pivotal role for heat pumps and thermal energy storage in

Pivotal role for heat pumps and thermal energy storage in the decarbonization of the industrial sector

E l e n a P A L O M O D E L B A R R I O

C o n g r e s o N a c i o n a l d e M e d i o A m b i e n t eC O N A M A 2 0 2 13 1 M a y o – 3 J u n i o 2 0 2 1

INDEX

1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target

2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage

4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications

5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology

6. Conclusion

>

© CICenergiGUNE. 2020. All rights reserved.

I N D U S T R I A L P R O C E S S E S A R E C U R R E N T L Y R E S P O N S I B L E F O R 2 5 % O F F I N A L E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N A N D 2 0 % O F T O T A L G A S E M I S S I O N S I N E U R O P E

INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE

4

Thermal energy accounts for 81% of the total energy demand, 66% consumed in process heating Low temperature (< 200 C) process heat represents 37% of total process heating requirements,

whereas high temperature (> 200 C) process heat accounts for 63% The current industrial process heat demand is primarily (78 %) covered by fossil fuel sources.

Relatively small shares are covered by more sustainable sources such as biomass (11 %) or electricity (3 %).

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P R O C E S S H E A T U S E B Y S E C T O R S A N D T E M P E R A T U R E L E V E L


5

Working temperatures for various renewable heat technologies

37% of total process heating requirements


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W A S T E H E A T P O T E N T I A L B Y S E C T O R S A N D T E M P E R A T U R E L E V E L


6

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.043

EU industryThe sum of waste heat potential in EU is 304.13 TWh/year, which is 16.7% of the industrial consumption for process heat, and represents 9.5% of the total industrial energy consumption

Temperature level Waste heat potential

< 100 C 1.25 TWh/year

100 – 200 C 100 TWh/year

200 – 500 C 78 TWh/year

> 500 C 124 TWh/yearOnly industries that use high temperatureprocess heat, like the steel industry

It is available in a large variety of industries, such as chemical, non-metallic minerals, food, and paper industries.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.043

>


S U M M A R Y


7

Almost all renewable heat technologies could

contribute to the decarbonization

High waste heat potential

Electrification and green hydrogen are the main

pathways toward decarbonization




>


S U M M A R Y


8

Almost all renewable heat technologies could

contribute to the decarbonization




Favorable to the electrification of heat through the combined use of heat pumps and thermal energy storage technologies

INDEX





6. Conclusion

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R E N E W A B L E P O W E R - T O - H E A T - C o n t r i b u t i o n t o h e a t s e c t o r d e c a r b o n i z a t i o n a n d p o w e r s e c t o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

ELECTRIFICATION OF PROCESS HEAT

10

The share of renewable energy in global annual electricity generation is expected to be increased from 25% today to 86% in 2050

Electrification of end-use sectors is seen as a key solution to decarbonisation given the efficiency gain achieved by electrifying these sectors.

Main renewable power-to-heat technologies

Heat pumps or electric boilers combined with thermal energy storage

Decarbonization of process heat while providing demand-side flexibility

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U N L O C K I N G T H E F L E X I B I L I T Y O F T H E H E A T I N G S Y S T E MP i v o t a l r o l e o f T h e r m a l E n e r g y S t o r a g e

ELECTRIFICATION OF PROCESS HEAT

11

Large-scale increase in electricity demand due to the production of heat from electricity, could creates challenges in covering peaks and increasing ramping requirements

Integrating power and heat sectors in smart way

DEMAND-SIDE FLEXIBILITYfor the power system

Enhanced global energy efficiency and process heat cost reduction

INDEX





6. Conclusion

>


I N C R E A S I N G T H E O V E R A L L E F F I C I E N C Y O F T H E P R O C E S S W H I L E A C H I E V I N G S T R O N G R E D U C T I O N O F C O 2 E M I S S I O N S

HEAT PUMPS FOR PROCESS HEATING

13

Industrial heat pumps (IHP) are a technology which can upgrade the temperature of a waste heat source such that it can be re-used within a process

Electrically-driven vapor compression cycle is the most commonly used IHP technology

This is the most efficient power-to-heat technology (COP = 2.5 - 5)

Can be implemented in both new and existing process operations

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O V E R V I E W O F I N D U S T R I A L H E A T P U M P S


14

Mature technology

Simplified scheme of a HP

Limited number of suppliers

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P O T E N T I A L A P P L I C A T I O N S


15

Heat pumps for temperatures up to 100°C have the potential to cover 222 TWh/a or 11 % of the process heating demand in European industry. This could lead to CO2 emission reductions in the order of 51 Mt/a.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9571-y

https://doi.org/10.2760/290197

In the case that heat pumps also become a mature technology for the supply of heat in the temperature range of 100°C to 200°C, an additional 508 TWh/a or 26 % of the total process heat demand can potentially be emission free, with potential additional CO2 reductions in the order of 95 Mt/a

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9571-y

https://doi.org/10.2760/290197

INDEX





6. Conclusion

>


R E S E A R C H A C T I V I T Y A T C I C E N E R G I G U N E

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

17

Applications Temperature range (℃)

TES technology

Renewable heating and cooling in buildings and tertiary sector

40 – 120 LHS with organic solid-state PCMs

Renewable industrial process heat

80 – 200up to 600

LHS with organic solid-state PCMsLHS with inorganic solid-state PCMs

Industrial waste heat valorization

up to 1000 SHS with low-cost solid materials

Applications in the power sector – CSP dispatchability, TPP and grid flexibility

up to 800 SHS in low-cost solids and molten saltsLHS with inorganic solid-state PCMs or shape-stabilized PCMsTCS based on metal oxides supporting redox, carbonatation or hydration chemical reactions

