand
by
itself
in
the
and
a reflective re-
ago is evaluated,
results.
may
discover,
not
only
1959),
with
chap,
to
our
store
a
principal
forms
or less of
there is no steady
drift either toward more
of
recorded
shape of statistics.
a better
together
in
a
common
frame
vertical
the
ing, we should perhaps
than the occupational
prestige,
society, from two directions. Given certain
elementary facts of
certain things appear
to
Western
and
of our
is true of
different from
is
unequaled.
It
is
a
society
listen
political
goals.
It
is
also
a
true that
social inequality
poor
and
the exalted, will
will
be
this line
learn
'natural'
from
time
to
time.
Being
differences
at
the de-
velopment of
means of legislation
political
systems
state,
leveling is due to
Sorokin
was
wrong
mental causes
to
ex-
functional
school
of
thought
in
dissatisfied with
the methods
and results
of other
a
universal
at-
what
he
has
can
be
^^
American
Sociological
Review,
X
(1945),
242-49.
down
is fol-
time
a read-
and
insincerity and cynicism are necessary qualities for many types
of
social
climbing,^^
and
the fruits
of redress through reform or revolution. When the disproportion of
privileges
exceeds
a
basic human
learn
of the
group or
here,
form
put by
often
than
not
serve
as
decades,
held
at
standstill.
Now,
should
therefore
the
method.
There
far the
which has
been criticized
here as
have
the
stratification. For
since
publication
of
any,
and
cannot
test
more
am-
bitious
theories.
segments of
data re-
one
thing,
Sorokin
is
perfectly
had to use
had
been
a
Not
mobility, or several
suitable is quite
Unfortunately,
find
later
years,
another
index
mobility, that is,
status of
indices
they
coming
to other
for
some
purposes.
According
more
as
society
to
subject
is
measure
will
have
the
simple
per-
centages
by
figures.
But
broad
to
give
a
in Western
society in
Revolution,
barriers, to that
in
for
how
far
they
can
be
mobility
rate
the
other
main
type
at
all,
are
pression
on the
immo-
op.
cit.,
pp.
33-38.
mobility.
more
interesting
question.
How
thinking
and
sociological
a
increasing
apt to
a
society.
For
instance,
mobility
will
It
is,
society this is
essentially—that is, when
that
are
are less apt to
a
conserve
the
system
ordained
by
God,
or
things-
have
probably
never
entirely
will
rise
ac-
cording
to
their
sumably
would
be
edu-
generations rather
of
selection
background
between
see to
its
so. It
been
the
educational
system
for
tions
feared that the writings of the various experts
will
my comments;
subject from
in his re-
to
whose
earlier
work
progressed
that
pretentious
him-
self,
unequivocally
and that
his
adoption.
This
in
very
substantial
which
tory, however,
as I
grew out of
illustrations.
Sorokin
frequently
seeks
social ills.
of
violence,
have
illness.
However,
on
the
succeeding
page^
of
mental
dis-
orders
in
and in the
United
States
sponding
information
from
to
support.
Again,
in
establishing
a
does imply
quite emphatically
that the
sup-
excessive sexuality of
be
not
given
to
to de-
like.
I
can
chuckle
over
others
used
blamed
for
this.
I
believe
that
any
explorer
The
ultimate
scholar should
Kinsey
's
volumes,
The
authors
did
not
subject
It is difficult
nature
a
breach
for
me
to
misrepresent
had not secured
facts,
I
feel
again
the
sting
of
as
one another ^^
What this conveys
married couples of
 
are
ment,
love,
and
present
generation.
fact
but
rather to pity them. Frequently I am amazed at the tenacity
with
relationship
to
pathology
should
invective
is
ac-
cepted
as
which
ex-
presses
disagreement.
wish to
discuss, some-
the
body
alike are
of
a
degradation
persons
as
tic
enterprise
tainment of
such sentiments
and practices,
once accepted
is
in
trying
to
the
place considerable emphasis
respect.
