pkp2__ policy coherence in ard: vietnam

7/30/2019 PKP2__ Policy Coherence in ARD: Vietnam

1/161

Ncfdec Hfift ]cexgftagft T|tec Hlwlcf}alix

FTO@IN ]E]LT

W@LXIEA


2/161

Xbl Ncfdec Hfift ]cexgfta gft T|tec Hlwlcf}alix kfaa`{{`filh xbtll kfa}tlbli{`wl {x|h`l{ xf ke}x|tl ]cex!

gfta aladlt{ oif~clhnl fi olp `{{|l{ egglkxìn xbl hlc`wltp eih à}ekx fg e`h ì ETH:

]O] 5 ]fc`kp kfbltlikl gft ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix

]O] 4 E`h xf ent`k|cx|tl# t|tec hlwlcf}alix eih gffh {lk|t`xp \i}ekoìn e`h gcf~{ gft libeiklh

lgglkx`wlil{{

]O] ; Xbl {xtexln`k tfcl fg xbl }t`wexl {lkxft ì ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix

Xbl ]O]{ etl xbl }tfh|kx{ fg lrxli{`wl {|twlp{ fg ]cexgfta aladlt bleh fgg`kl eih g`lch {xegg# w`{`x{ xf kf|ixtpfgg`kl{# ~fto{bf}{ hlh`kexlh xf {betìn gìhìn{ eih tlgììn al{{enl{# eih {|kkl{{`wl tf|ih{ fg kfaalix{ fi