SHS: Sensible heat storageLHS: Latent heat storageTCS: Thermochemical storage

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T E S T E C N O L O G Y S T A T U S A N D I N N O V A T I O N O U T L O O K ( I R E N A 2 0 2 0 )


18

Competing technologies in the short-to-mid term

Because of costWater tanksSolid-state

Because of spatial footprint

HT Latent heatSalt hydration

Cost ($/kWh) targets by 2030

SEN < 25LAT 60-95TC 80-160

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T E S F O R I N D U S T R I A L H E A T P U M P S ( 8 0 – 2 0 0 ℃ )T e c h n o l o g y s t a t u s a n d R e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e


19

Pressurized water tanks Latent heat storage

Commercially availableProven technology

Current cost: 35 $/kWhTarget 2030: 25 S/kWh

Still under development

Current cost: 60-120 $/kWhTarget 2030: 60-95 $/kWh

Space footprintLow energy density

(30 kWh/m3 approx.)

COP degradationIncreasing temperature lift

Space footprint3-5 times higher energy density

No COP degradation expectedIsothermal storage

AdvantagesDrawbacks

CIC´s CHALLENGING OBJECTIVEDeveloping cost competitive (< 25 $/kWh) latent heat storage technology

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S T R A T E G Y O F D E V E L O P M E N T


20

Currently used PCMs are solid-liquid PCM with low thermal conductivityLarge surface area for PCM/HTF heat exchange is, therefore, neededHX (or PCM macroencapsulation) usually account for more than 60% of CAPEX

Avoid using either HX or macroencapsulationby a new class of PCMS leading to low-cost packed-bed storage system

PCM-based fixed packed-beds

>


S O L I D - S T A T E P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S


21

Plastic crystal like high temperature phase

Ordered crystallin low temperature phase

Organic plastic crystals undergoing a solid-state phase transition from a compact, ordered crystalline phase (low-temperature phase) to a highly directionally disordered crystalline phase (high-temperature phase or plastic crystal)

ΔS - high

Surprisingly high enthalpy of transition

Many times comparable to that of melting/solidification processes

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M A I N F E A T U R E S O F S T U D I E D P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S


22

High volumetric energy density in a suitable T range

Easy working temperature tailoring

Easy improvement of initial performances

Compatibility with commonly used HTFs

Others

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200100

150

200

250

300

350

C-50

C-19

C-50C-19

PETAMPG

AMPLD

ensi

ty (k

g/m

3 ) n-alkanes Plastic Crystal

NPGNPG

PG

AMPL

TAMPE

n-alkanes Plastic Crystals

Late

nt h

eat (

J/g)

Temperature (ºC)

NPG PG

AMPLTAM

PE

Together, high latent heat and high density lead to volumetric energy density 3 times higher than that of water under similar working conditions

>




23

Changing phase transition properties in a continuous manner simply changing mixture composition – Easy processing of the material by powders mixing and pressing

Isomorphous phase diagramMixtures displaying solid solutions





Others

>




24

Increasing apparent thermal conductivity (x 5) by adding small amount of ENG (<10%) – Easy processing by powders mixing and pressing

(PE-PG)-RT100

(NPG-PG)-P55

Shape-stabilized solid-liquid PCM with solid-state PCMC as active supporting media – Increasing up to 50% heat storage capacity while lowering specific material cost (up to 120 ℃ so far)

Overcoming hysteresis by controlling the size of crystals of initial powders

T tr in charge =

T tr in discharge





Others

>




25

Soluble in water – Protective coating needed – Obtained by low-cost processing method (deep-coating or spraying)





Others

Compatible with vegetal oils - Very low-cost attractive HTF

Coated NPG-RT28

>




26

Easy and versatile integration into the storage system – Wide variety of shaping and sizing range

Basic chemical components available in the market

Affordable production cost (1.2 €/kg) Safe material, non-toxic, non

corrosive

Easy recycling (e.g. green H2 production and valuable elemental carbon)





Others

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C O S T E S T I M A T I O N ( C A P E X )


27

Pressurized water tanks

Latent heat storage(SL- PCMs)

CIC energiGUNEtechnology

Commercially availableProven technology

Current cost: 35 $/kWhTarget 2030: 25 $/kWh


Current cost: 60-120 $/kWhTarget 2030: 60-95 $/kWh


Current cost: 35-45 $/kWhTarget 2030: < 25 $/kWh

Space footprintLow energy density

(30 kWh/m3 approx.)

COP degradationIncreasing temperature

lift

Space footprint3-5 times higher energy density


Space footprint3 times higher energy density


INDEX





6. Conclusion

>


CONCLUSION

29

The electrification of low-temperature process heat is seen as key solution toward the decarbonization of manufacturing industry

Industrial heat pumps are the most efficient technology for converting renewable electricity into heat

Heat pumps combined with thermal energy storage are flexibility heating systems allowing increased global energy efficiency and reduced process heat cost while providing demand-side flexibility to the grid

Latent heat storage technology developed at CIC energigune has strong potential for improving the state of the art (water tanks), increasing compactness and reducing costs

G R A C I A S · T H A N K Y O U · E S K E R R I K A S K O

Parque Tecnológico · c/Albert Einstein 4801510 Vitoria-Gasteiz · (Álava) SPAIN+34 945 29 71 08

cicenergigune.com

CONTACT

Elena PALOMO DEL BARRIO

Scientific Director of TES area

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

pivotal role for heat pumps and thermal energy storage in

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