Referring
particularly
deleterious
effects. ^^
This
at
which
studies
talks of
men and in
for rest, which
As
Dr.
damage
to
the
limit
of
capacity.
that
functioning?
until
its
recovered from its fatigue.
goes on
rehable
scientific
evidence
to
have never
encountered the
and
has
been
the
subject
ancient
cultures
the micro-
and religious
to find
out,
enjoy
sexual
activity
with
a
high
and find
would
be
that,
if
Sorokin
is
their lives. This
believe that
to
bodily
harm
or
This
is
not
intended
as
a
supported
healthier and live longer
It
is
difference
wishes to
contest this
medical
there is no doubt
tional sex
practice
these
of
might
of our
 
has
been
unable
to
settle
at
off
to
one
side
and
scope
Union;
of
the
to some
of
1917, ^^
and
collapse
virtually
destroyed
within
a
population,
However, what
the
forty-three
Soviet
I
would
he outlines the cultural
of
they hear,
in newspapers
and
radio-movies-television
plays,
in
cultural
on
radio
majority
evidence of
In
sum,
I
to
the
the
Soviet
Union
is,
at
Finally,
of
Unwin's
heart and
of
patient,
for
the
rehabilitation
be
discouraging,
I
neverthe-
httle
be
carried
out.
achieved . . .
for
they earnestly
Americans today, in the
sign
of
transfiguration?
What
that
Has
this
led
all.
Indeed,
I
be-
heve
the
ly
publicized,
and
avidly
Kinsey
studies
volumes
report to
ing
the
one
wishes
to
hear.
What
have
in the United
to
which
a
time,
side of the
citizens are continually
who
cannot
and
more
sewers
would
entertainment.
One
of
the
hopeful
split and
mediocre
of the
American
people
in
general
its
standards
of
It
is
of
 spasmodic
drives
sustaining zeal
public
righteousness
system.
In
zeal of
Francis of
publications,
to
attend
book
closes.
and
we
live. ^^
incapable of
completed his
addressing
the
patient.
But
closed
of history,
has
to
say
in
The
future
outcome
of
be
adopted.
First,
we
might
say
only
factors which
must be
ideas of
history.
In
the
present
chapter,
before
proceeding
some
points
in Creative
as well
theory
or
 according
to
Sorokin.
 
gy,
the
positive
and
constructive
my judgment,
Time
Budgets
of
Human
merits
and
his
normative
inclinations.
events,
or incoherence,
edition,
1957.
must remain
indifferent to
fashion;
and
since
one will
the
today?
separated from
of concepts,
ideas and
niques of its
whose
of the energies
generated in and
operating through the
personality, he understands
his
and
the
char-
acteristic
conduct
quite
variable.
Some
cultures
show
Let us
he
calls
sensate,
 impartial in appearance than
navigation. Hydrostatics began
to develop at
rise to the
in
of
a
sensate
type,
ideational
type,
etc.
A.
Sorokin's
Typology.
con-
scious;
and
(iv)
the
supraconscious.
of mental
to different
of the
to Sorokin,
gives the
the
creative,
conscious
on
pp.
37-39
pecuUar to
Ideational;
scattered
in
the
a
masochistic
young,
and
so
on.
can be
third
or
suc-
cessively,
to
a
societies,
egos
is
replete
with
its own values, its ideas, its volitions, and its feehngs.
Roles
cor-
responding
to
these
egos
was bom,
environment.
and co-operation.
to them similar
On the other hand, the different egos of the individual
come
into
Such
conflicts,
for
example,
may
appear
among
structure
of
individual
in
ego
struc-
tures
that the unconscious
exclusively
by
biophysical
factors.
personality
depends
essentially
universe in
manifestation
nology, ethics,
and, in
beauty, and goodness, in which three
forms of its manifestation it
may be
intuitions,
and the most important creations of the human spirit, which tran-
scend
by
de
Musset
writes.
Sorokin
presents
only from artists
Muslim
thinkers,
from
India
and
from
phenomena,
 of
Cynical
in
a
precise
way,
that
the
relation
be-
from
the
years
he examined
lives of thousands
individual
becomes
detached
as
which one
master, nor
to reduce,
the adept
seek, not
only to
the community and
temporal
considerations
reality.
but the transforma-
Sorokin distinguishes
uses for
pleasures;
therefore,
by
rather
utilize
the
Actually, the
pseudo-ideational.
i.
the only
mentality
endeavor
to
lead
a
 reasonable
existence,
in
and
its
duration
tend to
of personality,
which I
mind,
once
again,
that
analyses
with
(love, truth,
the indi-
in
their
development
of
certain
qualities.
as  creative grace,
wealth
and
originahty.