htegx{

Fi xbl de{`{ fg lekb ]O]# {l}etexl }fc`kp dt`lg{ ~`cc dl }|dc`{blh

Gft aftl ìgftaex`fi fi xbl ]O]{ w`{`x hfift}cexgfta)ftn

Xb`{ ~ftoìn }e}lt `{ ficp ewe`cedcl lclkxtfi`keccp eih kei dl hf~icfehlh gtfa xbl ~ld{`xl fg xbl Ncfdec Hfift ]cexgfta gft T|tec Hlwlcf}alix ex:

~~~hfift}cexgftaftn&tl{f|tkl{&}|dc`kex`fi{

[lktlxetèx fg xbl Ncfdec Hfift ]cexgfta gft T|tec Hlwlcf}alix#

Hebcaeii{xte{{l 8#


3/161

]cexgfta Oif~clhnl ]`lkl ;:

Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 5

Xedcl fg Kfixlix{

Xedcl fg Kfixlix{ 5

Lrlk|x`wl [|aaetp

[ìkl 5020: aetolx!ft`lixlh tlgfta{ 42

Aejft tlgfta{ fi ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxft 40

Hl!kfcclkx`w`zex`fi# H`tlkx`wl 5== eih Tl{fc|x`fi 5= 40

Ceih tlgfta{ ì t|tec etle{ ;5

C`dltec`zex`fi fg xtehl ì xbl ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft ;4Gek`c`xex`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft ì ent`k|cx|tl ;;


4/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft `i Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 4Fxblt ent`k|cx|tl!tlcexlh }fc`kp kbeinl{ ;8

Ekkl{{ xf ktlh`x gft t|tec lixlt}t`{l{ ;8

@iklix`wl{ gft `iwl{xalix i ent`k|cx|tl ;


5/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix ;Aejft }fc`kp `{{|l{ ì xbl kfggll {lkxft >8

Il~ Lkfifa`k Zfil }fc`kp eih kfggll ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ >8

Fxblt {xexl ìxltwlix`fi{ i xbl kfggll {lkxft >7

Lrxli{`fi {ltw`kl{ eih `tt`nex`fi ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ >7

Aejft f|xkfal{ i xbl kfggll {lkxft >>

Tfd|{x ntf~xb fg kfggll f|x}|x eih lr}ftx >>

W`lxiea{ kfggll ì xbl ~ftch kfggll aetolx 2=

Kfggll lr}ei{`fi eih }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ 2;

Eiecp{`{ fg xbl Kfggll Wec|l Kbeì ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ 2

Fxblt kbecclinl{ 02[fal }fc`kp a}c`kex`fi{ 00

]t`wexl [lkxft Hlwlcf}alix ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih T|tec Hlwlcf}alix: Xbl ke{l fg Ftnei`k

Wlnlxedcl{ 5=5

Dekontf|ih fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ ì W`lxiea 5=5

Wlnlxedcl{ }tfh|kx`fi eih gffh {eglxp 5=5

[xexl tfcl{ ì xbl hlwlcf}alix fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ 5=;

Cln`{cex`fi hlwlcf}alix fi {egl wlnlxedcl{ 5=;

]fc`k`l{ gft xbl hlwlcf}alix fg [egl Ent`k|cx|tec Zfil{ 5=7

Eiecp{`{ fg Ftnei`k Wlnlxedcl Wec|l Kbeì ì xbl Tlh T`wlt Hlcxe 5=>

Fwltecc w`l~ fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l kbeì 5=>

Olp ekxft{ fg xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l kbeì 5=2

Ftnei`k wlnlxedcl getalt{ 5=2

Kfcclkxft{ eih ftnei`k wlnlxedcl kfa}ei`l{ 558

[|}ltaetolx{ eih wlnlxedcl {xftl{ 552

Aejft kbecclinl{ eih }fc`kp à}c`kex`fi{ 552


6/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 8Olp kbecclinl{ 550

[fal }fc`kp a}c`kex`fi{ 54=

Hfift [|}}ftx gft ]t`wexl [lkxft Hlwlcf}alix# Ent`k|cx|tl eih T|tec Hlwlcf}alix ì

W`lxiea 545

Fwltw`l~ fg hfift {|}}ftx gft W`lxiea 545

Fgg`kèc hlwlcf}alix e{{`{xeikl "FHE) gcf~{ xf W`lxiea 545

Eccfkex`fi fg FHE dp {lkxft{ eih tln`fi{ 548

]tfg`cl{ fg cetnl{x hfift{ ì W`lxiea 54


7/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix < kei dl kbetekxlt`zlh dp xbtll

aejft }lt`fh{ ]t`ft xf xbl 502={# W`lxiea{ lkfifap ~e{ l{{lixèccp e klixteccp }ceiilh

lkfifap Dlx~lli 502= eih 5022# xbl ge`c|tl fg xbl klixteccp }ceiiìn {p{xla beh dlkfal

tlwleclh Xbl Nfwltialix fg W`lxiea xt`lh xf ktlexl ìklix`wl{ ì ent`k|cx|tl eih {xexl!f~ilh

lixlt}t`{l{ "[FL{) xbtf|nb {fal a`ktflkfifa`k tlgfta{ Xbl{l ì`xèx`wl{# ehf}xlh gtfa xbl {f!

kecclh glikl!dtleoìn eih dfxxfa!|} ale{|tl{# beh {fal {|kkl{{ ì xbl letcp 502={ D|x xbl

ì`xèc ale{|tl{ ~ltl ifx {|gg`k`lix lif|nb xf ehhtl{{ xbl g|ihealixec }tfdcla fg tl{f|tkl

a`{eccfkex`fi Xbl lkfifa`k tlkl{{`fi ~e{ {f {lwltl xbex xbl fgg`kèc ce|ikb fg xbl Hf` af` "`l

Tlifwex`fi) ~e{ {falxàl{ tlglttlh e{ e {|tw`wec {xtexlnp "K]W# 4==5) Xbl Hf` af` ì 5027 eihl{}lkèccp xbl teh`kec aetolx!ft`lixlh tlgfta{ fg 5020 aetolh e x|tiìn }fìx ì xbl b`{xftp fg

W`lxiea{ lkfifa`k b`{xftp H|tìn xbl Hf` af`# e c`dltec`zex`fi }tfkl{{ fg gftalt h`{xftx`fi{ xf

ent`k|cx|tl eih |ilu|ec xtlexalix xf~eth xbl }t`wexl {lkxft be{ dlli }|t{|lh ~`xb e i|adlt fg

à}ftxeix }fc`kp kbeinl{# ~b`kb tl!hlgìl{ xbl tfcl fg xbl Nfwltialix ì ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec

hlwlcf}alix "ETH) eih {|}}ftxìn }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix "][H) gtfa e kfaaeihìn tfcl

ìxf aftl {|}}ftx`wl eih n|`hìn tfcl

Eafin xbl dfxxfa!|} glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl{# H`tlkx`wl 5== ~e{ etn|edcp xbl af{x teh`kec

glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl lr}ltàlixlh ì ent`k|cx|tl ì xbl letcp 502={ Ekkfthìncp# ent`k|cx|tec

ceih{ ~ltl tlh`{xt`d|xlh gtfa kfcclkx`wl{ xf }le{eix bf|{lbfch{? xblp ~ltl xbli n`wli e u|fxe

de{lh fi ceih etle{ |{lh eih }tfh|kx`w`xp h|tìn xbl }tlw`f|{ plet{ ]le{eix{ ~ltl xbli eccf~lhxf oll} ft {lcc {|t}c|{l{ fi xbl }t`wexl aetolx{ ft xf xbl {xexl xtehìn enlik`l{ ex {fal

ilnfxèxlh }t`kl{ H`tlkx`wl 5== eih fxblt glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl{ ~ltl bf~lwlt ifx {|gg`k`lix

xf fwltkfal {lwltl ceko fg gffh eih gffh{x|gg ì xbl 502={ Xf fwltkfal {fk`f!lkfifa`k kt`{`{#

xbl [`rxb Iex`fiec Kfintl{{ fg xbl Kfaa|i`{x ]etxp ì 5027 fgg`kèccp ìxtfh|klh xbl hf` af` @i

{lt`l{ fg {|d{lu|lix tlgfta{# xbltl ~ltl dfch }fc`kp kbeinl{ ì ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxft

hlwlcf}alix# ìkc|hìn "`) ceih!|{l t`nbx{ gft getalt{? "``) c`dltec`zex`fi fg ent`k|cx|tec xtehl eih

}t`kl{? "```) gek`c`xex`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix ì ent`k|cx|tl? eih "`w) fxblt ent`k|cx|tl!tlcexlh

}fc`kp kbeinl{

Ceih tlgfta{ ~ltl {xetxlh ~`xb Tl{fc|x`fi 5= "|{|eccp tlglttlh xf e{ Obfi 5=) Getalt{ ~ltl

lix`xclh xf ceih!|{l t`nbx{ gft 5< plet{ gft eii|ec ktf}{ eih 8= plet{ gft }ltliièc ktf}{Kff}ltex`wl{ if cfinlt kfixtfcclh ke}`xec {xfko# ~ftoìn ke}`xec# eih fxblt alei{ fg }tfh|kx`fi

Getalt{ neìlh xbl`t e|xfifap xf g|ccp kfixtfc }tfh|kx`fi hlk`{`fi{ Xb`{ e|xfifap ~e{ eneì{x

xbl g|ihealixec }tìk`}cl fg kfcclkx`wl ent`k|cx|tl# eih e{ e tl{|cx# xbltl ~e{ e hlkfcclkx`w`zex`fi

~ewl egxlt Tl{fc|x`fi 5= [xlaaìn gtfa xbex de{`{# xbl g`t{x Ceih Ce~ ~e{ }tfa|cnexlh ì 500;

lrxlihìn ceih xli|tl xf 4= plet{ gft eii|ec ktf}{ eih 05# }t`kl c`dltec`zex`fi ~e{ kett`lh f|x ~`xb {lu|lixèc tlgfta ale{|tl{xf edfc`{b xbl tex`fi {p{xla eih xbl ne} dlx~lli fgg`kèc eih aetolx }t`kl{ Dp 5020# }t`kl{ fg


8/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 7af{x nffh eih {ltw`kl{ ~ltl if cfinlt hlk`hlh dp {xexl }ceiilt{# lrkl}x gft t`kl# ne{fcìl# eih

{fal fxblt l{{lixèc nffh{ ]t`kl c`dltec`zex`fi ~e{ ekkfa}ei`lh dp xbl f}liìn fg aetolx{ gft

dfxb ìxltiec eih lrxltiec xtehl Gftl`ni xtehl tlgfta ~e{ ì`xèxlh ì 5022 ~`xb xbl }tfa|cnex`fi fg

xbl g`t{x Ce~ fi @a}ftx eih Lr}ftx H|x`l{ W`lxiea tlc`lh blew`cp fi u|eix`xex`wl tl{xt`kx`fi{ ì xbl

letcp {xenl fg xtehl tlgfta{ D|x xbl{l tln|cex`fi{ bewl lwfcwlh {|d{xeixèccp ì xbl cexl 500={

[xexl afif}fcp ì ent`k|cx|tec xtehìn ~e{ {xleh`cp tlafwlh C`klikl{ gft lixlt}t`{l{ xf }etx`k`}exlì gftl`ni xtei{ekx`fi{ ~ltl tlafwlh ì xbl cexl 500= Ekkfthìncp# ecc g`ta{ etl eccf~lh xf xtehl

nffh{ h`tlkxcp ì xbl teinl fg nffh{ ì xbl`t {kf}l fg ekx`w`x`l{ tln`{xltlh ì xbl`t d|{ìl{{ c`klikl{

~`xbf|x e gftl`ni xtehìn c`kli{l

Xbl }t`wexl {lkxft ~e{ ifx fgg`kèccp tlkfni`zlh |ihlt xbl klixteccp }ceiiìn lkfifap eih ~e{ }|x

|ihlt e dtfehcp hlgìlh xlta fg dceko aetolx ft ìgftaec {lkxft Xb`{ bf~lwlt kbeinlh

hteaex`keccp egxlt xbl hf` af` Xbl 5004 Kfi{x`x|x`fi cep{ xbl af{x à}ftxeix kfi{x`x|x`fiec

dekontf|ih gft tlkfni`x`fi fg xbl }t`wexl {lkxft ì xbl lkfifap Xb`{ ~e{ e tl{|cxeix kfi{lu|likl

fg xbl Kfaa|i`{x ]etxp{ h`tlkx`fi xf hlwlcf} e a|cx`!{lkxftec lkfifap "`l ~`xb }etx`k`}ex`fi fg

d|{ìl{{ lix`x`l{ gtfa h`ggltlix xp}l{ fg f~ilt{b`}) Xbl af{x à}ftxeix a`cl{xfil gft }t`wexl

{lkxft hlwlcf}alix ~e{ xbl Lixlt}t`{l Ce~ fg 4=== "eih 4==< tlw`{lh wlt{`fi) \ix`c xbli# }t`wexllixlt}t`{l{ beh dlli eccf~lh xf f}ltexl |ihlt e {lt`l{ fg e}}tfwec{ eih kfixtfc{ dp xbl

e|xbft`x`l{ Xbl Lixlt}t`{l Ce~# dp kfixte{x# }tfxlkxlh xbl t`nbx fg k`x`zli{ xf l{xedc`{b eih f}ltexl

}t`wexl d|{ìl{{l{ ~`xbf|x |iilkl{{etp ìxltwlix`fi{ gtfa nfwltialix fgg`kèc{ Xbl af{x

à}ftxeix ìifwex`fi ìxtfh|klh dp xbl Lixlt}t`{l Ce~ ~e{ xbl {à}c`g`kex`fi fg tln`{xtex`fi

}tfklh|tl{ ~`xb xbl lcàìex`fi fg fwlt fil b|ihtlh d|{ìl{{ c`kli{l{ Xbl }t`wexl {lkxft be{

liftaf|{cp tl{}fihlh xf xb`{ il~ e}}tfekb dp e {bet} ìktle{l ì xbl i|adlt fg il~

l{xedc`{balix{ @i }etecclc xf xbl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl }t`wexl {lkxft# t|tec bf|{lbfch{ tl{}fihlh

}f{`x`wlcp xf il~ f}}ftx|i`x`l{ Ceih tlgfta{# hlkfcclkx`w`zex`fi# eih c`dltec`zex`fi fg ent`k|cx|tec

xtehl# a`cc`fi{ fg }le{eix bf|{lbfch{ bewl {xetxlh xbl`t f~i d|{ìl{{ ex a`ktf {kecl{

@i ehh`x`fi xf xbl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl hfal{x`k }t`wexl {lkxft# xbl ìktle{ìn gcf~ fg gftl`ni h`tlkxìwl{xalix "GH@) be{ ktlexlh ei laltnìn gftl`ni!ìwl{xlh }t`wexl {lkxft Exxtekxìn GH@ ~e{

kfi{`hltlh ì xbl c`{x fg aeì }t`ft`x`l{ e}}tfwlh ex xbl 7xb Iex`fiec Kfintl{{ fg xbl Kfaa|i`{x

]etxp ì 5027 Xbl Ce~ fi Gftl`ni H`tlkx @iwl{xalix ~e{ xbli liekxlh ì 502> @i gekx# xbl GH@

{lkxft be{ {xleh`cp tl}ceklh xbl hfaìeix tfcl fg xbl [FL {lkxft ì xlta{ fg `x{ kfixt`d|x`fi xf

lkfifa`k ntf~xb E{ fg 4==># xbl gftl`ni }t`wexl {lkxft kfixt`d|xlh iletcp 52 }ltklix fg NH]# 85

}ltklix fg ìh|{xtèc f|x}|x# eih


9/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix >^b`cl xbl Nfwltialix be{ ~`xbhte~i gtfa h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{ ì ETH# {xtfin h`tlkx {|}}ftx `{

bf~lwlt tlxeìlh gft }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi ì xbl t|tec etle{ Tlgfta{ xf~eth c`dltec`zex`fi fg

ent`k|cx|tl eih gek`c`xex`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix e{ hl{kt`dlh edfwl bewl tl{|cxlh ì

à}tl{{`wl t|tec lkfifa`k ntf~xb Bf~lwlt# xbltl be{ dlli e kfi{`hltedcl hlwlcf}alix ne}

dlx~lli xbl t|tec eih |tdei etle{ [xlaaìn gtfa xb`{ ne}# xbl Nfwltialix eih ìxltiex`fiec

hfift{ be{ tl{}fihlh ekx`wlcp xf iettf~ hf~i xbl |tdei!t|tec ne}{ dp e }clxbfte fg }fc`k`l{ eih}tfnteaal{ xf {|}}ftx t|tec lkfifa`k ntf~xb eih }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi Xbl{l }fc`k`l{ eih

}tfnteaal{ bewl aehl {`ni`g`keix ehweiklalix{ xf xbl t|tec lkfifap# l{}lkèccp ì xlta{ fg t|tec

ìgte{xt|kx|tl{ eih }tfw`{`fi fg }|dc`k {ltw`kl{ Bf~lwlt# xbltl bewl dlli kfiklti{ fi xbl fwltce}

fg xbl{l }tfnteaal{ e{ ~lcc e{ xbl e}}tfekbl{ ehe}xlh @i ehh`x`fi# beth~etl ìwl{xalix

tlaeì{ e{ fil fg xbl klixtec gfk|{ fg xbl{l }fc`k`l{ eih }tfnteaal{

Tl{}fi{l{ fg xbl t|tec lkfifap xf xbl tlgfta{

Xbl t|tec lkfifap be{ tl{}fihlh w`nftf|{cp xf xbl il~ f}}ftx|i`x`l{ ktlexlh dp xbl edfwl

c`dltec`zex`fi }tfkl{{ Gtfa ei entetèi lkfifap xbex |{|eccp likf|ixltlh dp {lwltl ceko fg gffh

eih de{lh fi kfcclkx`wl ent`k|cx|tl# W`lxiea be{ dlkfal fil fg xbl ~ftch cetnl{x lr}ftxlt{ fg

ent`k|cx|tec }tfh|kx{ @i xbl }lt`fh 500=!4==0# xbl ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft lr}lt`liklh e wltp b`nbewltenl ntf~xb fg iletcp g`wl }ltklix }lt eii|ec Xb`{ `{ ei lrkl}x`fieccp b`nb ntf~xb texl ì

ent`k|cx|tl kfa}etlh ~`xb fxblt hlwlcf}ìn kf|ixt`l{ Eu|ek|cx|tl be{ laltnlh e{ xbl af{x

à}ftxeix ent`k|cx|tl lr}ftx `xla ì tlklix plet{ Xbl {lkxft ntl~ ex ei ewltenl texl fg iletcp xli

}ltklix }lt eii|ec# xbf|nb xbl }exxlti fg ntf~xb hfl{ ifx cffo {xedcl fwlt xbl }lt`fh @i xlta{ fg

ed{fc|xl wec|l# xbl f|x}|x clwlc dp xbl lih fg xb`{ }lt`fh ~e{ edf|x kfttl{}fihìn g`n|tl{ gft eu|ek|cx|tl eih gftl{xtp ~ltl xbtll eih {lwli xàl{

Hl{}`xl fg xbl à}tl{{`wl ntf~xb ì f|x}|x eih lr}ftx# xbl {betl fg ent`k|cx|tl ì xfxec NH]# lr}ftx#

eih jfd ktlex`fi xlih{ xf hlkcìl fwlt xàl h|l xf te}`h ntf~xb fg aei|gekx|tìn eih {ltw`kl{Xbltl be{ dlli e kfiklti fi ~blxblt ent`k|cx|tl kf|ch kfixì|l `x{ xteh`x`fiec tfcl ì jfd ktlex`fi

\{ìn xbl WBC[[{ {|nnl{x ei ìktle{ìn tfcl fg xbl t|tec ifigeta {lkxft "TIG[) dfxb e{ ei

à}ftxeix {f|tkl fg la}cfpalix eih t|tec bf|{lbfch ìkfal @i }etx`k|cet# xbl la}cfpalix {betl

fg xbl TIG[ be{ ìktle{lh gtfa 4; }ltklix xf < }ltklix ì xbl }lt`fh 500=!4==0

~b`kb `{ kfi{`hltedcp cf~lt xbei xbl ewltenl }f}|cex`fi ntf~xb fg xbl kf|ixtp ex 58 }ltklix

[fal {|twlp{ {|nnl{x xbex fil g`gxb fg xbl xfxec }f}|cex`fi ì BKAK etl a`nteix{ ~b`cl xbl

kfttl{}fihìn g`n|tl ì Beif` `{ iletcp 54 }ltklix Xb`{ {|nnl{x{ e {`ni`g`keix t|tec!|tdei a`ntex`fi

gcf~# xbf|nb fgg`kèc {xex`{x`k{ fi t|tec!|tdei a`ntex`fi etl ifx ewe`cedcl @i aeip ke{l{# a`nteix{

~ltl gf|ih xf }ep b`nblt gft }|dc`k |x`c`x`l{ "{|kb e{ kclei ~exlt# lclkxt`k`xp) xbei ifi!a`nteix{ eih

xbltl be{ dlli c`xxcl }fc`kp tl{}fi{l{ xf {|}}ftx xbl a`nteix{ ì xbl |tdei etle{ @i ehh`x`fi# e{

af{x fg xbl a`nteix{ ~ltl gf|ih ex xbl enl dlx~lli 4= xf ;= plet{# xbl t|tec }f}|cex`fi `{

ìktle{ìncp enlìn


10/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 2T`kl wec|l kbeì ì xbl Alofin T`wlt Hlcxe

]fc`kp liw`tfialix gft xbl t`kl {lkxft

]ehhp `{ kltxeìcp ex xbl klixtec fg xbl tlklix ntf~xb ì ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix Xbl

gfk|{ fg xb`{ {x|hp fi xbl Alofin T`wlt Hlcxe "ATH) `{ j|{x`g`lh dp xbl hfaìeikl fg xb`{ tln`fi ì

t`kl }tfh|kx`fi eih lr}ftx e{ xbl tln`fi ekkf|ix{ gft iletcp 2=, fg t`kl {|t}c|{ eih edf|x e becg fgt`kl f|x}|x fg xbl kf|ixtp Gtfa e {`x|ex`fi fg e iex`fiec gffh hlg`k`x ~`xb e tlcex`wlcp ~`hl{}tleh fg

b|inlt# W`lxiea be{ x|tilh ìxf e {`x|ex`fi fg wltp cetnl gffh {|t}c|{ ~`xb ficp e gl~ }fkolx{ fg

b|inlt Dlx~lli 500= eih 4=5=# iex`fiec }ehhp }tfh|kx`fi hf|dclh gtfa 504 a`cc`fi xfi{ xf

iletcp 8= a`cc`fi xfi{# ~b`cl xbl etle fg t`kl ceih ìktle{lh afhl{xcp# {|nnl{xìn e {`ni`g`keix

à}tfwlalix fg t`kl }tfh|kx`w`xp Xbl }ehhp t`kl f|x}|x ntf~xb `{ e{{fkèxlh ~`xb te}`h ntf~xb fg

t`kl lr}ftx Af{x tlklixcp# W`lxiea t`kl lr}ftx tlekblh 7>< a`cc`fi xfi{ ~`xb ei lr}ftx x|tifwlt fg

iletcp xbtll d`cc`fi \[( ì 4=5= Xbltl etl {lwltec gekxft{ xbex kfixt`d|xl xf "ft bìhlt) xbex

w`nftf|{ ntf~xb fg xbl t`kl {lkxft

@i xlta{ fg }fc`kp liw`tfialix# }ehhp ceih ekkf|ix{ gft iletcp 8; }ltklix fg xfxec ent`k|cx|tl ceih

Xbf|nb W`lxiea be{ if~ nliltexlh wltp cetnl {|t}c|{ fg t`kl# aeip W`lxieal{l }fc`kp!aeolt{

tlaeì kfikltilh edf|x cfin!xlta gffh {lk|t`xp ì xbl gekl fg |ikltxeì g|x|tl }exxlti{ fg kcàexl

kbeinl eih ì xbl kfixlrx fg ìxli{`gpìn kfa}lx`x`fi gft ewe`cedcl ceih E{ e tl{|cx# }le{eix

getalt{# xbtf|nb etl lix`xclh xf cfin xlta ceih!|{l t`nbx{# bewl cà`xlh gclr`d`c`xp gft ktf}}ìn ì xbl`t

}ehhp t`kl ceih Fg h`ggltlix xp}l{ fg ent`k|cx|tl ceih# }ehhp t`kl `{ }ceklh |ihlt {xt`kx

aeienlalix Xbl Nfwltialix be{ {lx xbl xetnlx gft ;2 a`cc`fi blkxetl{ fg }tfxlkxlh t`kl ceih dp

4=4= eih xb`{ `{ j|{x =; a`cc`fi blkxetl{ dlcf~ xbl k|ttlixcp k|cx`wexlh }ehhp ceih Bf~lwlt# xb`{

fdjlkx`wl `{ u|`xl kbecclinìn \tdei`zex`fi eih ìh|{xtèc`zex`fi tl}tl{lix ei ìktle{ìn

kfa}lx`x`fi gft ent`k|cx|tl ceih ~`xb iletcp


11/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 0W`lxiea Gffh Kft}ftex`fi Fil "Wìegffh 5) eih W`lxiea Gffh Kft}ftex`fi Fil "Wìegffh 4)# e{

lrxlihlh eta{ WGE `{ {|}}f{lh xf dl e ifx!}tfg`x eih ìhl}lihlix }tfgl{{`fiec e{{fkèx`fi ~b`kb

blc}{ xf }tfxlkx xbl ìxltl{x{ gft ecc ekxft{ ì xbl t`kl {lkxft Bf~lwlt# WGE `{ dl{x hl{kt`dlh e{ e

}fc`kp xffc gft xbl nfwltialix ì xbl t`kl {lkxft E i|adlt fg 552 WGE aladlt{ lgglkx`wlcp ekkf|ix

gft 2= }ltklix fg xfxec t`kl lr}ftx eih hlc`wlt xf xbl nfwltialix!xf!nfwltialix kfixtekx{ @i

ehh`x`fi# WGE aladlt{ etl ec{f aeihexlh dp xbl e|xbft`x`l{ xf }|t{|l {xtexln`k tl{ltwl{ìxltwlix`fi{

T`kl wec|l kbeì ì xbl Alofin T`wlt Hlcxe

Xf }tfw`hl ì{`nbx{ fi xbl t`kl {lkxft# e g`lchxt`} xf ATH ~e{ kfih|kxlh ì xb`{ {x|hp xf gìh bf~ xbl

}t`wexl {lkxft eih getalt{ bewl tl!ekxlh xf xbl il~ f}}ftx|i`x`l{ ktlexlh dp xbl c`dltec`zex`fi ì

ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix Xbl t`kl wec|l kbeì `{ cfin eih kfa}c`kexlh Xbltl

etl {lwltec a`hhcl }ceplt{ dlx~lli t`kl ntf~lt{ xf gìec }tfh|klt{ ft lr}ftxlt{# "`) ìkc|hìn

kfcclkxft{ eih xtehlt{ ~bf d|p }ehhp h`tlkxcp gtfa t`kl ntf~lt{ "ft gtfa {aecclt kfcclkxft{)? "``)

b|{oìn gekxft`l{# ~b`kb etl l`xblt cfkexlh ilet }tfh|kx`fi etle{ ft e{ }etx fg }tfkl{{ft{? "```)

}fc`{bìn a`cc{ eih {falxàl{ a`hhcl kfa}ei`l{ ~b`kb etl hl{kt`dlh e{ xbf{l ~bf d|p b|{olh

t`kl eih {|}}cp l`xblt xf lr}ftxlt{ ft }fc`{b b|{olh t`kl xbla{lcwl{? "`w) Lr}ftxlt{&}tfh|klt{ ~bfkf|ch l`xblt lr}ftx ft h`{xt`d|xl xf xbl hfal{x`k aetolx? "w) `g t`kl xbli nfl{ xf hfal{x`k aetolx#

cfkec h`{xt`d|xft{ "{|}ltaetolx{# xtehlt{) ec{f ìwfcwl e{ }etx fg xbl wec|l kbeì [fal ekxft{ fg xbl

edfwl ~ltl ìxltw`l~lh# eih tl{|cx{ gtfa xbl g`lchxt`} ìh`kexl xbl gfccf~ìn gìhìn{:

@i xlta{ fg t`kl getalt{# xbltl `{ etf|ih 587 a`cc`fi }le{eix bf|{lbfch{ k|cx`wexìn t`kl ì ATH "ì

xbl xfxec fg iletcp x~f a`cc`fi bf|{lbfch{ ì xbl tln`fi)# }tfh|kìn becg fg xfxec }ehhp t`kl eih af{x

fg t`kl lr}ftx @x ~e{ tl}ftxlh xbex af{x fg t`kl ntf~lt{ etl ekx|eccp ilx t`kl d|plt{ eih ficp xbf{l

~`xb cetnl{x }ehhp ceih }f{{l{{`fi "etf|ih cl{{ xbei fil g`gxb fg xbl xfxec) be{ {betlh af{x

dlilg`xlh gtfa xbl ilx t`kl {|t}c|{ Xb`{ kf|ch dl xeoli xf {|nnl{x xbex af{x fg t`kl getalt{ bewl

ekx|eccp dlilg`xlh afhl{x gtfa xbl tlklix hteaex`k ntf~xb fg }ehhp }tfh|kx`fi eih lr}ftx @i

ehh`x`fi# xbltl etl e i|adlt fg `{{|l{ eih }tfdcla{ geklh dp t`kl ntf~lt{ tlwleclh gtfa xbl g`lch{|twlp Ifxedcp# t`kl ntf~lt{ hl}lih u|`xl blew`cp fi gltx`c`zlt{ eih fxblt entf!kbla`kec{# ~b`kb

ekkf|ix gft ei l{xàexl fg dlx~lli ;= }ltklix eih


12/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 5=`{ à}ftxeix xf ifxl xbex {xftenl ke}ek`xp fg xtehlt{&kfcclkxft{ `{ fgxli cà`xlh Gft af{x xtehlt{#

}ehhp# l`xblt ht`lh ft ~lx# df|nbx gtfa getalt{ etl {fch h`tlkxcp xf a`cclt{

T`kl a`ccìn `{ à}clalixlh ì x~f {xenl{ Xbl g`t{x {xenl ìwfcwl{ b|{oìn xbl }ehhp Xbl

ìxltalhèxl }tfh|kx `{ xbli xtei{}ftxlh xf cetnlt a`cclt{ gft }tfh|kx`fi fg ~b`xl t`kl# eih `g gft

lr}ftx# }fc`{blh t`kl Xbltl `{ if fgg`kèc {xex`{x`k{ ewe`cedcl fi xbl i|adlt fg a`cclt{ ì ATH d|x

xbltl etl {lwltec xbf|{eih fg xbla Af{x fg a`cclt{ etl fg {aecc {kecl{# beihcìn xbl ì`xèc }tfkl{{

fg b|{oìn# ~b`cl xbltl etl gl~ cetnl a`cclt{ ~bf etl ìwfcwlh ì xbl {lkfih {xenl fg t`kl a`ccìn

}tfkl{{ G`t{x!{xenl a`ccìn `{ hfil aeìcp dp {aecc b|{oìn gek`c`x`l{ cfkexlh ilet xbl }tfh|kx`fi

etle{# ~b`cl {lkfih!{xexl a`ccìn `{ |{|eccp à}clalixlh dp cetnl a`cclt{ ft lr}ftxlt{ ~bf ìwl{xlh

ì a`ccìn gek`c`x`l{ Ifxedcp# xbl g`t{x!{xenl }ehhp a`cclt{ etl gf|ih xf bewl wltp cà`xlh {xftenl

gek`c`x`l{ A`cclt{ |{|eccp e}}cp {|i!htp gft }ehhp df|nbx gtfa kfcclkxft{&xtehlt{ E{ e tl{|cx#

l{xàexlh e }bp{`kec cf{{ fg 5>, fi ei eii|ec de{`{ fkk|ttlh ì xb`{ ì`xèc b|{oìn {xenl Ex xbl

{lkfih!{xenl a`ccìn# gek`c`x`l{ etl fi ewltenl ì cf~lt xlkbi`kec {xeiheth{ kfa}etlh ~`xb xbf{l ì

Xbe`ceih# clehìn xf e b`nblt texl fg }bp{`kec cf{{ ì xbl a`ccìn }tfkl{{

T`kl lr}ftxlt{ ì xbl t`kl wec|l kbeì etl kce{{`g`lh ìxf x~f ntf|}{ fg [FL{ eih fxblt }t`wexl

{lkxft g`ta{ Xbl gftalt kfi{`{x{ fg Wìegffh 5# Wìegffh 4 "eih xbl`t egg`cèxl{)# fxblt [FL{

"|{|eccp cfkexlh ex xbl klixlt fg ATH }tfwìkl{)? ~b`cl xbl cexxlt kfa}t`{l{ }t`wexl g`ta{# ~b`kb etl

cà`xlh cèd`c`x`l{ ft jfìx {xfko{ @i tlklix plet{# xbl i|adlt fg t`kl lr}ftxlt{ `{ tl}ftxlh ex etf|ih

4== g`ta{ d|x af{x fg xbl{l lr}ftxlt{ etl bf~lwlt wltp {aecc ft lwli }etx!xàl f}ltexft{ eih

edf|x becg fg xbla lr}ftx cl{{ xbei 5=== xfi{ e plet T`kl lr}ftx `{ xb|{ wltp kfiklixtexlh fi gl~

d`n }ceplt{ ~bf etl |{|eccp [FL{ @i gekx# Wìegffh 5# Wìegffh 4# eih {fal fxblt [FL{

ekkf|ixlh gft iletcp 2= }ltklix fg xfxec t`kl lr}ftx Gft {aecc ft }etx!xàl lr}ftxlt{# xblp etl dl{x

hl{kt`dlh e{ lr}ftxìn xtehlt{ eih tetlcp ìwl{x ì t`kl }tfkl{{ìn gek`c`x`l{ F|x{`hl xbl kf|ixt`l{

fg N4N kfixtekx# W`lxiea lr}ftx xf aftl xbei 5== fxblt kf|ixt`l{ d|x cl{{ xbei e hfzli fg xbla

à}ftxìn aftl xbei


13/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 55ìktle{ìncp xf ìxltiex`fiec gffh {lk|t`xp Dlbìh xb`{ nceaf|t fg u|eix`xp# W`lxiea xlih{ xf

}f{`x`fi `x{lcg ì xbl dfxxfa fg ìxltiex`fiec aetolx ì xlta{ fg u|ec`xp ^b`cl Xbe`ceih gfk|{l{ fi

}etdf`clh eih b`nb u|ec`xp t`kl? @ihè eih ]eo`{xei {}lkèc`zl ì de{aex` eih fxblt gtenteix t`kl? xbl

\i`xlh [xexl{ hlwlcf} }tla`|a u|ec`xp ~b`xl t`kl# W`lxiea `{ xbl ~ftch kbea}`fi fg cf~ xf alh`|a

u|ec`xp ~b`xl t`kl ~`xb 4


14/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 54{lkxft{# ì ~b`kb }t`wexl {lkxft }cep{ à}ftxeix tfcl ì xbl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl ~bfcl wec|l kbeì

Dfch tlgfta{ ì xbl cexl 502={ eih dlnìiìn fg 500= be{ tleccp xt`nnltlh xbl dffaìn fg kfggll

{lkxft ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Dlx~lli 500= eih 4==0# xbl iex`fiec kfggll }tfh|kx`fi ìktle{lh

aftl xbei lclwli xàl{# ~`xb kfggll }tfh|kx`fi etle kcàdlh dp aftl xbei gf|t xàl{ Kfggll be{

dlkfal fil fg xbl af{x à}ftxeix ent`k|cx|tl }tfh|kx{ eih lr}ftx fg W`lxiea eih xbl ~ftch

clehìn lr}ftxlt{ fg Tfd|{xe kfggll eih kcletcp xbl af{x w`dteix c`wlc`bffh{ gft aeip t|tecbf|{lbfch{ ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Xbl gfk|{ fi xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ `{ j|{x`g`lh dp xbl

hfaìeikl fg xb`{ tln`fi ì kfggll }tfh|kx`fi eih lr}ftx e{ xbl tln`fi aeol{ |} aftl xbei 2=, fg

kfggll etle eih edf|x 0=, fg xfxec kfggll f|x}|x ì W`lxiea

@i xlta{ fg }fc`kp liw`tfialix# xbltl ~e{ e }fc`kp xf gek`c`xexl lkfifa`k hlwlcf}alix fg xbl Klixtec

B`nbceih dp }tfafxìn Il~ Lkfifa`k Zfil{ ì xbl tln`fi Ekkfthìncp# xbl lxbi`k Oìb "e{ xbl

aejft`xp ntf|} ekkf|ixìn gft iletcp 27 }ltklix fg xbl }f}|cex`fi) eih fxblt lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ ì xbl

Iftxblti \}ceih{ ~ltl likf|tenlh xf a`ntexl xf xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Xb`{ }fc`kp ~e{ ìxtfh|klh

fi xbl }ltkl}x`fi fg nffh }fxlixèc ceih eih cf~ }f}|cex`fi hli{`xp ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Xbl

fdjlkx`wl ~e{ xf tl!eccfkexl e i|adlt fg etf|ih gf|t xf g`wl a`cc`fi }lf}cl xf xbl tln`fi ì fthlt xf

hlwlcf} il~ lkfifa`k zfil{ Xbl }fc`kp ~e{ lihlh ì xbl letcp 5 00= d|x a`ntex`fi gcf~ xf xblKlixtec B`nbceih{ kfixì|lh Xbl il~ ~ewl fg a`ntex`fi xf xbl tln`fiec `{ kbetekxlt`zlh dp

{}fixeilf|{ a`ntex`fi Xbl{l {}fixeilf|{ a`nteix{ ~ltl exxtekxlh xf xbl tln`fi h|l xf `x{

}fxlixèc gft ìh|{xtèc eih }ltliièc ktf}{# ed|iheikl fg gltx`cl ceih{# eih }etx`k|cetcp xbl

lr}ei{`fi fg kfggll Ifxedcp# xbl tln`fi dlkeal a|kb aftl lxbi`keccp h`wlt{`g`lh Ex xbl xàl fg tl!

|i`g`kex`fi# xbltl ~ltl etf|ih 4= ìh`nlif|{ lxbi`k ntf|}{ Ex }tl{lix# xbltl etl edf|x 8= lxbi`k

aìft`x`l{ ntf|}{ tl{`hìn ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Ekkfthìn xf xbl cexl{x ]f}|cex`fi Kli{|{#