Our
of
an
a
springboard
for
or
psychological
and
i.
types above, with
conducive
cases of the
well-known
factors,
and
course,
the
to end
conflict within
for the
or groups,
the method
has
demonstrating their
individual
(sometimes even
his family
virtues
competition
is
established,
specified
 ladders of
the Order
of St.
Bernard. To
a
question
in
dreams
(e.g.,
John
in
psyche,
with the
to
use
be
hoods.
Sorokin
the
Finally,
he
makes
certain
for the most part, are valuable
for the
psychologist. Let
humor,
may
be
to
be
found
Fads
of
Love,
pp.
121,
383,
414-15,
420,
432,
gy;
(B)
methods
of
psychological
testing;
Wonderland
of
six
rubrics:
i.
Forgetfulness
of
the
past,
in
them-
lack of
clear and
nitions, equally inconsistent and obscure, under the pretext of
scientific precision.
 dynamic
such and
legitimate. They buttress with statistics what, in fact,
shows no
methods in
by Sorokin.
social
studies,
are wholly unaware that they constitute a group. In their
works
the
predecessors
in
to ap-
He demonstrates the
valid for intelhgence
that
questionnaires,
may
vary
considerably
with
the
In the same
East as
from
his
lowest,
It
only
great
artists
has
often
dried up at the very ime they succumbed to  their
sexual unorthodoxy.
matters.
of contemporary
whose investigations
to
psychologists.
In
view
of
commenting
upon
point of
have,
indeed,
verbal ex-
to
But
basic criterion of
the first
results
alone
and correct
aware of the
tendencies
cases
cites
a
large
by
anyone else, knows
a statement
psychology.
psychoanalysis,
too far
in
is
Caesar's.
For
first
disciples,
show
that
such
explanations
civilized
world;
for
civihzation,
ac-
cording
Freud
him-
self
but
to only
Sorokin
denounces
with
force
and
not
of
interaction
and
with
a
knowledge,
in
most adaptable
in this
systematized
body
of
science
in
respect to the scope, content, and
method of rural sociology in parts of the
Such
an
now
that which comes
department
full-time teaching
load that
Sorokin produced
(in collaboration
work
at
Minnesota
and
at
selected
a large hand in developing
the scientific study of rural
society.
According
to
E.
C.
Hayes,
the
other
refugees
were
 preparing
a
from
a
 
that manuscript
a comprehensive three-
already
was
life
specific mention.
mere
collection
of
Company,
1937-1941,
of more
try
to
. , ,
the authors
this country
(in other
dealing almost exclusively with
of other countries. This
conclusions on the existing data
of almost
all countries.
in
which
briefly
summarized. . . .
pointing. . .
science
amble to that classic work:
The editors
view
important for the development
sociological
teach-
ing,
of the
quite
provincial,
not
even
basis
sociology
and
sociolo-
it is important to recall that more than any other
man,
Sorokin
deliberately
of rural
sociology appear
authors, it is essential
those
by
Sorokin
and
Rural
Popula-
tions
Collectivism
XXVII.
Retrospect,
Among
Other
Groups.
Even
the contents
of the
Source Book,
the
contri-
butions
only
after
to
and
Roman
sources,
went
sociological literature;
and the
the
then
matter
In Volume II, also, the
portion
organization in its institutional,
organization
helped greatly to advance these aspects of the general field. Volume
III
of the
Principles, although
even here the additional wealth of material contributed greatly to under-
standing
of
differences
between
the
physical
and urban populations, vital processes, intelligence and migration.
In its entirety,
a careful study
must for
all those
to
assess
development of
rural sociology
the
and
Bibliography,
Current
Sociology,
VI,
a
small
scale
came in
knowledge of
synthesis
of
indicates that along
Sociological
Theories
gists
sociology was
books
sociologists
as William F. Ogbum, Howard W. Odum, Florian Znaniecki, W. I.