a`nteix{ if~ ekkf|ix gft edf|x 0= }ltklix fg xbl tln`fi{ }f}|cex`fi Dl{`hl xb`{ h`tlkx

ìwfcwlalix# ec{f xeoìn ìxf ekkf|ix xbl }tfkl{{ fg c`dltec`zex`fi tlgfta{ ì ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec

hlwlcf}alix# xbltl be{ dlli c`xxcl h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi fg xbl Nfwltialix ì W`lxiea{ kfggll {lkxft

{ìkl xbl 500={ @i xb`{ tlneth# `x kf|ch dl etn|edcp {xexlh xbex xbl tlklix xbt`wìn ntf~xb fg kfggll

}tfh|kx`fi eih lr}ftx be{ c`xxcl xf hf ~`xb xbl nfwltialix ìxltwlix`fi

@i {|kb kfixlrx# W`lxiea{ kfggll {lkxft be{ lr}lt`liklh ei à}tl{{`wl ntf~xb fwlt xbl }e{x x~f

hlkehl{ @i xlta{ fg wfc|al# W`lxiea{ kfggll f|x}|x be{ ìktle{lh gtfa cl{{ xbei fil b|ihtlh

xbf|{eih xfi{ ì 500= xf iletcp 55 a`cc`fi xfi{ ì 4==0# {|nnl{xìn e ntf~xb fg iletcp lclwli

xàl{ H|tìn xb`{ }lt`fh# kfggll }tfh|kx`fi etle tf{l gtfa 54= xbf|{eih blkxetl{ xf fwlt > xfi

}lt blkxetl{ xf iletcp 508 xfi{ }lt blkxetl# aleiìn e ntf~xb fg 4< xàl{ ì xbex }lt`fh N`wli

{|kb w`nftf|{ ntf~xb ì f|x}|x# kfggll be{ dlkfal fil fg xbl aejft lr}ftx `xla{ fg W`lxiea fwlt

xbl }e{x x~f hlkehl{ Xbl lr}ftx wfc|al ì 4=5= ~e{ iletcp g`wl xàl{ e{ b`nblt xbei xbex fg 5007#aleiìn ei ewltenl eii|ec ntf~xb texl fg aftl xbei xb`txp }ltklix @x `{ bf~lwlt ifxlh xbex xbl

aejft`xp fg W`lxiea{ ntlli dlei `{ lr}ftxlh xf xbl kf|ixt`l{ xbex etl ec{f xbl cetnl{x lr}ftxlt{ fg

kfggll }tfh|kx{ Xb`{ {|nnl{x{ xbex W`lxiea{ kfggll lr}ftx `{ fg cf~ u|ec`xp eih cf~ wec|l ehhlh

N`wli xbl dffa fg xbl kfggll {lkxft ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{# `x `{ lr}lkxlh xbex xbl kfggll {lkxft `{

e{{fkèxlh ~`xb {`ni`g`keix }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi lgglkx{ @ihllh# xbl ewltenl }fwltxp blehkf|ix ì xbl

tln`fi be{ hlktle{lh gtfa iletcp >= }ltklix xf 48 }ltklix dlx~lli 500; eih 4==2 "|{ìn hexe

gtfa xbl WBC[[{) Bf~lwlt# getalt{ ì xbl tln`fi bewl ifx {betlh xbex dlilg`x lu|eccp @i gekx#

lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ etl clgx dlbìh fwltecc }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Ex xbl letcp

500={# xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ ~e{ xbl }fftl{x tln`fi ì xbl kf|ixtp ~`xb aftl xbei 0; }ltklix fg

lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ c`wìn |ihlt xbl }fwltxp cìl Egxlt iletcp x~f hlkehl{# }fwltxp blehkf|ix ì xbltln`fi glcc hf~i xf 7> }ltklix# {|nnl{xìn e tlh|kx`fi fg iletcp 47 }ltklixenl }fìx Ecxbf|nb xbl


15/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 5;aeni`x|hl fg }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi gft lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ `{ u|`xl à}tl{{`wl dlx~lli 500; eih 4==2#

}fwltxp eafin lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih `{ get b`nblt xbei xbl iex`fiec ewltenl texl

fg }fwltxp Kfa}etlh xf fxblt lxbi`k aìft`x`l{# xbl ewltenl }fwltxp texl fg ecc lxbi`k aìft`x`l{

~e{ iletcp


16/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 58n|eteixll xbex xbl }`kolh kblttp `{ ekx|eccp ht`lh xf xbl clwlc fg af`{x|tl tlu|`tlh "`l 54 }ltklix)

@i ehh`x`fi# {|i!ht`lh kblttp etl ec{f w|ciltedcl xf ìktle{ìn fgg!gcewf|t# gftl`ni ìntlh`lix{

@i xbl kfggll wec|l kbeì ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{# xbltl etl {lwltec xbf|{eih{ fg xtehlt{

"ìh`w`h|ec{ ~bf d|p gtl{b kblttp ft kfggll dlei{ gtfa getalt{ eih {lcc xbla xf fxblt{) eih

kfcclkxìn enlix{ "~bf etl kfixtekxlh dp kfggll }tfkl{{ft{ ft lr}ftxlt{ xf kfcclkx kfggll gtfa

getalt{ gft xbl`t }tfkl{{ìn) Xbltl etl if fgg`kèc {xex`{x`k{ fi xbl i|adlt fg xtehlt{ eih kfcclkxìn

enlix{ [fal l{xàexl{ }tfjlkxlh e i|adlt fg 5


17/161




18/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 57b`nblt xbei xbl ewltenl blehkf|ix fg xbl tln`fi Tlglttìn xf g`n|tl ;># `x ~f|ch à}cp e wltp b`nb

}fwltxp ìk`hlikl "`l fwlt >= }ltklix) fg ìh`nlif|{ lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ @i ehh`x`fi xf |ilwli

}fwltxp à}ekx{# xb`{ be{ ec{f tl{|cxlh ì {fkèc kfi{lu|likl{ Aeip }tfxl{x eih }lx`x`fi{ fg

ìh`nlif|{ lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ ì 4==5 eih 4==8 "e{ eiecpzlh ì {lkx`fi x~f) etl xbl af{x {lt`f|{

{fkèc à}ekx fg xbl |ilu|ec {betìn xbl dlilg`x{ fg xbl tlklix kfggll lr}ei{`fi ì xbl Klixtec

B`nbceih{

Ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l kbeì ì xbl Tlh T`wlt Hlcxe

]fc`kp liw`tfialix gft xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l kbeì

Wlnlxedcl{ etl eafin xbl af{x }f}|cet ktf}{ ntf~i dp tf|nbcp 2


19/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 5>Af{x t|tec h~lcclt{ ì W`lxiea }ceix {fal oìh{ fg fthìetp wlnlxedcl{ l`xblt gft bfal

kfi{|a}x`fi ft e{ ei ìkfal {f|tkl Bf~lwlt# ifx xff aeip getalt{ bewl ladetolh ì ftnei`k

wlnlxedcl{ Xbltl etl if {xex`{x`k{ fi xbl i|adlt fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ getalt{ @i xbl h`{xt`kx

w`{`xlh h|tìn xbl g`lchxt`}# `x `{ l{xàexlh dp getalt{ xbex xbltl etl dlx~lli g`wl xf xli }ltklix fg

}le{eix bf|{lbfch{ bewl }ceixlh ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Xbl{l getalt{ ~ltl xteìlh ~`xb ftnei`k

ntf~ìn lr}lt`likl# }ceix c`gl!kpkcl aeienlalix dp e {aecc EHHE "e Hei`{b INF)!{|}}ftxlhìxltwlix`fi @i ehh`x`fi xf xlkbi`kec xteììn# getalt{ ~ltl likf|tenl{ xf gfta|cexl kfaafi

ìxltl{x ntf|}{ "K@N{) gft ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{# eih xb|{ {fal de{`k oif~clhnl fi K@N

aeienlalix ~e{ ec{f {xt|kx|tlh ì xbl {lt`l{ fg xteììn ekx`w`x`l{ H|l xf gtenalixex`fi fg

ent`k|cx|tl ceih ì xbl Tlh T`wlt Hlcxe# `x `{ h`gg`k|cx xf gfta|cexl kfix`n|f|{ ceih }cfx{ gft ftnei`k

wlnlxedcl }tfh|kx`fi{ Xbltlgftl# }tfh|kx`fi etle{ fg K@N{ etl |{|eccp {aecc# teinìn gtfa e

xbf|{eih alxlt {u|etlh xf e becg fg blkxetl @i xlta{ fg ntf|} f}ltex`fi eih aeienlalix# K@N{

nlilteccp kfi{`{x fg dlx~lli 5= xf 4= aladlt{# ~bf etl aeìcp glaecl# clh dp e ntf|} clehlt

Xbltl `{ |{|eccp e hl}|xp clehlt eih {falxàl{ e {lktlxetp xf xeol ketl fg xbl ntf|}{ gìeikèc

tlkfth{ eih fxblt xp}l{ fg hfk|alix{ Ifxedcp# ecc xbl K@N be{ l{xedc`{blh ei ì{}lkx`fi }eilc#

~b`kb kfi{`{x{ fg dlx~lli xbtll xf g`wl aladlt{ xf {|}ltw`{l xbl kfa}cèikl fg xbl ntf|}

aladlt{ xf ftnei`k getaìn tln|cex`fi{ eih }tekx`kl{

@i xlta{ fg u|ec`xp# xbl ficp kltx`g`kex`fi alkbei`{a xf hexl `{ xbl ]etx`k`}exftp N|eteixll

[xeiheth{ "]N[) ìxtfh|klh dp EHHE Ftnei`k ]tfjlkx ]N[ be{ dlli ìxltiex`fieccp tlkfni`zlh

eih {ltwlh xbf|{eih{ fg getalt{ eih kfi{|alt{ etf|ih xbl ~ftch "@GFEA# 4==7) Xbl aejft

fdjlkx`wl fg ]N[ à}clalixex`fi `{ xf li{|tl xbl getalt{ kfa}cèikl ~`xb {xeiheth{ eih

}tfklh|tl{ ì ntf~ìn ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Kfa}cpìn ~`xb xbl cfin {lx fg {xeiheth{ eih ]N[

kltx`g`kex`fi }tfkl{{# ftnei`k getalt{ lr}lkxlh b`nblt ìkfal gtfa xbl`t lggftx{ eih `x `{ nlilteccp

xbl ke{l Tl{|cx{ gtfa xbl g`lchxt`} tlwleclh xbex getalt{ kf|ch {lcc xbl`t ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ ex

hf|dcl }t`kl{ kfa}etlh xf fthìetp wlnlxedcl{ fg xbl {eal {}lk`l{ Ex xbl K@N{ w`{`xlh# getalt{

betwl{x ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ gtfa xbl ilx bf|{l{ "`l xbl }tfh|kx`fi etle kfwltlh dp ilx) ì xbl

letcp aftiìn Xblp xbli }tfkl{{ xbl wlnlxedcl{ e{ {}lk`g`lh dp kfcclkxft{ ft ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{kfa}ei`l{# }eko xbl }tfkl{{lh wlnlxedcl{ ì }ce{x`k den{# ~b`kb ~ltl }tìxlh ~`xb ][N cfnf eih

fxblt ìgftaex`fi {}lk`g`kex`fi{ Xbl }ekolh ftnei`k }tfh|kx{ etl xbli xtei{}ftxlh gtfa xf

kfcclkxft{ ft enlix{ fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ dlgftl dlìn xtei{}ftxlh xf xbl aetolx fg

Beif` Kfa}etlh xf xbl aetolx }t`kl xf kfi{|alt# ftnei`k getalt{ leti e{ a|kb e{


20/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 52bewìn lif|nb wlnlxedcl wet`lx`l{ ì{xt|kxlh dp xbl`t ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ Kfcclkxft{

|{|eccp xeol fthlt gtfa xbl`t kfa}ei`l{ ex cexl egxltiffi ft ì xbl lwliìn Ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{

getalt{ ~`cc xbli betwl{x eih }tfkl{{ ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ ekkfthìn xf xbl fthlt ì xbl letcp

aftiìn fg xbl gfccf~ìn hep xf {|}}cp gft kfcclkxft{ ex e {xecc ì xbl w`ccenl ft kfaa|il aetolx{

Kfcclkxft{ hf {fal de{`k u|ec`xp kblko eih beihcl xf xbl kfa}ei`l{ {aecc xt|ko{ xf xtei{}ftx xf

Beif` gft {|}ltaetolx{ eih wlnlxedcl {xecc{ [fal kfcclkxft{ eih kfa}eip tl}tl{lixex`wl{{|nnl{x xbex kfcclkxft{ kf|ch leti dlx~lli g`wl xf xli }ltklix fg xbl }t`kl {fch xf k|{xfalt{ ì

Beif` ]ltkl`wìn ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ e{ e }fxlixèc eih laltnìn d|{ìl{{# }t`wexl {lkxft be{

{xetxlh tl{}fihìn xf xb`{ }fxlixèc f}}ftx|i`xp Xbltl etl if fgg`kèc {xex`{x`k{ fi xbl i|adlt fg

ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ D|x h`{k|{{`fi{ ~`xb tl}tl{lixex`wl gtfa NtlliCìo# e{ fil fg

xbl{l kfa}ei`l{# {|nnl{xlh e i|adlt fg g`wl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ f}ltexìn ì Beif` @i

ehh`x`fi# xbl i|adlt fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ ì BKAK eih Cea Hfin kf|ch dl e{ a|kb

e{ xbtll ft gf|t hfzli{ Fg xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ f}ltexìn ì W`lxiea if~# af{x fg

xbla etl xtehìn kfa}ei`l{ ~b`kb }tfw`hl{ ei ìxltalhèxl tfcl dlx~lli ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{

ntf~lt{ eih kfi{|alt{ "h`tlkxcp xbf|nb xbl`t {xftl{ ft ìh`tlkxcp xbf|nb {|}ltaetolx{) Xbltl etl

gl~ kfa}ei`l{ ~bf ec{f hlwlcf} xbl`t }tfh|kx`fi{ etle{ eih ecc fg xbla cfkexlh ì xbl [f|xb fg xbl

kf|ixtp @i ehh`x`fi xf xbl kfiwlix`fiec tfcl fg xtehìn kfa}ei`l{# aeip ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{kfa}ei`l{ bewl ec{f {|}}ftxlh ftnei`k getalt{ ì xbl`t }tfh|kx`fi ekx`w`x`l{ Xlkbi`kec {|}}ftx

}tfw`hlh dp xbl kfa}ei`l{ kfcclkxft{ `{ e }f}|cet xp}l fg {|}}ftx @i {fal ke{l{# ftnei`k

wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ ec{f }etxcp {|}}ftxlh xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ K@N{ ì ìwl{xalix gft gek`c`x`l{

{|kb e{ ~lcc{# }|a}{# eih ilx bf|{l{

E{ af{x fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ etl xtehìn kfa}ei`l{# xblp bewl {|}}c`lh ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ dp

{lxxìn |} xbl`t f~i wlnlxedcl {xftl{ ft ~ftoìn e{ d|pìn kfa}ei`l{ gft {|}ltaetolx{ Dp

hlwlcf}ìn xbl`t f~i {xftl{# ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}eip kf|ch leti e{ a|kb e{ becg fg xbl }t`kl{

{fch xf xbl lih k|{xfalt{ ^`xb e cetnl wfc|al fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{# xb`{ kf|ch à}cp e wltp nffh

aetnì eih }tfg`x gft xb`{ xp}l fg xtehìn d|{ìl{{ Bf~lwlt# ecc xbl kfa}ei`l{ ìxltw`l~lh tlwlec

xbex xbl`t d|{ìl{{ etl ifx nfìn e{ ~lcc e{ lr}lkxlh h|l xf cà`xlh# xbtf|nb ntf~ìn# {ecl wfc|alfg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Ex xb`{ {xenl# kfi{|alt{ fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ etl aeìcp eafin xbl t`kbl{x

W`lxieal{l eih lr}extèxl{ ~bf kei eggfth lr}li{`wl }tfh|kx{ eih af{x à}ftxeixcp# etl

kfikltilh edf|x xbl {eglxp fg wlnlxedcl{ {fch ex {xtllx aetolx{ Xb`{ b`nb!lih aetolx i`kbl `{

tlcex`wlcp {aecc Gft e {|{xeìedcl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl {|}}cp kbeì# `x `{ kt|kèc xf

libeikl xbl e~etlil{{ fg a`hhcl!ìkfal }f}|cex`fi fi ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ xf lr}eih xbl aetolx

dlpfih xbl t`kbl{x }f}|cex`fi @iktle{ìncp blexlh kfiklti{ fi gffh bpn`lil eih {eglxp ì tlklix

plet{ aeol xb`{ lr}ei{`fi gle{`dcl

Ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ etl {fch ex {|}ltaetolx{ eih {xftl{ fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ @i xlta{

fg {|}ltaetolx{# D`nK eih Be}tf etl xbl x~f {|}ltaetolx{ xbex {|}}cp ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{# ~b`cl

Alxtf eih @ixàlr etl ex xbl }ceiiìn {xenl fg {|}}cpìn ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ G`lchxt`} tl{|cx{tlwleclh xbex xbl wfc|al fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ {fch ex {|}ltaetolx{ `{ {x`cc cà`xlh? xbl cetnl{x

wfc|al fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ {fch ì {|}ltaetolx{ ì Beif` ~e{ tl}ftxlh xf dl dlx~lli x~f eih

gf|t b|ihtlh o`cfntea }lt hep N`wli ei l{xàexlh aetnì fg dlx~lli 4< xf ;= }ltklix eih {|kb

cà`xlh {ecl wfc|al# if {|}ltaetolx{ kfi{`hltlh ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ e{ e olp d|{ìl{{ cìl

Ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ l{xedc`{b xbl`t f~i {xftl{ G`lch fd{ltwex`fi{ {bf~ xbex e {xftl

{|}}c`l{ e wfc|al teinìn gtfa ;= xf 5== o`cfntea fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ }lt hep Kfiwli`lix

cfkex`fi fg {xftl{ `{ ei à}ftxeix gekxft d|x aeip kfi{|alt{ fthlt dp }bfil ft ficìl gft bfal

hlc`wltp texblt xbei d|pìn h`tlkxcp gtfa xbl {xftl{

Aejft kbecclinl{ gft xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l kbeì

Ntf~ìn ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kf|ch dl kfi{`hltlh e{ e h`tlkx`fi xf b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl ì xblkf|ixtp ~bltl b`nb wfc|al# cf~ wec|l ent`k|cx|tl `{ }tlwe`cìn Xb`{ `{ bf~lwlt {|djlkx xf aeip


21/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 50}tfdcla{ eih kfi{xteìx{ gft xbl }fxlixèc eih laltnìn wec|l kbeì fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{

Ifxedcp# xbltl `{ e ceko fg cln`{cex`fi dekontf|ih gft ftnei`k ent`k|cx|tl }tfh|kx{ ì W`lxiea @i

tl{}fihìn xf ìktle{ìn kfiklti{ fi gffh bpn`lil eih {eglxp# xbltl be{ dlli à}ftxeix cln`{cex`fi

hlwlcf}alix{ ì xb`{ etle d|x {|kb à}tfwlalix{ etl ifx ì xbl g`lch fg ftnei`k ent`k|cx|tl

}tfh|kx{ E}etx gtfa xbl iex`fiec {xeiheth fi }tfh|kìn eih }tfkl{{ìn ftnei`k }tfh|kx{ "5=XKWI

4==7)# xbltl etl if fxblt tlclweix t|cl{ eih tln|cex`fi{ fi ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Xb`{ iex`fiec{xeiheth {ltwl{ aftl e{ e n|`hl xf getalt{ texblt xbei e kfiktlxl xffc gft kltx`g`kex`fi Xbltl etl

if fgg`kèc ftnei`k kltx`g`kexl{ eih xb|{ kltx`g`kex`fi }tfkl{{l{ gft ftnei`k ent`k|cx|tl }tfh|kx{ Xbl

]N[ kltx`g`kex`fi e hfift!{|}}ftxlh }tfkl{{ `{ k|ttlixcp xbl ficp kltx`g`kex`fi }tfkl{{ ewe`cedcl

gft ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Xb`{ }etx`k`}exftp kltx`g`kex`fi ecfil `{ ifx lgglkx`wl ì neììn ~`hl }|dc`k

kfig`hlikl ì xbl u|ec`xp fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Xb`{ `{ e etle ~bltl ìxltwlix`fi{ fg xbl {xexl etl

af{x illhlh

@i ehh`x`fi# xbltl etl kfi{`hltedcl kfi{xteìx{ xbex ft`nìexl gtfa {fal kbetekxlt`{x`k{ fg xbl t|tec

lkfifap Ifxedcp# ceih eccfkex`fi tl}tl{lix{ e kfi{xteìx# l{}lkèccp ì xbl Tlh T`wlt Hlcxe Ceih

gtenalixex`fi ì xbl t|tec etle{ bìhlt{ xbl gfta|cex`fi fg kfix`n|f|{ ceih }cfx{ gft kfaaltkèc

}tfh|kx`fi fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ N`wli xbl ~`hl{}tleh }tekx`kl fg ìxli{`wl |{enl{ fg gltx`c`zlt{eih entf!kbla`kec{ ì xbl t|tec etle{# bewìn {aecc }cfx{ fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ iletdp xbl g`lch{ fg

fxblt fthìetp ktf}{) à}c`l{ e t`{o fg kfixeaìex`fi ~bli li{|tìn kltx`g`kex`fi }tfkl{{ @i

ehh`x`fi# getalt{ etl |{|eccp ifx e~etl fg ntf~ìn ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ e{ e b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl

ktf} Xbl lr}lt`likl fg Hein Re h`{xt`kx eih C|fin [fi h`{xt`kx {|nnl{xlh {fal {|}}ftx ì`xèx`wl{

etl illhlh xf dl ì }cekl ì fthlt xf likf|tenl getalt{ xf linenl ì ntf~ìn ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{

Ex xb`{ {xenl# xbltl `{ c`xxcl {|}}ftx fg xb`{ xp}l eih ecc fg xbla etl ì`xèxlh dp hfift{ e{

lr}ltàlix{ ì {aecc {kecl{ [fal ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ kfa}ei`l{ ìxltw`l~lh ì xb`{ {x|hp

lr}tl{{lh xbl`t ìxltl{x{ ì {|}}ftxìn getalt{ ì xb`{ wec|l kbeì d|x ecc fg xbla etl fg {aecc {kecl{

eih ex xbl letcp {xenl{ fg f}ltex`fi{

Xbltl be{ dlli wltp c`xxcl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl hfal{x`k aetolx gft ftnei`k }tfh|kx{ ì W`lxieahl{}`xl xbl gekx xbex xbltl etl {xtfin kfiklti{ etf|ih gffh {eglxp eih gffh u|ec`xp# }etx`k|cetcp

eafin{x |tdei kfi{|alt{ \ihlthlwlcf}alix fg xbl aetolx gft ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ `{ fil fg xbl

olp kbecclinl{ gft xbl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ wec|l kbeì Tl{|cx{ gtfa xbl wec|l

kbeì eiecp{`{ kfih|kxlh ì xb`{ kbe}xlt tlwleclh e }tl!aex|tlh aetolx gft ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ ì

Beif` Xb`{ tl{|cx `{ e {|t}t`{l n`wli xbl blexlh kfiklti{ fi gffh bpn`lil eih {eglxp fg b`nb!

ìkfal }f}|cex`fi ì xbl ke}`xec k`xp# xbl {lkfih cetnl{x lkfifa`k kc|{xlt fg xbl kf|ixtp# clehìn xf

e b`nb }fxlixèc hlaeih gft ftnei`k }tfh|kx{ ]fft }|dc`k e~etlil{{ eih |ihlt{xeihìn fg ftnei`k

}tfh|kx{ kf|ch dl e olp fd{xekcl gft hlwlcf}ìn {|kb }fxlixèc hlaeih ìxf e kfaaltkèc`zlh

aetolx ^b`cl hfal{x`k aetolx `{ {x`cc }tl!aex|tlh# ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ {bf|ch dl eàlh xf lr}ftx

aetolx{ ^`xb lrkl}x`fi fg gl~ ftnei`k geta{ ì He Cex eih }cekl{ {|ttf|ihìn BKAK lr}ftxìn

xbl`t ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ xf xbl L|tf}lei aetolx{# }tfh|kx`fi fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ ì xbl Iftxb `{cetnlcp xf {|}}cp gft Beif` aetolx Lr}lt`likl fg Xbe`ceih kf|ch dl kfi{`hltlh e{ e {|kkl{{ ì

lr}ftxìn ftnei`k }tfh|kx{ eih `x `{ }f{{`dcl xbex W`lxiea kf|ch cleti gtfa `x{ il`nbdf|t{

lr}lt`likl

Hfift {|}}ftx gft ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix ì W`lxiea

Xbl kfaa|i`xp fg hfift{ be{ dlli }tf!ekx`wl ì {|}}ftxìn xbl hlwlcf}alix enlihe fg W`lxiea#

ì ~b`kb ][H eih ETH etl eafin xbl olp }`ccet{ Xb`{ ~`ccìnil{{ be{ dlli tl!ligftklh dp

à}tl{{`wl eih ìkc|{`wl lkfifa`k ntf~xb xbex }|x W`lxiea eafin xbl xf} }ltgftalt{ ì xbl

hlwlcf}ìn ~ftch E{ e tl{|cx# xbltl bewl dlli e i|adlt fg {lwltec hfift{# d`cexltec eih

a|cx`cexltec# }tfw`hìn {|}}ftx ì e }clxbfte fg }tfnteaal{ eih }tfjlkx{# l`xblt ì xlta{ fg h`tlkx

{|}}ftx# ft d|hnlx {|}}ftx# ft xt|{x g|ih xf fxblt a|cx`cexltec hfift{ ft ìxltiex`fiec gìeikècì{x`x|x`fi{ Xbl kfa}clr`xp ì xp}l{ fg {|}}ftx# etle{ fg {|}}ftx# aeienlalix etteinlalix{# eih


22/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 4=FHE kffthìex`fi bìhlt e {ex`{gekx`fi e{{l{{alix fg xbl hfift kfaa|i`xp{ {|}}ftx ~`xbì xbl

{kf}l fg xb`{ eiecp{`{ D|x xbltl `{ if hf|dx xbex hfift{# l{}lkèccp gl~ cetnl{x hfift{# bewl dlli

kfixt`d|xlh ei à}ftxeix tfcl ì xbl tlklix hlwlcf}alix enlihe fg W`lxiea

Xbltl `{ e blewp kfiklixtex`fi fg FHE xf {fal cetnl{x hfift{ gft W`lxiea# ìkc|hìn Je}ei

"xbf|nb J@KE eih JD@K)# ^ftch Deio# EHD# eih Nltaeip Xbl{l hfift{ ekkf|ix gft etf|ih >=

}ltklix fg xbl xfxec FHE {`nilh gft xbl kf|ixtp Kcletcp# xbl tfcl{ eih à}ekx{ fg xbl hfift

kfaa|i`xp ~`cc dl cetnlcp ht`wli dp xbl {xtexln`l{ eih }ftxgfc`f fg xbl{l cetnl{x hfift{ @i gekx#

xbl{l hfift{ bewl linenlh ì af{x fg e{}lkx{ fg xbl hlwlcf}alix enlihe ì W`lxiea# gtfa

ìgte{xt|kx|tl hlwlcf}alix xf ekkl{{ xf }|dc`k {ltw`kl{# gtfa ìh|{xtp xf {ltw`kl{ eih ETH# gtfa

}fc`kp eih ì{x`x|x`fiec gteal~fto xf libeikìn ke}ek`xp gft k`w`c {fk`lxp ftnei`zex`fi{ eih k`x`zli{

Xb`{ ktlexlh e dekontf|ih gft fxblt {aecclt hfift{ "ì xlta{ fg xbl {kecl fg gìeikèc {|}}ftx) xf

l`xblt libeikl xbl {|}}ftx etle{ clh dp xbl cetnl{x hfift{ ft gìh xbl i`kbl xf linenl ì xbl

hlwlcf}alix }tfkl{{ fg W`lxiea Ekkfthìn xf h`{k|{{`fi{ ~`xb xbl hfift{ ìxltw`l~lh |ihlt xb`{

{x|hp# xb`{ {lxxìn `{ tlkfni`zlh eih }ltkl`wlh dp af{x fg xbla e{ xbl olp kffthìex`fi {lxxìn fg

FHE ì W`lxiea# xbtf|nb xbl tfcl fg xbl {lt`l{ fg KN allxìn{ ft ]N{ {bf|ch ifx dl

|ihltl{xàexlh

][H eih ETH bewl dlli xbl x~f à}ftxeix }`ccet{ fg xbl hlwlcf}alix enlihe fg W`lxiea# e{

{xexlh ì KT]N[ [|}}ftxìn ][H gfk|{l{ fi }fc`kp ehwfkekp xf ktlexl e clwlc }cepìn g`lch gft xbl

}t`wexl {lkxft eih xb`{ gfk|{ `{ ec{f tlgclkxlh ì e i|adlt fg ì`xèx`wl{ xf likf|tenl [FL tlgfta{

Xbl linenlalix fg hfift{ ì xbl }tfkl{{ fg xbl Lixlt}t`{l Ce~ `{ e nffh lrea}cl fg bf~ hfift{

bewl kfixt`d|xlh xf xbl cln`{cex`fi hlwlcf}alix gft ][H @i ehh`x`fi# e i|adlt fg }tfnteaal{ eih

}tfjlkx{ bewl dlli ìxtfh|klh xf gek`c`xexl dlxxlt ekkl{{ gft xbl }t`wexl {lkxft# l{}lkèccp t|tec

[AL{# xf ktlh`x# ceih eccfkex`fi# eih fxblt {|}}ftx gtfa xbl e|xbft`x`l{# d|{ìl{{ hlwlcf}alix

{ltw`kl{# eih b|aei tl{f|tkl{ @i xlta{ fg ETH# xbl cetnl{x hfift!g|ihlh }tfjlkx{ etl gft t|tec

ìgte{xt|kx|tl{ {|kb e{ t|tec xtei{}ftx# `tt`nex`fi# lclkxt`k`xp# eih fxblt t|tec ìgte{xt|kx|tl gek`c`x`l{

@i ehh`x`fi# xbltl etl {lwltec }tfjlkx{ fg {aecc ft alh`|a {kecl{ {|}}ftxìn c`wlc`bffhh`wlt{`g`kex`fi gft t|tec getalt{# libeikìn ke}ed`c`x`l{ gft t|tec }lf}cl# l{}lkèccp gft xbl }fft eih

lxbi`k aìft`x`l{ @GEH `{ eafin xbl af{x ekx`wl hfift ì xb`{ etle ~`xb e i|adlt fg alh`|a!{`zlh

}tfjlkx{ {|}}ftxìn c`wlc`bffh h`wlt{`g`kex`fi{# }tf!}fft wec|l kbeì{# hlklixtec`zex`fi xf à}tfwl

c`wìn {xeiheth{ fg xbl t|tec }fft eih {|{xeìedcl t|tec }tfh|kx`fi ~`xb e {xtfin aetolx ft`lixex`fi

N`wli xbl cà`xlh ìgftaex`fi fi d|hnlx fg xbl{l ìxltwlix`fi{ ewe`cedcl gft xb`{ {x|hp# `x kf|ch dl

etn|lh xbex ~b`cl libeikìn ke}ed`c`x`l{ eih ktlexìn ei liedcìn liw`tfialix gft ][H eih ETH

etl kfi{`hltlh# xbl {|}}ftx xf t|tec ìgte{xt|kx|tl be{ xeoli af{x fg gìeikìn fg hfift{ gft ][H

eih ETH

Lwec|exìn xbl à}ekx{ fg xbl edfwl ìwfcwlalix dp xbl hfift kfaa|i`xp `{ bf~lwlt h`gg`k|cx Xbl

aeì tle{fi `{ xbex xbltl `{ e }clxbfte fg }tfnteaal{ eih }tfjlkx{ {|}}ftxlh dp xbl hfiftkfaa|i`xp l`xblt h`tlkxcp ft xbtf|nb d|hnlx {|}}ftx Aeip }tfnteaal{ eih }tfjlkx{ bewl

lwec|ex`fi tl}ftx{ d|x af{x fg xbl{l tl}ftx{ etl ifx ewe`cedcl xf xbl }|dc`k Xf }tfw`hl {fal g|txblt

ì{`nbx{ fi xbl edfwl nliltec hl{kt`}x`fi# xb`{ {x|hp lreaìl{ xbl {|}}ftx fg hfift{ xf xbl xbtll

ent`k|cx|tl wec|l kbeì{ {lclkxlh gft xbl k|ttlix {x|hp Xbl tl{|cx{# {|nnl{xìn tlcex`wlcp cà`xlh

{|}}ftx fg hfift{# etl {|t}t`{ìn

Xbl t`kl {lkxft dlìn xbl af{x à}ftxeix ent`k|cx|tl lr}ftx fg W`lxiea be{ likf|ixltlh aeip

kbecclinl{ [~`xkbìn gtfa b`nb wfc|al eih deh u|ec`xp xf b`nb u|ec`xp eih "xb|{ wfc|al) t`kl

lr}ftx tlu|`tl{ teh`kec kbeinl{ ì af{x {xenl{ fg xbl t`kl wec|l kbeì eih }ltbe}{# tlhlgìl xbl

tfcl fgxbl Nfwltialix ì tln|cexìn xb`{ {lkxft @i xb`{ kfixlrx# hfift{ ìxltwlix`fi{ ì xbl t`kl

{lkxft etl wltp xbì eih hf ifx {lla xf tl{}fih {|gg`k`lixcp xf xbl kbecclinl{ Lreaììn ewe`cedclìgftaex`fi fi xbl hfift!{|}}ftxlh }tfjlkx{ ì xbl t`kl {lkxft# xbl gfk|{ be{ dlli }ceklh aeìcp fi

}f{x!betwl{x beihcìn eih e {lx fg tlklix }tfjlkx{ xbex xekocl xbl dtfeh `{{|l{ fg kcàexl kbeinl ì


23/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 45ATH N`wli xbl à}ftxeikl fg t`kl e{ e c`wlc`bffh gft aeip }fft getalt{ eih ì iex`fiec gffh

{lk|t`xp }fc`kp# xbltl etl tffa{ gft g|txblt ìxltwlix`fi ì xbl t`kl {lkxft# l{}lkèccp fi }fc`kp

ehwfkekp xf tlgfta xbl tln|cex`fi{ fi xbl {lkxft eih gek`c`xex`fi fg xbl {~`xkb xf b`nblt wec|l ehhlh

t`kl lr}ftx

Xbl kfggll wec|l kbeì ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ }cep{ ei à}ftxeix tfcl ì lkfifa`k hlwlcf}alix