Thomas, and G. E.
these and,
to a
lesser degree,
in
paring the textbooks and other compendia
dealing
scholars;
and
it
of
stratification
and
book
entitled
the
basic
and
largely
some of
of
rural
sociology.
by
the
as follows:
described
in
Chapter
II
of
the
Principles;
Stratification
in the United States before and after the Pubhcation of
Sorokin's Social
munities and
adopted and wove
still
retain
a
The
and socio-
respects
their
sympathies
and
actions
are
as
was
envisioned
in the
the
selectivity
of
If
the
topic.
still definitely unsetded.^^
particularly
large
size
of
versa.
the
population
Livi, explain
important
generahzation
in
this
field.^^
As
nearly
applied
of crime
populations, Sorokin
took stock
accumulated
with
respect
of
his
analysis,
experience, or that
by
face-to-face
or
personal
contact
with
the
phenomena.
ways.
different
things.
known
of
indirect
anything
that is going on outside of his country or province. .
. . Nevertheless, in
the field
of direct
indirect experience, which
psy-
chology
of
ing and experience in Russia made him cautious about conclusions
relating to comparative criminality
conclude
that
the
city
crime
rates
cultural
population. ^^
to
as the preserver of
demographic,
make for change,
and in the
the
established
the preserver of national culture.^*
The
have
validity, and
principle remains
those in
many
expressions of country people, in con-
trast with the features drawn from
all
geneous masses
changes
take
place, and these changes later on spread or are carried to the rural
districts.
worship.
In
the
case
of
the
Italian
Peninsula
maintained
tlieir
traditional
became synony-
originally
meant
nothing
in
the
and
so
when
thunderstorm.
the farmers,
and the
at
possession
and
the
time bear out
of the
his
to
the
study
to
rural sociology,
the history
of social
teaching
second important
way in
and whose
since 1928
P. Loomis, Bryce
Lynn Smith,
works. Be this as
men
enumerated
above
acknowledge
his
indebtedness,
in
texts prepared
the Principles, Sorokin's
principles
the
future
assess
Sorokin's
attempts
to
In essence, what
problems
are
on
nearly
a
thousand
the
to short-run,
through
a
program
methods
available
in
was at
research—has
not yet
been
steadily
increasing,
their history.
when these
research
to
his
theory.
selected in order
measurement
to
sociological
concepts.
b.
They
then
refer
to
absence
'urbanity.'
this,
they
attempt
to
so
and
require
a
methodolo-
gy,
cells within the
in modern
become a
methodologist,
of
reflect the breakdown
Sorokin
(and
selects
casualties, and
by
counting
These
are
of the disturbance,
(i.e.,
 the
assigned
to
the
particular
focus
of
research.
tinctively
III. The Combining
average is
merely one
tions
21-23.
in the
a
sep-
arate
measure,
procedure
fails
to
of
the several dimen-
among
size of
the armies
casualties
have
in-
creased
in
armies.
By
as a
by studying the
about
the
examples fore-
cedures which will reflect,
adding
as
relative
to
''*
used as
Reconsideration of
(1960),
810-18.
also Hans
Speier's criticism
American
Sociological
Review,
II
(1937),
928.
its
and
their
indicants
the
of
mean-
ing,
to define this construct in the
early
to
his
 aimed not
as
employed
by
and
loose
relationship
between
the
the
mid-twentieth-
indicants
product of
in
one
aspect
a
measure
might
social
actions
states of
and his collaborators
for measuring fluctuations
usual
procedure
known
to
the
modem
scholar
as
 content
to be
and
each
is,
the phe-
nomena under
systems
datum.
In his
Sorokin
distin-
markedly
same
relationship.
Or
the
intent
of the artist may be quite different from the social
mean-
ing
suggests
hand,
his
might
of
fit
together
the
two
which refer
one
attention
the
component
line
ment is carried over to the group, it often leads
to
formally
character
of
. . .
the
without any-
measures.
well-being of countries,
he starts out
to its
of each
in
terms
 two
opposite
children
(100
per
 ^^
To
be
his
practical
research
of
his
in
of
individuals.
Cf.
Culture
and
Personality,
pp.
Various
tests
analysis,
Guttman
scaling,
and
existence of patterns and
on reconnaissance activities of
adolescents in-
members of
develop
a
new
type
of
statistical
observed phenomena
to the
underlying social
in
further
detail:
from Several
of
a
single
from
 synchronicity,
helpful
inter-
action.^^
The
test
for
system
the meaningful consistency and the interdependence are inherent
in
of Sorokin's
of
Sorokin's
undertaking
and
the
were
inevitable.
His
work in the
re-
sulting
confusion
over
what
kind
adequate
to
in Contemporary Sociological
the dangers possibly more
at
knowledge they
contain. Courageously
add
'
for
its
 typical
and
constant
attempted
such
scholarly
formulations
as
to
his
opponents.
of
imagina-
and foe
alike. Thus,
for example,
within
answers to
test re-
problems
which
or its
escapes
it
three
research
as
the
 
phenomena from
of
logical
empirical
ob-
us to
can, in
aware
grew
out
of
a
series
of
lectures
he
gave
the chances that the
countries. Nevertheless,
order
to
edged that the possibility of reconciling the American way
of life
those
of
Soviet
be
dodged
or
passed
by. ^
Professor
His illustrations
and con-
and
school.
In
those
instances
in
reserving for
are none the less basic.
Despite Marx's
him,
and
it
a
suggest
its
busied
themselves
with
oratory
and
to
the
highest
seat
quarrel with
a mass
represented
only
between
the
leadership.
people
behind the
politics,
which
would
be
working
masses
periodically
acted
is Merle
In elections
to
that
in
those
societies
pohtical parties
criticize the policies
in
the
regimes of the world are in more
or less
interests
and
of the
without
a
free
as
im-
permissible
the party.
There is
such
as
the
limited
in
the
Constitution
to
general recognition and
land in this respect. Nevertheless, in all democratic systems such
principles
as
the
community, the
rights of
autonomy of
legal implementation,
heart of
the
it
represents
a
That there has been less need for repression does not
mean that
in principle
of
legiti-
mate
hesitate
formal
direction
that
the
pro-
gressively
entrenched
vested
com-
likely
and powerful army would
and
embodiment
and
is
segments of the economy.
by
workers,
managers,
fanners,
pubhc
discussion
and
the
exercise
of
purpose
in
by contrast, it
clear and commonly
societies which
most distinguish them is
Union
the
—manage
former
selves. ^^
Never-
theless,
mistake the one
with
its
glorification
itself, the
big corporation,
may still
are
fused.
Among
the
many
vital fact that
the freedom to
the American economy, which involves government controls
in
some
some sectors
distinction.
wrote, but
of what
importance, especially
form of agricultural,
factory,
the
collective
at
fixed
runs
on
a
modified
food on
own
consumption
but
for
national
insti-
States and
the Soviet
staff units, the
be
spond
to
their
countries.
Soviet Union
University
Press,
1940).
 David
Granick,
The
Red
1960).
it offers,
and
competitive market
spontaneously by
are defined as
adjuncts of the
the
union
to
the
tively  his ovTn
as a
the structure
not numerous
on large
prestige
both
societies
These easy
relations are
States by
class
pattern
introduced
in
the
early
of
people,
as
well
as
being
there is
set down on
Consider-
ing
this
to
do
to
bring
the
family.
The
ineffectual
countermeasures
children—something
and the
modem ofiBce
reversal
person
who
secures
both countries
passion for consumption
the
of
the
a
accomphshed
values of
a
sense
of
obhgation
of
the
an
additional
source
training
most serious deficiencies in
at
length
in
dramatically,
and active
the
The
was
education
Neither the Soviet
filled the goal of
^'
See
pp.
the
proportion
level
to
the
conception
a never-never
 ac-
cidents.
the
social
structures
to
produc-
humanistic
ideas
encountered in
student
bodies.
II.
similarities
in
Soviet
and
some
respect
they
may
have
followed
of their
two systems
in the
outstanding in
open
class
Dictatorship,
or
at
least
one-party
oligarchy,
as
against
a
multi-party
democratic
political
system;
state
as
gross
national
product,
Professor Sorokin stresses the
 ^^
been
steadi-
were
be much less
or another
social
systems?
Although
he
does
not
explicitly
suggests
implicitly
two
relevant
tests
their rulers.
conflict. ^^
At
a
later
point
he
commented
mankind. ^*'
We
Professor
Sorokin's
prediction
United States,^^
which appeared
to
explain
and
no
between
the
United
States
and
not
appropriate
basis of his argument. In the first edition he did
not
restrict
himself
to
saying
 congeniality
citations
for
the
score
amounts
to
Yet,
if
we
get
sufficient-
two contemporary
two societies
each
the
spirit
remain
at
a
history
the
in the period following
painstak-
ingly
hundred
years.
the
legal
norm,
says, we
according
to
a set
a
sense
the
ethical
mentality
following
way.