fg xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ eih ìh|{xtèc ktf}{ fg W`lxiea Dlìn e ~ftch {lkfih cetnl{x kfggll

lr}ftxlt# xbl kfggll {lkxft bf~lwlt ladfh`l{ e i|adlt fg ~leoil{{l{ Af{x ifxedcp# ntf~xb fg

kfggll }tfh|kx`fi eih lr}ftx `{ cetnlcp ht`wli dp ìxli{`wl gltx`c`zìn eih ~exltìn fi Tfd|{xe

afifk|cx|tl ktf}}ìn xf nlx |i|{|eccp b`nb p`lch Xb`{ kfggll ntf~ìn }exxlti `{ }tfwlh xf dl

|i{|{xeìedcl eih illh{ xf dl kbeinlh @i ehh`x`fi# }fft getaìn }tekx`kl{# {à}cl eih cf~

xlkbifcfn`kec }tfkl{{ìn }tekx`kl{ bewl |ihltaìlh u|ec`xp fg W`lxiea{ kfggll lr}ftx N`wli

xbl{l olp kbecclinl{ gft e {|{xeìedcl hlwlcf}alix fg xbl kfggll {lkxft ì W`lxiea# xbltl be{

dlli bf~lwlt wltp gl~ ìxltwlix`fi{ fg hfift{ "ec{f fg xbl Nfwltialix) xf xbl kfggll wec|l kbeì

ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ HL Gf|ihex`fi# N@Z# eih A8] etl xbl gl~ hfift{ ì xb`{ {lkxft# }tfw`hìn

{|}}ftx fg {aecc {kecl{ Xbl gfk|{ `{ n`wli xf ìxtfh|kl lr}ltàlix{ fg il~ getaìn }tekx`kl{ eih

}tfkl{{ìn e}}c`kex`fi{ ^b`cl xbl{l ìxltwlix`fi{ kf|ch dl kfi{`hltlh e{ ìifwex`wl eih{|kkl{{g|c ì xbl`t f~i {kf}l# xbl ~`hlt à}ekx fg {|kb ìxltwlix`fi{ hl}lih{ fi ~blxblt {|kb

lr}ltàlix{ kf|ch dl {keclh |} Ex xb`{ {xenl# xbltl `{ if dekontf|ih xf {|nnl{x e clwlc fg

tlehìl{{ gtfa ecc xbl olp {xeolbfchlt{ gft {kecìn |} {|kb lr}ltàlix{ Xbltlgftl# {|{xeìed`c`xp

fg xb`{ e}}tfekb `{ {|djlkx xf g|txblt kfi{`hltex`fi eih {bf|ch ifx dl fwlt!{xexlh

Xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l kbeì tl}tl{lix{ ei ìxltl{xìn d|x kbecclinìn h`tlkx`fi ì afwìn

gtfa b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp xf b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl @i xbl ceko fg cln`{cex`fi dekontf|ih#

{|gg`k`lix xlkbi`kec {xeiheth{# eih kltx`g`kex`fi# {fal @INF{ bewl lr}ltàlixlh {aecc!{kecl

{|}}ftx ì fthlt xf ìxtfh|kl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ xf getalt{ ì }tfwìkl{ ì TTH N`wli xbl

ìktle{ìn kfiklti fi gffh {eglxp# `x `{ {|t}t`{lh xbex xbl aetolx gft ftnei`k gffh tlaeì{ |ie~eol

ì xbl d`n k`x`l{ fg W`lxiea# ~bltl c`wìn {xeiheth{ bewl dlli à}tfwlh hte{x`keccp fwlt xbl }e{xx~f hlkehl Cf~ }|dc`k e~etlil{{# ì{|gg`k`lix clnec eih xlkbi`kec dekontf|ih etl eafin xbl olp

kfi{xteìx{ \igftx|iexlcp# ~b`cl hfift{ etl keccìn gft xbl afwl xf~eth b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl#

xbltl be{ dlli wltp c`xxcl {|}}ftx xf xb`{ xp}l fg ì`xèx`wl Xbl g|x|tl fg ftnei`k wlnlxedcl eih# aftl

nlilteccp fg xbl ftnei`k ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft ì W`lxiea `{ }tfa`{ìn eih kcf{l ìwfcwlalix{ fg xbl

e|xbft`x`l{# }t`wexl {lkxft# eih hfift{ etl kcletcp illhlh E{ ìxltw`l~{ {|nnl{xlh# afwìn xf

b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl `{ kbecclinìn Hfal{x`k }t`wexl {lkxft kf|ch dl xff ~leo xf ed{ftd ~b`cl

{aecc getalt kf|ch ge`c xf |}ntehl xbl`t ke}ed`c`xp xf ed{ftd }fxlixèc dlilg`x{ gtfa xlkbi`kec

e{{`{xeikl dp hfift{) @i ehh`x`fi# hfift{ e}}tfekbl{ a`nbx ifx dl tlclweix xf getalt{ @i

ehh`x`fi# xbltl `{ ei ìktle{ìn tlkfni`x`fi fg afwìn xf b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl Xbl u|l{x`fi `{

~bf ~`cc ht`wl xb`{ {~`xkb6 K|ttlixcp# `x `{ la}xp If fil xbltl xf }tfafxl {|kb {xtexln`k afwl ì

ent`k|cx|tl Xb`{ `{ }tfdedcp e xl{x gft xbl ìktle{ìn kfaa`xalix fg dfxb Nfwltialix eih hfift{xf~eth b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl ì W`lxiea

[fal }fc`kp h`{k|{{`fi{

W`lxiea be{ lr}lt`liklh e wltp ìxltl{xìn eih |iù|l xtei{gftaex`fi fwlt xbl }e{x x~f hlkehl{

Gtfa e }le{eix lkfifap |ihlt xbl klixtec }ceiiìn lkfifap ~`xb if tlkfni`x`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft

eih kfcclkx`wl ent`k|cx|tl {p{xla# xbl kf|ixtp be{ afwlh xf~eth e aetolx lkfifap ì j|{x e gl~

plet{ ~`xbf|x lihìn |} ì h`{fthlt eih kfcce}{l fg xbl {xexl!f~ilh {lkxft e{ lr}lt`liklh ì aeip

fxblt xtei{`x`fiec lkfifa`l{ Kfcclkx`wl ent`k|cx|tl {p{xla ~e{ edfc`{blh eih xb|{ e|xfifap ì

lkfifa`k hlk`{`fi aeoìn ~e{ tlx|tilh xf ìh`w`h|ec getalt{ Xbl }t`wexl {lkxft ~e{ fgg`kèccp

tlkfni`zlh eih e i|adlt fg tlgfta ale{|tl{ ~ltl ìxtfh|klh xf~eth e clwlc }cepìn g`lch gft xbl

}t`wexl {lkxft @iwl{xalix ìklix`wl{ ~ltl ec{f ì`xèxlh xf exxtekx hfal{x`k eih gftl`ni ìwl{xalix


24/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 44E{ e tl{|cx# W`lxiea be{ xtei{gftalh gtfa e kf|ixtp {|ggltìn b|inlt xf fil fg xbl ~ftch cetnl{x

lr}ftxlt{ fg ent`k|cx|tl }tfh|kx{

Xbl tlxtlex fg xbl Nfwltialix gtfa `x{ h`tlkx kfaaeihìn tfcl `{ etn|edcp fil fg xbl af{x

à}ftxeix gekxft{ kfixt`d|xìn xf xbex {xtòìn xtei{gftaex`fi Ex xb`{ {xenl# `x hfl{ ifx {lla xbex xbl

Nfwltialix be{ tlxeìlh e tfcl e{ e ht`wìn gftkl fg xbl t|tec lkfifap eih }t`wexl {lkxft

hlwlcf}alix @i{xleh# `x `{ gf|ih xbex xbl Nfwltialix fg W`lxiea `{ afwìn kcf{lt xf e tfcl fg e

nfwltialix ì e gtll aetolx# }|t{|ìn xbl tfcl e{ e }tfw`hlt fg }|dc`k nffh{ ~b`cl tlxeììn {fal

h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{ ì {}lkèc etle{ Xbl{l h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{ etl |{|eccp j|{x`g`lh dp lu|`xp ft

fxblt }fc`x`kec dekontf|ih E}etx gtfa xbl{l h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{# xbl t|tec lkfifap `{ if~ ht`wli

dp ìh`w`h|ec getalt{ eih }t`wexl {lkxft{ Xbl ke{l fg xbl kfggll {lkxft kf|ch dl kfi{`hltlh e{ e

nffh lrea}cl fg }t`wexl {lkxft!ht`wli wec|l kbeì# ~bltl nfwltialix ìxltwlix`fi{ ecaf{x hf ifx

lr`{x N`wli xbl Nfwltialix be{ n`wli |} af{x fg `x{ h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{# `x `{ xbl }t`wexl {lkxft

eih getalt{ xf ht`wl xbl t|tec lkfifap @i xbl t|tec lkfifap# a`cc`fi{ fg bf|{lbfch d|{ìl{{l{

eih ìgftaec a`ktf lixlt}t`{l{ k|ttlixcp lr`{x e{ etn|edcp xbl af{x à}ftxeix ht`wìn gftkl fg xbl

t|tec lkfifap

Xbtf|nb xbl k|ttlixcp }t`wexl {lkxft!clh t|tec lkfifap be{ lrb`d`xlh {xtòìn ntf~xb ì }tfh|kx`fi

eih lr}ftx# xbltl be{ dlli e i|adlt fg {xtexln`k }tfdcla{ Gìhìn{ gtfa xb`{ {x|hp# bf~lwlt#

{|nnl{x xbex dlilg`x{ nliltexlh gtfa xbl ntf~ìn t|tec lkfifap bewl ifx dlli h`{xt`d|xlh lu|eccp

@i xbl ke{l fg xbl t`kl {lkxft# `x ~e{ tl}ftxlh xbex af{x fg t`kl ntf~lt{ etl ekx|eccp ilx t`kl d|plt{

eih ficp xbf{l ~`xb cetnl{x }ehhp ceih }f{{l{{`fi "be{ {betlh af{x dlilg`xlh gtfa xbl ilx t`kl

{|t}c|{# ~b`cl xbl aejft`xp fg t`kl getalt{ ì xbl ATH ~bf etl ilx t`kl d|plt{ keiifx aeol e c`wìn

gtfa ntf~ìn }ehhp Xbl ke{l fg kfggll tl}tl{lix{ e {à`cet {xftp# etf|ih 0= }ltklix fg kfggll

ntf~lt{ etl {aecc ceihbfchlt{ ~`xb kfggll }ceixìn etle{ fg cl{{ xbei fil blkxetl N`wli xbl blewp

tlcèikl fi gltx`c`zlt{# entf!kbla`kec{# eih ~exltìn# xbl ilx ìkfal gft {aeccbfchlt{ kf|ch dl wltp

xbì Ifxedcp# e{ kfggll }tfh|kx`fi `{ cetnlcp |ihlt xbl aejft`xp eih xbl a`ntexlh lxbi`k aìft`x`l{#

}|{bìn xbl ìh`nlif|{ lxbi`k ntf|}{ g|txblt xf cl{{ gltx`cl ceih Xb`{ ~e{ xbl ke|{l fg tlklixxli{`fi{ ì xbl Klixtec B`nbceih{ Eifxblt à}ftxeix `{{|l gtfa xb`{ }t`wexl {lkxft!clh t|tec

lkfifap `{ xbl u|ec`xp }tfdcla Getalt{ }ceix xbl ktf}{ xbex xblp etl |{lh xf? xbl }t`wexl {lkxft

hfl{ `x{ d|{ìl{{ xf xbl dl{x gft `x{ }tfg`x? eih xbl t|tec lkfifap oll}{ ntf~ìn b`nb wfc|al d|x

deh u|ec`xp }tfh|kx{ T`kl eih kfgglletl x~f lrea}cl{ fg xb`{ b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp

ntf~xb @i xbl ke{l fg t`kl# dlìn xbl {lkfih cetnl{x t`kl lr}ftxlt{# W`lxiea{ t`kl lr}ftx `{

nlilteccp cf~lt u|ec`xp "eih xb|{ cf~lt }t`kl) kfa}etlh xf xbl{l fg Xbe`ceih ft @ihè @i xbl ke{l fg

kfggll# dlìn xbl ~ftch clehìn lr}ftxlt fg Tfd|{xe# W`lxiea `{ lr}ftxìn xbl a`r den cf~ u|ec`xp

}tfh|kx{ xf le{p ìxltiex`fiec d|plt{ Dlìn e b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp {|}}c`lt# W`lxiea

bethcp lrltx{ eip ìgc|likl{ fi ìxltiex`fiec aetolx }t`kl{ eih xb|{ dlìn e }t`kl xeolt ì af{x

ke{l{

@{ xb`{ xbl }t`wexl {lkxft xf dceal gft dlìn b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp }t`kl xeolt ì ìxltiex`fiec

ent`k|cx|tl aetolx{6 Ei{~ltìn xb`{ kfa}c`kexlh u|l{x`fi `{ h`gg`k|cx eih kcletcp nfl{ dlpfih xbl

{kf}l fg xbl k|ttlix {x|hp Bf~lwlt# `x kf|ch dl etn|lh xbex fwltkfaìn xbl }tfdcla fg dlìn e

b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp }t`kl xeolt tlu|`tl{ kfikltxlh lggftx{ Ceih tleccfkex`fi# il~ {llh

e}}c`kex`fi# lrxli{`fi {ltw`kl{# u|ec`xp kltx`g`kex`fi# xtehl }tfafx`fi{ lxk etl eafin xbl `{{|l{

xbex illh xf dl xekocl gft e afwl xf~eth b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl @i xbl{l e{}lkx{# xbl }t`wexl {lkxft

keiifx eih a`nbx ifx dl ~`ccìn xf xeol e clehìn tfcl Xbl ge`c|tl fg xbl ftnei`k wlnlxedcl wec|l

kbeì `{ lw`hlix gft xb`{ etn|alix Afwìn gtfa b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp xf~eth b`nb wec|l

ent`k|cx|tl tlu|`tl{ kfikltxlh lggftx{ eih xb`{ }tfkl{{ {bf|ch dl clh dp xbl Nfwltialix# ex cle{x ì

xbl ì`xèc }lt`fh{

Xb`{ te`{l{ ei ìxltl{xìn u|l{x`fi fi bf~ ìxltiex`fiec hfift{ kf|ch {|}}ftx W`lxiea ì {|kb

à}ftxeix kbecclinl{ fg xbl t|tec lkfifap Xbl kfaa|i`xp fg hfift{ bewl dlli ekx`wl ì


25/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 4;{|}}ftxìn xbl kf|ixtp{ hlwlcf}alix enlihe N`wli hexe ewe`cedcl xf xb`{ {x|hp# `x {lla{ xbex

hfift{ bewl {xtfincp gfk|{l{ fi ktlexìn eih {|}}ftxìn ei liedcl liw`tfialix gft lkfifa`k

ntf~xb eih }fwltxp tlh|kx`fi ì nliltec eih gft ent`k|cx|tl# }t`wexl {lkxft ì }etx`k|cet Xb`{ {x|hp

{|nnl{x{ xbex xbltl be{ dlli wltp c`xxcl ìwfcwlalix fg hfift{ ì {|}}ftxìn xbl {xtexln`k afwl

xf~eth b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl ì W`lxiea @x kf|ch dl etn|lh xbex xbl xàl gft kble} gffh `{ lihlh

eih xbl }tf{}lkx fg W`lxiea{ ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft# e{ ~lcc e{ a`cc`fi{ fg t|tec ìbed`xeix{ hl}lih{ fi~blxblt eih bf~ W`lxiea kf|ch afwl xf~eth b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl \igftx|iexlcp# xb`{ {x|hp

ìh`kexl{ xbex l`xblt xbl Nfwltialix ft hfift{ etl gf|ih {`clix ì xb`{ {xtexln`k kbecclinl Ifxedcp#

xb`{ gìhìn `{ tl}ftxlh ì xbl kfixlrx xbex {fal hfift{ etl }ekoìn xbl`t den{ e{ W`lxiea `{

e}}tfekbìn xbl a`hhcl!ìkfal kf|ixtp {xex|{


26/161



@ixtfh|kx`fiXbl hf` af`"`l Tlifwex`fi) }tfkl{{ ì 5027 eih l{}lkèccp xbl teh`kec aetolx!ft`lixlh tlgfta{ fg

5020 aetolh e x|tiìn }fìx ì xbl b`{xftp fg W`lxiea{ lkfifa`k b`{xftp [|kkl{{ ì aeienìn

xbex xtei{`x`fi }tfkl{{ be{ }|x W`lxiea ìxf xbl xf} x~f ft xbtll }ltgftalt{ ì xbl hlwlcf}ìn ~ftch"Ncl~~l lx ec 4==8) Gtfa e }le{eix lkfifap |ihlt xbl kfcclkx`wl ent`k|cx|tl {p{xla# W`lxiea

be{ xtei{gftalh w`nftf|{cp ìxf fil fg xbl ~ftch cetnl{x lr}ftxlt{ fg ent`k|cx|tl }tfh|kx{ Xb`{ `{

e{{fkèxlh ~`xb e hlwlcf}alix fg e w`dteix }t`wexl {lkxft# ~b`kb ~e{ ifx fgg`kèccp tlkfni`zlh |ihlt

xbl klixteccp }ceiiìn alkbei`{a H|tìn xb`{ xtei{gftaex`fi# xbl Nfwltialix be{ ~`xbhte~i `x{

h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{ eih }|t{|lh `x{ il~ tfcl e{ e }tfw`hlt fg }|dc`k nffh{ eih e gek`c`xexft [|kb

}tfkl{{ be{ dlli {|}}ftxlh dp e h`wlt{`g`lh kfaa|i`xp fg hlwlcf}alix hfift{ dp e }clxbfte fg

}tfnteaal{ eih }tfjlkx{ ì af{x e{}lkx{ fg {fk`f!lkfifa`k c`gl fg xbl kf|ixtp

E{ e }etx fg e ~`hlt {x|hp# xb`{ }e}lt }tl{lix{ ei eiecp{`{ fg W`lxiea Xbl fdjlkx`wl fg xb`{ {x|hp `{

xf à}tfwl f|t |ihlt{xeihìn fi xbl lwfc|x`fi fg xbl }t`wexl {lkxft eih xbl t|tec lkfifap |ihlt

x~f à}ftxeix gftkl{ Xbl g`t{x gftkl tl}tl{lix{ xbl tlxtlex fg xbl Nfwltialix gtfa e kfaaeihìntfcl ì xbl klixteccp }ceiiìn lkfifap xf~eth aftl gt`lihcp eih {|}}ftx`wl tfcl ì xbl il~ {lxxìn

fg xbl {f!kecclh aetolx!ft`lixlh lkfifap Xbl {lkfih gftkl tlglt{ xf xbl {|}}ftx fg xbl hfift