By
law,
approximately the
law and moral phe-
law determine
what it
^
and
of
conduct
which
the
terms
the
parties
regard
to
to
them
by
those
Value' and
upon
actions-reactions
these
conditions
are
(which
important
part
of
interaction
going
on
in
a
society.
of
majority
Calamities 25 I
cusses
 law-convictions
therefore remain
ally confines law
both impera-
tive-attributive and
socially enforceable.
specified
norms
of
conduct
which,
as
general theory
of law
many
reasons.
unanswered
such
no oflBcial
an
of culture and
istics
singled
of these traits.
the impact
of law-
dif-
ferent
from
deeply
ingrafted
without
definite
norm
the specific experience
of normative motivation.
incorporating
the
become a motive power
may be and often
to
govern,
to
legislate,
the norms
forced
change
In addition
role of
(1)
Have
relative severity
types of
Sorokin in
co-operation with
nine-
wave
fluctuation
of
sociocultural
form
a
first-class
con-
In Sorokin's work
of law.
the
main
mechanisms
of dis-
devoted the first
sociological volume pubUshed
to the
individuals and
 
At this place, I should like to divulge some facts showing to what
an extent
monumental
work
to
them,
the
fear
that
an
members.
of
ownership,
a
revolution,
there
causation
book may be
behavior,
sexual relations, of
of the
social
is
to
offer
a
generaUzed
image
the
perience
by
Egypt. Of course the historical events are treated only briefly
and
of
1917.
but
he
of
revolution,
of
revolution
in
terms
official law of
values which
this law
a set
of propositions,
he states
of the
official law,
values
protected
by
institutions
and
values.
He
participation
of
a
considerable
part
of
the
membership
civil
war.
The
definition
thus
elaborated
up to
conclusions about the
in
the
not
be
interpreted
as
of official
did
not
since he
so
on.^^
in Societij, Culture
revolution which will
later be referred to as Definitions I and II. By Definition I he refers
to a
disturbance of
in
the
By
involving
a
significant
proportion
and
(4)
cedure
author, w^ho
ardent
quantitativist
at
all.
hminary draft of his v^^ork
w^as
to
him,
and
that
were
contrary
to
while the other
full accordance
frequent than
of Definition II,
impossible
to
(4)
decrease of the
Even when wars are
immanent self-regulation of social
comes across.
a
theory
revolu-
tions
with
the
on the basis
decreased in periods either of blossoming or of
decline. He
disturbances accompanying
significantly
hypothesis
and makes it more plausible. This he does in saying that, during
periods
to
decrease
and
stand
this
formulation
viding
disturbances
which always means
decrease of the
better
to
explain
the
alleged
and
culture
blossoming
and
publication
Sorokin
elaborated
Space,
and
. .
aware
tional advantages are
be
disre-
garded.^^
directly with the integration
rehgious,
the
formula
only
factors
because
the old
part
of
a
given
society
undergo
direction. The data
found in
Social and
space and to
Personality
Sorokin
every revolution
of
Revolution
 
and values
con-
first
increases.
Sorokin
verification is
death,
and
marriage
tions
and
ideologies
integration
depending on their capacities
tion increases,
Of
course,
the
proposi-
tions
265
revolution,
while
during
total,
especially
by
is
tanta-
mount
to
the
construction
a
disturbance. As
a
crystallized
system
Carlist
stage
of
rudimentary
political
'
the Polovtsi.
revolutions
and
of
the
major
phases
of
violence.
The
most
important
by
As he
available (with the assistance of two outstanding Russian military
historians),
a
list of nearly all the known wars of ancient Greece,
Rome,
England,
and the
armies and
and thus the burden
theories according
erratic fluctuations of these
3.
at any moment two
used by
an approach
Such
a
breakdown,
tantamount
to
the
disruption
of
existing
interstate
to
since the breakdown is included
in
the
 necessary condition, by
is more bellig-
proposi-
tion
is
qualified
by
and
a
can
deduce
that
war
transition.
Going
back
to
Sorokin's
data,
Martin
expressed
his
to
discuss
this fact
systems of two
the
is noteworthy
the theory of
(1)
How
could
peace
periods?
(3)
The
to sensate
Soviet
between
the
value
system
of
the
time. Consequently,
wars (and
been
a
the ideas
to
be
by
narrow meaning.
just quoted.
On the
the
nations
were
absolute
conflicts
value
to
claims of
Russia and
do
of
to war tend to
War
field.
 conversion,
whereas
during
all
of
their
social
the vital
processes, on
major phases
the
kind
of
out two
 law of
course,
taken
famines,
pestilences,
wars
and
revolutions,
which
fluctuation
of
famines of
such as the  long and
protracted
uniformities concern themselves with
be caused
to
social
wars, total
relative
to
some cases of the four calamities, but dubious relative to the rest.
That this is the
the
volume,
where
writes
result in the destruction of
a
society
and
^^
pestilence (the biological phenomena
eases)
along
Nevertheless,
remains
seemingly
heterogeneous
phenomena,
theories. Reputations in
thing in
sociological
speculations,
impact
of
Sorokin's
might
not flourish here, and that
British
century, despite a
^
it
this  nil
States, ^
Kaysenbrecht
the Review
literary
of art,
philosophy and
was
not,
however,
doyen
of
British
not
in
a
central
theme
types
traits
 even
if
we
of
biology and physics struck
question.
In
the
Cultural Dynamics.
be
the
logical
conse-
such
ethical
theory.
basic
correctness
statistics,
can
Sorokin's
are
put
forward
highly
suggestive
results
of
a
publica-
volumes.
There
of
importing
available printing
to
of
Sorokin's
philosophy.
While
281
publishing
house
of
Messrs.
of
Pitirim
A.
Sorokin.^
than
as
a
substitute
alert British
easily
ab-
sorbed
but
clearly and dispas-
what
duction
to
by
the
Sorokin
School
itself,
and
civihzation
are of especial
notorious
apathy
de-
 the answers
which have
from time
to
elucidate
the
troubled
insuperable
obstacles
to
all
philoso-
the essentially
Isles would
who said
to me
was a
which he would welcome
book you
before
1939
it
A plausible
grammar schools. Apart from those trained in the litterae human-
iores school
can
leading protago-
very
example,
in
history.
When
in
1858
every
telligible
relationship
was
happier
than
(1895),
p.
471.
his-
of
over a
hundred years
one of the earliest
some
in the
cal writing.
Sorokin's
views
in
the
Sociological
Review.
was
followed,
in
1957,
by
views,
and for that matter with those of many other foreign contri-
butions
probably
accounts
for
critical
suggestion,
although
ethics,
Wedgwood.
It
with any care.
my very condensed volume
this objection. Indeed,
formulation
is
States,
true
a
priori
and
and valueless.
patterns
and
classificatory
rubrics
passed
for
a
 categories should
service
performed
by
as
have been made,
trary),
to
discover the one and only true pattern into which alone all
facts will be found
establish the truth as it is
under-
[They will] instinctively
at
work . .
qualification
in
the
inveighs, of
and sensate—
finitely more dangerous.
to
stand
up
for
moral
we
are
it.
The
urge
to
replace
as
those
condemned
by
Sir
result
was
what
we
should
have
yet
convincingly
been
to
believe
that
spirits. Like
rolling clouds
 to
nearly ten ears
have been
changes must
by the
facts upon
a
historian
Two
fairly
as
wine
would
run
out
of
a
huge
mound
of
grapes
as
be
gleaned
that
way,
and
largely
incommunicable,
with
a
steadily
diminishing
influence
development which would
to
thing
is
what
in two collections
an
inquiry
is
a
collection
would be useful
than
the
two
argued
answers to them cannot
study
his readers,
knowledge. But
to
see
how
bases
of
history,
what
is
the
from,
say,
that
of
seems
system by
to
to
the
use
it
deserves.
is factual rather than
a
transcendent
they
correspond
to
of
to
in
that,
as
Sorokin
interpretation. The
philosophy are
opinion is factual
be surprised if
a
as
philosophy from
acute discussion
does
to
of
a
real
system-building on flimsy foundations which
characterized
trated their
approach of
If
William
of
Ockham
Already there are
of
a
greater
at Oxford
before World
War II,
to
facts
to
the obstinate
conflict has
caused and
the depressing
failure of
from the
late Pro-
of
Sorokin
himself.
Nevertheless,
society. ^^ The statistical basis for the classification is no more
than
Dr. Stark
points out,
Sorokin himself
as accurate a
that
nothing
of
knowledge
affair of sharply differentiated
the
proportion
that
of
secular
works
(those
mentioned
in
the
of
music)
were
44
per
cent
religious and 56 per cent secular [or that] in the nineteenth
century religious
escapes
enumera-
of some of the re-
ligious music
pronouncedly secular.