kfaa|i`xp gft W`lxiea{ hlwlcf}alix enlihe {ìkl xbl letcp {xenl fg xbl hf` af`}tfkl{{ Xf

}tfw`hl ì{`nbx{ gft xb`{ eiecp{`{# xbtll wec|l kbeì{ fg ent`k|cx|tl }tfh|kx{ ìkc|hìn t`kl# kfggll#

eih ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ Xbl {lclkx`fi fg xbl{l wec|l kbeì{ ~ltl aehl fi xbl de{`{ xbex xbl{l

}tfh|kx{ tl}tl{lix{ h`ggltlix {lnalix{ fg xbl ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft T`kl e{ xbl af{x à}ftxeix gffh

{xe}cl fg W`lxiea be{ lr}lt`liklh tlaetoedcl ntf~xb ì }tfh|kx`fi eih lr}ftx Kfggll e{ fil

fg xbl af{x à}ftxeix ìh|{xtèc ktf}{ fg xbl kf|ixtp be{ ec{f lrb`d`xlh à}tl{{`wl ntf~xb fwlt

xbl }e{x x~f hlkehl{ W`lxiea be{ l{xedc`{blh `x{ }f{`x`fi{ e{ fil fg xbl ~ftch clehìn lr}ftxlt{

fg t`kl eih kfggll Bf~lwlt# xbl{l wec|l kbeì{ etl xp}`kec fg xbl b`nb wfc|al d|x deh u|ec`xp

{xtexlnp fg W`lxiea{ ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft Xbl ftnei`k wec|l kbeì ~e{ xbli {lclkxlh e{ e ke{l gft

afwìn xf~eth b`nb wec|l ent`k|cx|tl

N`wli xbl {kf}l fg xbl k|ttlix {x|hp# xbl }e}lt tlc`l{ fi {lkfihetp {f|tkl{ fg hexe gft `x{ aeì

eiecp{`{ Xf {|}}clalix xb`{ eiecp{`{# e g`lchxt`} xf xbl {`xl fg ntf~ìn xbl {lclkxlh }tfh|kx{ ~ltl

ec{f aehl ì fthlt xf kfcclkx g|txblt ìgftaex`fi gtfa olp {xeolbfchlt{ fg xbl wec|l kbeì La}`t`kec

lw`hlikl gf|ih gtfa xbl g`lchxt`} `{ xbli |{lh xf tl!ligftkl xbl eiecp{`{ de{lh fi xbl {lkfihetp

hexe @i xb`{ tlneth# la}`t`kec lw`hlikl kfcclkxlh gtfa xbl g`lchxt`} {bf|ch ifx dl fwlt!{xexlh e{ `x

altlcp tl}tl{lix{ e {ie}{bfx fg xbl {lclkxlh wec|l kbeì{ ex xbl {`xl{ w`{`xlh Xbl {xt|kx|tl fg xbl

{x|hp kf|ch dl if~ f|xcìlh

Xbl g`t{x kbe}xlt }tfw`hl{ e tlw`l~ fg xbl aejft tlgfta{ tlcexlh xf ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxfthlwlcf}alix Xbl gfk|{ `{ }ceklh fi hlkfcclkx`w`zex`fi fg ent`k|cx|tl kfcclkx`wl{# ceih tlgfta{#

xtehìn tln|cex`fi{# eih gek`c`xex`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix ì ent`k|cx|tl E{ e tl{|cx fg xbl{l

tlgfta{# xbl tfcl fg xbl Nfwltialix `{ tl!hlgìlh xf dl gt`lihc`lt xf aetolx{ eih xbl }t`wexl {lkxft

Aejft f|xkfal{ fg xbl{l tlgfta{ ì xlta{ fg ent`k|cx|tl ntf~xb# lr}ftx# la}cfpalix# eih }fwltxp

tlh|kx`fi etl tl}ftxlh ì xbl gìec }etx fg xb`{ kbe}xlt Xbl xbtll {|d{lu|lix kbe}xlt{ }tfw`hl{ xbl

eiecp{`{ fi xbl xbtll wec|l kbeì{# ìkc|hìn t`kl ì xbl Alofin T`wlt Hlcxe# Kfggll ì xbl Klixtec

B`nbceih{# eih ftnei`k wlnlxedcl{ ì xbl Tlh T`wlt Hlcxe \ihlt lekb fg xbl{l kbe}xlt{# e tlw`l~

fg xbl }fc`kp liw`tfialix tlcexlh xf xbl{l }tfh|kx{ `{ g`t{x b`nbc`nbxlh Xbl gfk|{ fg xbl{l kbe}xlt{

`{ bf~lwlt }|x fi aeì gìhìn{ fi xbl olp ekxft{ fg xbl wec|l kbeì{ Xbl gìec kbe}xlt }tfw`hl{ e

tlw`l~ fi xbl ìwfcwlalix fg xbl hfift kfaa|i`xp ì {|}}ftxìn W`lxiea{ hlwlcf}alix enlihe#

fg ~b`kb ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix# }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix etl xbl x~f à}ftxeix


27/161




28/161



Xbl tfcl fg xbl }t`wexl {lkxft ì

ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix

h|tìn xbl lkfifa`k tlifwex`fiXb`{ kbe}xlt }tfw`hl{ e dekontf|ih fi xbl lkfifa`k tlifwex`fi "~b`kb `{ fgxli tlglttlh xf e{ hf`

af`) ~`xb e gfk|{ fi xbl tlgfta{ fi }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix ì ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec

hlwlcf}alix Xbl g`t{x {lkx`fi hl{kt`dl{ e fwltw`l~ fg xbl hf` af` Aejft tlgfta{ tlcexlh xf }t`wexl

{lkxft hlwlcf}alix ì ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft etl tlw`l~lh ì xbl {lkfih {lkx`fi E{ xbl Nfwltialix

be{ ~`xbhte~i `x{ h`tlkx ìxltwlix`fi{# xbl tlaeììn tfcl{ fg xbl {xexl# cetnlcp ì xlta{ fg }tfw`{`fi{

fg t|tec ìgte{xt|kx|tl{ eih }|dc`k {ltw`kl{# ~`cc dl h`{k|{{lh ì xbl xb`th {lkx`fi Aejft f|xkfal{ ì

xlta{ fg bf~ xbl }t`wexl {lkxft be{ tl{}fihlh xf {|kb tlgfta{ etl b`nbc`nbxlh ì xbl gìec {lkx`fi

Fwltw`l~ fg xbl hf` afÈgxlt xbl tl|i`g`kex`fi ì 50>


29/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 4>G`n|tl =5 Xbl Aeì [xenl{ fg xbl Hf` Af`ì W`lxiea

Dlgftl xbl

502={:

Klixteccp

}ceiilh

lkfifap

H|tìn 502=!22:

Kt`{`{ fg klixteccp

}ceiiìn

alkbei`{a{? glikl!

dtleoìn ì`xèx`wl{

[ìkl 5020: Aetolx!ft`lixlh tlgfta{

\} xf 5007:

[xtfin aetolx

tlgfta{

@i 500>!00:

E{èi kt`{`{?

Tlgfta

{cf~hf~i

[ìkl 4===:

G|txblt kfaa`xalix{

xf tlgfta{

[f|tkl: NH] ntf~xb# igcex`fi etl gtfa N[F [xex`{x`kec Pletdffo "wet`f|{ plet{)

Dlgftl xbl 502={: klixteccp }ceiilh lkfifapXbl lkfifap ~e{ l{{lixèccp e klixteccp }ceiilh fil ex e cf~ hlwlcf}alix clwlc Aejft

kbetekxlt`{x`k{ fg xbl lkfifap ìkc|hlh: "`) {xexl ft kfcclkx`wl f~ilt{b`} fg }tfh|kx`fi alei{? "``)

xbl Nfwltialix ehaì`{xltlh {|}}cp fg ì}|x eih h`{xt`d|x`fi fg f|x}|x? "```) ceko fg e|xfifap gft

lixlt}t`{l{# ed{likl fg gekxft aetolx{# b`nbcp tln|cexlh nffh{ eih {ltw`kl{ aetolx{? "`w) eih

ìwl{xalix dè{l{ xf~eth blewp ìh|{xt`l{# ~b`kb ~ltl fwlt~blcaìncp hl}lihlix fi lrxltiec

{f|tkl{ "K@LA# 4==4) W`lxiea ~e{ tlcex`wlcp e|xeto`k# xtehìn af{xcp ~`xb xbl gftalt {fkèc`{x

kf|ixt`l{ E{ e tl{|cx# xbl lkfifap ~e{ blew`cp h`{xftxlh ì tl{f|tkl eccfkex`fi ~`xb }fft

ìklix`wl{ eih tl{xt`kxlh ìgftaex`fi gcf~{ Dp xbl lih fg xbl 50>={# xbl ge`c|tl fg xbl klixteccp

}ceiilh {p{xla {xetxlh xf dlkfal ìktle{ìncp e}}etlix Lkfifa`k tlkl{{`fi ~e{ lw`hlix eih xbl

lkfifap {|ggltlh gtfa {lt`f|{ {bftxenl fg kfi{|alt nffh{ e{ ~lcc e{ ì}|x{ gft klixteccp }ceiilh

}tfh|kx`fi# eih xb|{ }tl{{|tl gft lkfifa`k aeienlalix kbeinl{ ìktle{lh {|d{xeixèccp

H|tìn xbl }lt`fh 502=!22: glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl{

Xbl klixteccp }ceiilh lkfifap ~e{ {xleh`cp afh`g`lh xf tl{}fih xf hl}clx`fi fg xbl lkfifap

[fal a`ktflkfifa`k tlgfta{ ~ltl ìxtfh|klh ì xbl letcp 502={ xf tlkfni`zl {}fixeilf|{ eih

dfxxfa!|} ale{|tl{ @cc`k`x kfixtekxìn ì ent`k|cx|tl `{ ei lrea}cl ~bltl getalt{ ~ltl ifx

ilkl{{etp xf {lcc ecc f|x}|x xf kfcclkx`wl{ @i{xleh# xblp ~ltl e{{`nilh f|x}|x xetnlx{ eih e{ cfin

e{ xbl{l xetnlx ~ltl kfa}clxlh# xbl bf|{lbfch{ ~ltl gtll xf hlk`hl xbl |{enl fg xbl`t tlaeììn

f|x}|x Glikl dtleoìn ì xbl aei|gekx|tìn {lkxft `{ eifxblt lrea}cl ~bltl lixlt}t`{l{ ~ltl

eccf~lh xf hlk`hl fi ~bex xblp ~ltl nfìn xf hf egxlt kfa}clxìn xbl }cei{ à}f{lh dp xbl

e|xbft`x`l{ eih |{l xbl tlwli|l gtfa xbl{l lrxte ekx`w`x`l{ xf kfa}li{exl gft xbl`t ~ftolt{ Xbl{l

a`ktf!clwlc tlgfta{ libeiklh wfc|ixetp eih hlklixtec`zlh ìxltekx`fi{ dlx~lli lkfifa`k enlix{eih ktlexlh il~ ìklix`wl{ gft }tfh|klt{ eih getalt{ ì te`{ìn f|x}|x{ h|tìn xbl }lt`fh 5024!2


30/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 42Xbl lkfifap dlkeal aftl hpiea`k# eih e{ e tl{|cx# W`lxiea lijfplh e tlcex`wlcp b`nb texl fg

lkfifa`k ntf~xb ì xbl g`t{x becg fg xbl 502={

Bf~lwlt# xbex tl{|cxeix ntf~xb ~e{ ifx {|{xeìedcl eih xlihlh xf hlkcìl e{ kfi{lu|likl{ fg

aektflkfifa`k àdeceikl{ {|kb e{ lrkl{{`wl hlaeih gft kfi{|a}x`fi nffh{ eih cetnl g`{kec

hlg`k`x# eih aftl à}ftxeixcp a`{eccfkex`fi fg tl{f|tkl{ @i exxla}x{ xf tlwlt{l xbl {`x|ex`fi# xbl

gìeikèc tlgfta kbeinlh xf il~ W`lxiea Hfin ifxl{ ~b`kb ~ltl e}}tlkèxlh dp xli xàl{

à}clalixlh ì 502


31/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix 40Aejft tlgfta{ fi ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxft

H|tìn e xtei{gftaex`fi gtfa e klixteccp }ceiilh lkfifap ìxf e aetolx lkfifap# aejft tlgfta{ ì

ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix eih }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix kf|ch dl dl{x hl{kt`dlh e{ ei

c`dltec`zex`fi }tfkl{{ fg gftalt h`{xftx`fi{ xf ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix eih |ilu|ec

xtlexalix xf~eth xbl }t`wexl {lkxft @i xb`{ kfixlrx# xbltl bewl dlli e i|adlt fg à}ftxeix }fc`kp

kbeinl{ xbex h`tlkxcp egglkx }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix @i xb`{ c`dltec`zex`fi }tfkl{{# xbl tfcl fg xblNfwltialix ì ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix eih }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix be{ dlli

kbeinlh {`ni`g`keixcp gtfa e kfaaeihìn tfcl ìxf aftl {|}}ftx`wl eih n|`hìn tfcl Xb`{ {lkx`fi

~`cc g`t{x tlw`l~ xbl aejft }fc`kp tlgfta{ dlgftl h`{k|{{ìn xbl k|ttlix tfcl fg xbl Nfwltialix ì

ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix

W`lxiea ~e{ cetnlcp e }le{eix lkfifap dlgftl xbl hf` af` \ihlt {|kb klixteccp }ceiilh entetèi

lkfifap# ent`k|cx|tec }tfh|kx`fi ~e{ ftnei`zlh ì kff}ltex`wl{ ~b`kb gfccf~lh {xexl }tfh|kx`fi

}cei{ Hlk`{`fi fi }tfh|kx`fi# betwl{xìn# }f{x!betwl{xìn ekx`w`x`l{ ~ltl xfxeccp |ihlt kfixtfc fg

xbl{l ent`k|cx|tec kfcclkx`wl{ Xbltl ~e{ if ceih!|{l t`nbx{ nteixlh xf ìh`w`h|ec eih }t`wexl {lkxft

~e{ ifx eccf~lh ì t|tec lkfifa`k Xtehìn fg ent`k|cx|tl ì}|x eih f|x}|x ~e{ aehl dp kfcclkx`wl{

eih {xexl!f~ilh xtehìn lixlt}t`{l{ |{ìn xbl {xexl!tln|cexlh }t`kl{ E{ W`lxiea ~e{ kfi{xeixcp ì{bftxenl fg gffh eih gffh{x|gg# xbltl ~e{ ecaf{x if ent`k|cx|tl lr}ftx @a}ftxex`fi fg ent`k|cx|tec

}tfh|kx{ ~ltl kett`lh f|x xbf|nb {xexl!xf!{xexl entllalix# aeìcp xf }tfw`hl gffh e`h eih

{|d{`h`l{ gft W`lxiea Gtfa xb`{ {xetxìn }fìx# W`lxiea be{ lr}lt`liklh e i|adlt fg à}ftxeix

}fc`kp kbeinl{? xb`{ {|d!{lkx`fi ~`cc tlw`l~ hl!kfcclkx`w`zex`fi "~`xb tlcex`fi xf Tl{fc|x`fi 5==)# xbl

ceih tlgfta "~`xb e {}lk`g`k gfk|{ fi xbl Ceih Ce~)# }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix cln`{cex`fi# xtehl

eih ìwl{xalix tlgfta{

Hl!kfcclkx`w`zex`fi# H`tlkx`wl 5== eih Tl{fc|x`fi 5=

@i{}`tlh dp xbl kfaa|i`{x kfikl}x fg kfcclkx`wl f~ilt{b`}# xbl Nfwltialix fg xbl Iftxb W`lxiea

{xetxlh xbl }tfkl{{ fg kfcclkx`w`zex`fi t`nbx egxlt xbl lih fg xbl Gtlikb kfcfip ~et xbex h`w`hlh xbl

kf|ixtp ìxf e Iftxblti {fkèc`{x }etx eih [f|xblti hlafktex`k tlnàl {|}}ftxlh dp xbl \i`xlh[xexl{ E{ e tl{|cx# etedcl ceih{# kceàlh dp xbl Nfwltialix gtfa ceihcfth{ dlx~lli 50

aladlt{) ìktle{lh dp dlx~lli 4== }ltklix kfa}etlh xf xbf{l ì xb`{ }lt`fh

Hl{}`xl xbl }tfc`gltex`fi fg kff}ltex`wl{ tlgclkxlh dp t`{ìn i|adlt fg getalt{ eih f|x}|x {kecl#ì`xèc à}tfwlalix{ ì f|x}|x ~ltl gf|ih xf dl {bftx!c`wlh Xbltl ~ltl if ìklix`wl{ gft nffh

}ltgftaeikl{ ift }liecx`l{ gft deh }ltgftaeikl{ Getalt{ ~ltl tl~ethlh dp xbl`t kfixt`d|x`fi ì

~ftoìn xàl eih {li`ft`xp texblt xbei ìh`w`h|ec }tfh|kx`w`xp Xbl kfcclkx`wl lkfifap blch 07

}ltklix fg getaceih d|x nliltexlh cl{{ xbei 8= }ltklix fg xbl ewltenl ìkfal gft xbl`t aladlt

bf|{lbfch{ [xeniex`fi ì ent`k|cx|tec }tfh|kx`fi ~e{ tlkfthlh eih ewltenl }lt!ke}`xe gffh f|x}|x

htf}}lh xf xbl cf~l{x clwlc ì 50>7 ~b`cl }f}|cex`fi ntl~ te}`hcp egxlt xbl tl!|i`g`kex`fi Dlìn ei

entetèi lkfifap d|x W`lxiea geklh {lwltl {bftxenl fg gffh eih gffh{x|gg ì xbl cexl 50>={ E{ e

tl{|cx# xbltl ~e{ e cetnl ne} dlx~lli dceko aetolx }t`kl{ eih tln|cexlh }t`kl{ gft ent`k|cx|tec

f|x}|x Ekkfthìn xf Ggfthl eih hl Wpchlt "5007)# xbl gtll aetolx }t`kl{ gft aeip }tfh|kx{ fggltlh

ex 5= xàl{ b`nblt xbei xbex fg xbl }|dc`k {lkxft E{ gffh {lk|t`xp ~e{ ifx li{|tlh dp hfal{x`k

}tfh|kx`fi# W`lxiea ~e{ hl}lihlix fi gffh e`h gtfa gftalt {fkèc`{x kf|ixt`l{ ex xàl{ Hlkcììn


32/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix ;=ent`k|cx|tl f|x}|x eih ìktle{ìn {bftxenl fg gffh eih gffh{x|gg }tfwlh xbl ge`c|tl fg xbl

kfcclkx`w`zex`fi ~ewl

@i xbl letcp 502=# {xlaaìn gtfa {|kb lkfifa`k h`gg`k|cx`l{# glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl{ ~ltl

fd{ltwlh ì kltxeì t|tec cfkex`fi{ Xbl af{x à}ftxeix glikl!dtleoìn lr}ltàlix{ ì ent`k|cx|tl

lixe`clh ceih eccfkex`fi xf getalt{ eih kfixtekxlh xbla ~`xb }t`kl{ edfwl xbl fgg`kèc clwlc{ @cc`k`x