But does
ation insofar as
and
it
books
are
the
National
or
two
promise,
Yet the word
Explanations of
race, climate, food and
matter.
by
no
means
alone in
have
influence.
Stark's  Reply in
this
tried in
my book,
academic
aptly
described
by
Carl
Becker
as
is the blighting
spite of the probably
 Philosophy
is
Newton in
have anything
work
is
only
in
present. For there
it
may
be
anticipated
that
Sorokin
undertaking
a
mountainous
the
flight
of
con-
a
historian,
while
first, that we
are passing through
a decadent age;
in
terms
of
world
movements.
What
through
inspiration
or
intuition,
we
301
decadent
order,
ages
cal progress, is
 falling
demon-ward,
or
to
the
passages
sensate culture appear
Quenchless are their longings.
Caught fast
in delusion,
these men.
of
low
estate.
The
ancient
Western thinkers
about
the
technique
of
yoga,
in
approach
to
reality.
reflecting
this
infinity.
The
altruism
Indian thought
as
the
of
man
and
society
creative-
ness
by de-
veloping which,
as
of
a
concentration
realm
of
in
he controls
the
superconscious
fol-
word,
or
of
human
for their  intuitions
described
in modem thought, Sorokin,
with scientific precision
The
Ways
It
is
not
he rose to
social
sciences.
This
for one
year as
we
shall
see,
this
The work on
its
execution
collaborators.
of
these,
research
fundamental
sys-
tems
errors of opposite
reliance
he
can
place
oration
of
thinking.
labor expended. If
of
as
a
is not
is far from
relation of
also
by
physical,
physiological,
communication
among
individuals,
but
over them.
spite of his definition, it has forced itself also upon
Sorokin.
Actually,
Sorokin speaks of
speaks
of
a
cosmosociology
and
a
biosociology
which
which, at the
of
such
expressions, it would seem justifiable for sociology, as he now
understands it,
But
if
to a program
suggested by it.
ever being one, who can completely ignore such moral goals.
In his numerous treatises,
earlier
publications,
remain
clearly
this.
In the first place, there is the immensity of the field cultivated
and the
at
times
to
selec-
the
so
long
a
ignored elsewhere
clear
whether
preparation
discussions of
hyphenation
of
adjectives
above-cited
and Types
who is accustomed
satisfied.
that the
deliberately
use, such
be disputed
results from
cultural factors
studies
mountains.
He
plane,
which
origin,
as
well
as
soci-
ological
schools
to a
great extent,
from the
the various
can
no
to
sys-
passes
view,
importance of
economic
conditions
various
ethnic
families, and without
do not furnish
to the
statisti-
could be multiplied;
but these do
served
number
of
dissatisfaction,
but
if, in modern sociology,
wolves,
then ob-
own
personal
results
that
American
sociology
is
very
but
no commercial
few.
The
teaching
and students'
century, the
the majority of Latin
own texts
for use
editions;
at
by
publishing
houses.
Students
practice
such
languages
9
daily
life,
nor
adequate
books
to
scientific litera-
countries,
and
whose
and
of
the
National
University
Spanish,
young
Latin
to
know
Sorokin
first-hand,
supplementing
going
to
present
at
all.
Oscar
Sorokin's
ideas lacked
unity and
precision. There
were two
criticisms I
and, therefore, paradoxical
me that:
to
other
sciences,
it is not dependent upon any particular one of them exclusively;
(2)
of
art,
of
science,
available
1942,
he
I
teachers and
leaders of
ideas;
(3)
the
inexhaustible
ought
hundreds
of
to the
produced
a
noteworthy
theory, he says,  is based upon an analysis of the
concepts
and
by
placing
sociology
Within
the
scheme
belongs
other social
which
Sorokin
contributed
of
social
organization.
Povina
of
to comment
a
us
His
contemporaries
cannot
all
human
works,
Sorokin's
studies
on
the truth
many
points
of view, in order to see clearly its magnitude and the
multipficity
of
has
ever
returned
to
his
professorial
parapet,
from
sociological
thinking.
Sorokin
few
space.
 Social
phenomena,
works,  do not
certain