kfixtekxìn ì ent`k|cx|tl ~e{ ec{f ìxtfh|klh Ekkfthìncp# getalt{ ~ltl ifx ilkl{{etp xf {lcc ecc

f|x}|x xf kfcclkx`wl{ @i{xleh# xblp ~ltl e{{`nilh f|x}|x xetnlx{ eih e{ cfin e{ xbl{l xetnlx{ ~ltl

kfa}clxlh# xbl bf|{lbfch{ ~ltl gtll xf hlk`hl xbl |{enl fg xbl`t tlaeììn f|x}|x Wetèix{ fg

xbl{l ale{|tl{ ~ltl ectlehp fd{ltwlh ì xbl 50>={ ì# gft ì{xeikl# Wìb ]b| eih Be` ]bfin

xbl x~f }tfwìkl{ ì xbl Iftxb Xbf{l ale{|tl{ ~ltl bf~lwlt kt`x`k`zlh dp xbl Klixtec Kfaa|i`{x

]etxp eih xb|{ h`{eccf~lh xf h|}c`kexl @i xbl [f|xb# ì gekìn ~`xb gffh {bftxenl# BKAK e|xbft`x`l{

dlnei d|pìn t`kl gtfa getalt{ ex e }t`kl xbex lu|eclh xbl gtll!aetolx clwlc "lwli xbf|nb xblp

~ltl g`wl xàl{ b`nblt xbei xbl fgg`kèc }t`kl{ @i eifxblt glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl# BKAK

e|xbft`x`l{ eccf~lh {fal Kbìl{l xtehlt{ xf d|p ent`k|cx|tec eih g`{bltp }tfh|kx{ "Teae# 4==2)

]ltbe}{# xbl af{x teh`kec glikl!dtleoìn ale{|tl ~e{ H`tlkx`wl If 5== fg xbl Kfaa|i`{x

]etxp{ Klixtec Kfaa`xxll# geaf|{cp oif~i e{ Kfixtekx 5== "`l Obfi 5==) ft f|x}|x kfixtekx#

~e{ `{{|lh fi Jei|etp# 5025 Xb`{ tl}tl{lix{ e g`t{x à}ftxeix afwl e~ep gtfa kfcclkx`wl

ent`k|cx|tl "O`to eih In|pli# 4==0) Ekkfthìncp# ent`k|cx|tec ceih{ ~ltl tlh`{xt`d|xlh gtfa

kfcclkx`wl{ xf }le{eix bf|{lbfch{? xbl tl{}fi{`d`c`xp gft }tfh|kx`fi {b`gxlh hf~i gtfa kff}ltex`wl{

xf }le{eix{ bf|{lbfch{# ~bf ~ltl xbli tl{}fi{`dcl gft xbl xe{o fg ntf~ìn }ceix{# ~llhìn#

e}}cpìn gltx`c`zlt# eih betwl{xìn @i xlta{ fg f|x}|x eccfkex`fi# lekb }le{eix bf|{lbfch ~e{ n`wli

e u|fxe de{lh fi ceih etle{ |{lh eih }tfh|kx`w`xp h|tìn xbl }tlw`f|{ xbtll plet{ ]le{eix{

~ltl xbli eccf~lh xf oll} ft {lcc {|t}c|{l{ fi xbl }t`wexl aetolx{ ft xf xbl {xexl xtehìn enlik`l{

ex {fal ilnfxèxlh }t`kl{ H`tlkx`wl 5==# xfnlxblt ~`xb fxblt dfxxfa!|} ale{|tl{ ì ent`k|cx|tl

lrltxlh à}ftxeix à}ekx{ fi ntf~xb fg ent`k|cx|tec f|x}|x ì xbl a`h 502= Bf~lwlt# xbl{l glikl!

dtleoìn ale{|tl{ }tfwlh xf dl {bftx!c`wlh Hl{}`xl fg letcp à}tfwlalix{ ì ent`k|cx|tec f|x}|x#lkfifa`k h`gg`k|cx`l{ ì xbl letcp 502= ~ltl kfi{`hltlh xf dl {lwltl eih clgx c`xxcl }fc`kp f}x`fi{

G|ihealixec aektflkfifa`k àdeceikl{ tlaeìlh {lt`f|{ h|l xf h`{xftx`fi{ ì eccfkex`fi fg

tl{f|tkl{ gft hlkehl{

Xf fwltkfal {fk`f!lkfifa`k kt`{`{# xbl [`rxb Iex`fiec Kfintl{{ fg xbl Kfaa|i`{x ]etxp ì 5027

fgg`kèccp ìxtfh|klh xbl hf` af` @i {lt`l{ fg {|d{lu|lix tlgfta{# xbltl ~ltl dfch }fc`kp kbeinl{ ì

ent`k|cx|tl eih }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix# ìkc|hìn "`) ceih!|{l t`nbx{ gft getalt{? "``)

c`dltec`zex`fi fg ent`k|cx|tec xtehl eih }t`kl{? "```) gek`c`xex`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft hlwlcf}alix ì

ent`k|cx|tl? eih "`w) fxblt ent`k|cx|tl!tlcexlh }fc`kp kbeinl{ Fg xbl{l tlgfta{# Tl{fc|x`fi 5=

"|{|eccp tlglttlh xf e{ Obfi 5=) ~e{ etn|edcp xbl af{x à}ftxeix tlgfta{ ì ent`k|cx|tl \icòl

xbl letc`lt H`tlkx`wl 5==# Tl{fc|x`fi 5= tl}tl{lix{ e teh`kec e}}tfekb xf kfcclkx`wl ent`k|cx|tl eihì`xèxlh xbl hlkfcclkx`w`zex`fi

@i ekkftheikl ~`xb Tl{fc|x`fi 5=# getalt{ ~ltl lix`xclh xf ceih!|{l t`nbx{ gft 5< plet{ gft eii|ec

ktf}{ eih 8= plet{ gft }ltliièc ktf}{ Ecxbf|nb xbl xlta{ fg ceih eccfkex`fi wet`lh ektf{{

W`lxiea# ceih ~e{ eccfkexlh fi xbl de{`{ fg gea`cp {`zl ì af{x ì{xeikl{ Kff}ltex`wl{ if cfinlt

kfixtfcclh ke}`xec {xfko# ~ftoìn ke}`xec# eih fxblt alei{ fg }tfh|kx`fi Getalt{ neìlh xbl`t

e|xfifap xf g|ccp kfixtfc }tfh|kx`fi hlk`{`fi{ @i xbl g`t{x ì{xeikl# getalt{ ~ltl eccf~lh xf tlxeì

8= }ltklix fg xfxec f|x}|x gft xbl`t f~i |{enl# ~b`cl xbl tlaeììn ~e{ kfixt`d|xlh xf kfcclkx`wl{

Gl~ afixb{ egxlt Tl{fc|x`fi 5= dlkeal lgglkx`wl# getalt{ ~ltl eccf~lh xf hlk`hl lix`tlcp xbl`t

f|x}|x Xb`{ e|xfifap ~e{ eneì{x xbl g|ihealixec }tìk`}cl fg kfcclkx`wl{# eih e{ e tl{|cx# xbltl

~e{ e hlkfcclkx`w`zex`fi ~ewl egxlt Tl{fc|x`fi 5= Dp xbl letcp fg 500={# ficp e gl~ kfcclkx`wl{~ltl clgx eih ectlehp xtei{gftalh xf }tfw`{`fi{ ent`k|cx|tec {ltw`kl{ {|kb e{ `tt`nex`fi# h`{xt`d|x`fi

fg ent`k|cx|tec ì}|x{ "Ggfthl eih B|ei# 4==5)


33/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix ;5@i lggftx{ xf tlil~ xbl afhlc fg kfcclkx`wl{# xbl Kff}ltex`wl Ce~ ~e{ }tfa|cnexlh fi Aetkb 5007

"ealihlh ì 4==;) ktlexìn il~ clnec de{l gft tl!ftnei`zìn eih f}ltexìn kff}ltex`wl{ ì xbl

aetolx!ft`lixlh lkfifap E{ {x`}|cexlh ì xbl Ce~# kff}ltex`wl{ kei tln`{xlt e{ ìhl}lihlix

d|{ìl{{ lix`xp ~`xb `x{ f~i {xea}{ eih deio ekkf|ix{ ~`xb xbl gtllhfa ì kfih|kxìn d|{ìl{{

xtei{ekx`fi{ e{ eip fxblt clnec d|{ìl{{ lix`x`l{ Xb`{ `{ xf likf|tenl d|{ìl{{ hlwlcf}alix ì

t|tec etle{ Bf~lwlt# `x `{ ifx kclet bf~ xbl t|tec lkfifap be{ tl{}fihlh xf xb`{ il~ afhlc fgkfcclkx`wl{ Egxlt hlkehl{ fg gftkìn xf jfì kfcclkx`wl{# e kfaafi {li{l eafin }le{eix

bf|{lbfch{ `{ xf hf xbl`t f~i d|{ìl{{ texblt xbei jfììn il~ kfcclkx`wl afhlc{ Fil ehweixenl

fg jfììn il~ kfcclkx`wl{ kfa}etlh xf bf|{lbfch d|{ìl{{l{ `{ xbex kfcclkx`wl{ etl kfi{`hltlh e{

clnec d|{ìl{{ lix`x`l{ eih xb|{ edcl xf `{{|l ìwf`kl{ gft xbl`t {ltw`kl{ e{ cfin e{ ekkl{{ xf

{|}}ftx gft hlwlcf}alix fg xbl gftaec }t`wexl {lkxft Bf~lwlt# aeip bf|{lbfch{ d|{ìl{{l{ a`nbx

ehf}x xf tln`{xlt fgg`kèccp e{ e }t`wexl g`ta texblt xbei xf jfì kfcclkx`wl{ Xbltlgftl# xbl lgglkx fg xb`{

il~ cln`{cex`fi ì kfcclkx`wl{ tlaeì{ ìkfikc|{`wl

Ceih tlgfta{ ì t|tec etle{

Ceih tlgfta ~e{ tlgclkxlh ì {fal glikl!dtleoìn lr}ltàlix{ ì ent`k|cx|tl e{ hl{kt`dlh edfwl

H`tlkx`wl 5== xekoclh ìh`tlkxcp xbl `{{|l fg ceih eccfkex`fi gft }le{eix{ @i{xleh fg eccfkexìn ceihxf getalt{# ceih ~e{ {x`cc |ihlt kfixtfc fg kfcclkx`wl{ d|x getalt{ ~ltl eccf~lh xf k|cx`wexl ì

kfcclkx`wl ceih e{ cfin e{ xblp kfixt`d|xlh xbl wfc|al fg f|x}|x kfixtekxlh ^`xb Tl{fc|x`fi 5=#

ceih ~e{ gft xbl g`t{x xàl eccfkexlh xf }le{eix{ ~`xb ceih!|{l t`nbx{ {lk|tlh gft 5< eih 8= plet{ gft

eii|ec eih }ltliièc ktf}{# tl{}lkx`wlcp Xbltlgftl# ~b`cl ceih ~e{ kfi{`hltlh e{ {xexl ft

kfcclkx`wl f~ilt{b`}# ceih!|{l t`nbx{ ~ltl nteixlh gft cfin!xlta |{enl gft }le{eix bf|{lbfch{

Gtfa xb`{ {xetxìn }fìx# xbl g`t{x Ceih Ce~ ~e{ }tfa|cnexlh ì 500; aetolh xbl af{x à}ftxeix

}tfkl{{ ì xbl ceih tlgfta{ gft ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix Xb`{ 500; Ceih Ce~ ~e{ d|`cx fi

Tl{fc|x`fi 5= dp lrxlihìn ceih xli|tl xf 4= plet{ gft eii|ec ktf}{ eih }ltklix fg }le{eix bf|{lbfch{ eih

>2 }ltklix fg xbl ent`k|cx|tec ceih Ceih!|{l t`nbx kltx`g`kexl{# ~b`kb n|eteixll cfin!xlta ceih |{l

t`nbx{# dlkeal fil fg xbl af{x à}ftxeix }bp{`kec e{{lx{ gft getalt{ [ìkl xbl }tfa|cnex`fi fg xbl

Ceih Ce~ ì 500;# xbl Ce~ be{ dlli ealihlh {lwltec xàl{ ì 5002# 4==5# eih af{x tlklixcp

4==; Dp {|kb ealihalix{# `{{|l{ tlcexlh xf h`ggltlix ceih |{lt{ "ì{xleh fg ìh`w`h|ec{ e{ ì Ceih

Ce~ 500;) ~ltl ehhlh? ceih }t`kìn# alkbei`{a{ xf hlec ~`xb ceih h`{}|xl{ ~ltl ìxtfh|klh? eihlu|ec xtlexalix eafin h`ggltlix ceih |{lt{ ~ltl {xtlinxblilh

Ilwltxblcl{{# xbltl lr`{x cà`xex`fi{ ì ceih tlgfta{ eih hlwlcf}alix fg e ~lcc!g|ikx`fiìn aetolx

gft ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix ì W`lxiea Ceih gtenalixex`fi ~e{ xbl aejft kfi{xteìx gft

kfaaltkèc`zlh ent`k|cx|tl Xf tlgclkx xbl lnec`xetèi {}`t`x# ceih ~e{ {|}}f{lh xf dl eccfkexlh fi

xbl de{`{ fg illh "|{|eccp ìh`kexlh dp xbl {`zl fg bf|{lbfch{) eih ec{f xbl ed`c`xp xf geta xbl ceih

"aleiìn# xbl i|adlt fg bf|{lbfch aladlt{ ~bf kei ~fto fi xbl ceih) N`wli xbl cetnl eih

ntf~ìn }f}|cex`fi eih b`nb hli{`xp fg }f}|cex`fi# xb`{ tl{|cxlh ì e b`nb clwlc fg ceih

gtenalixex`fi# ~b`kb à}f{lh ilnex`wl lgglkx{ fi }tfh|kx`fi lgg`k`likp eih ceih }tfh|kx`w`xp @i

ehh`x`fi# ceih kfikl{{`fi gft ìwl{xalix }tfjlkx{ eih fxblt ifi!ent`k|cx|tl |{l{ bewl dlkfal ei

ìktle{ìncp à}ftxeix }tfdcla ]bea lx ec "4=5=) {bf~lh e te}`h texl fg ceih kfikl{{`fi gftfxblt }|t}f{l{ eih e{ e tl{|cx xbl ìk`hlikl fg ceihcl{{ bf|{lbfch{ ì xbl t|tec etle{ ~e{ fi e


34/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix ;4t`{l dp iletcp x~f xb`th dlx~lli 5004 eih 4==8 @i xbl cexxlt plet# [kffx "4==7) tl}ftxlh xbex 50,

fg t|tec bf|{lbfch{ ~ltl ceihcl{{ Eafin xbl }fftl{x u|ìx`cl fg bf|{lbfch{ ì xbl Alofin Hlcxe#

iletcp 8= }ltklix ~ltl ceihcl{{ @i ehh`x`fi# ent`k|cx|tec ceih tlkceaex`fi }tfkl{{ gft fxblt

lkfifa`k ekx`w`x`l{ eih kfa}li{ex`fi etteinlalix{ etl kftt|}xlh eih ifi!xtei{}etlix Xb`{ `{

}etxcp h|l xf e cetnl ne} lr`{x dlx~lli xbl fgg`kèc ceih }t`kl{ tln|cexlh dp xbl nfwltialix eih xbl

aetolx }t`kl{

C`dltec`zex`fi fg xtehl ì xbl ent`k|cx|tl {lkxft

Xtehl fg ent`k|cx|tec }tfh|kx{ be{ dlli {xleh`cp c`dltec`zlh dfxb hfal{x`keccp eih ìxltiex`fieccp

{ìkl 5027 H|tìn 502>05# }t`kl c`dltec`zex`fi ~e{ kett`lh f|x ~`xb {lu|lixèc tlgfta ale{|tl{

xf edfc`{b xbl tex`fi {p{xla eih xbl ne} dlx~lli fgg`kèc eih aetolx }t`kl{ Ekkfthìncp# xbl tex`fi

{p{xla ~b`kb f}ltexlh xbtf|nb eccfkex`fi fg {xea}{ gft af{x l{{lixèc kfi{|alt nffh{ de{lh fi

bf|{lbfch {`zl{# }tfgl{{`fiec ketllt{# eih }f{`x`fi{ ~e{ tlafwlh Xb`{ ce`h xbl af{x à}ftxeix

dekontf|ih gft |{ìn aetolx }t`kl{ ì xtei{ekx`fi{ Ekkfthìncp# xbl cetnl ne} dlx~lli fgg`kèc

"h`{xftxlh) }t`kl{ eih dceko aetolx }t`kl{ ~ltl iettf~lh Dp 5020# }t`kl{ fg af{x nffh eih

{ltw`kl{ ~ltl if cfinlt hlk`hlh dp {xexl }ceiilt{# lrkl}x gft t`kl# ne{fcìl# eih {fal fxblt

l{{lixèc nffh{ ]t`kl c`dltec`zex`fi ~e{ ekkfa}ei`lh dp xbl f}liìn fg aetolx{ gft dfxb ìxltieceih lrxltiec xtehl @i 502># ìxltiec kfixtfc }f{x{ ~ltl edfc`{blh# ekklcltexìn xtehl dlx~lli

tln`fi{# dlx~lli [FL{ eih }t`wexl {lkxft{# e{ ~lcc e{ dlx~lli |tdei eih t|tec {lkxft{ "O`to eih

In|pli# 4==0)

Gftl`ni xtehl tlgfta ~e{ ì`xèxlh ì 5022 ~`xb xbl }tfa|cnex`fi fg xbl g`t{x Ce~ fi @a}ftx eih

Lr}ftx H|x`l{# ~b`kb dlkfal lgglkx`wl ì Jei 5022 W`lxiea{ xtehl tlnàl ì xbl }tl!xtei{`x`fi

{betlh {fal kfaafi glex|tl{ ~`xb xbl{l fg fxblt xtei{`x`fiec lkfifa`l{ ì L|tf}l# ìkc|hìn "`)

gftl`ni xtehl ~e{ afif}fc`zlh dp {xexl kft}ftex`fi{? "``) xbl |{l{ fg xet`gg{ eih fxblt ifi!xet`gg xffc{

~ltl wltp cà`xlh e{ gftl`ni xtehl ~e{ h`{xftxlh dp xbl }ceiiìn {p{xla{? eih "```) xtehl tlcex`fi{

~ltl af{xcp ~`xb fxblt kf|ixt`l{ ì xbl Kf|ik`c gft A|x|ec Lkfifa`k E{{`{xeikl "KALE) Dlgftl

xbl 500={# 5; {xexl!f~ilh gftl`ni xtehìn kft}ftex`fi{ lgglkx`wlcp kfixtfcclh W`lxiea{ lr}ftx{ eihà}ftx{ @i xlta{ fg ent`k|cx|tl# W`lxiea bethcp lr}ftxlh eip {`ni`g`keix eaf|ix fg ent`k|cx|tec

}tfh|kx{ h|l xf xbl {bftxenl fg gffh eih gffh{x|gg ì xbl hfal{x`k aetolx Egxlt xet`gg tlgfta{# xbl

nfwltialix xbli kfik|ttlixcp kle{lh `x{ lrkc|{`wl kfixtfc fg gftl`ni xtehl xbtf|nb {xexl xtehìn

enlik`l{ eih à}ftxlr}ftx c`kli{l{ Xf dfc{xlt xbl kfa}lx`x`wl }f{`x`fi fg xbl lkfifap# xbl

fgg`kèc lrkbeinl texl ~e{ {bet}cp hlwec|lh eih dtf|nbx xf ilet lu|ec`xp ~`xb xbl gtll aetolx texl

"[l}lbt` eih Eotea!Cfhb` 4==4)

Tlnethìn h`tlkx u|eix`xex`wl tl{xt`kx`fi{ fi à}ftx{ eih à}ftx c`kli{ìn# W`lxiea tlc`lh blew`cp fi

u|eix`xex`wl tl{xt`kx`fi{ ì xbl letcp {xenl fg xtehl tlgfta{ Gft ent`k|cx|tec }tfh|kx{# lr}ftx fg t`kl

eih à}ftx fg gltx`c`zlt{ ~ltl {|djlkx xf kcf{l kfixtfc eih afi`xft dp xbl Aì`{xtp fg Xtehl "oif~i

k|ttlixcp e{ xbl Aì`{xtp fg Xtehl eih @ih|{xtp AfX@) Bf~lwlt# xbl{l tln|cex`fi{ bewl lwfcwlh{|d{xeixèccp ì xbl cexl 500={ [ìkl 4===# UT{ fi à}ftx{ bewl dlli {|d{xeixèccp c`dltec`zlh

K|ttlixcp# UT{ tlaeì fi x~f `xla{ ìkc|hìn {|net eih }lxtfcl|a }tfh|kx{ Xfnlxblt ~`xb

tlafwec fg u|eix`xex`wl tl{xt`kx`fi{# {fal lr}ftx }tfafx`fi ì`xèx`wl{ ~ltl ec{f ìxtfh|klh @i

5002# lr}ftx {|d{`h`l{ ~ltl g`t{x à}clalixlh eih ì ehh`x`fi# ei Lr}ftx Tl~eth G|ih "LTG) ~e{

l{xedc`{blh @x }tfw`hlh gìeikèc {|}}ftx eih ìxltl{x!{|d{`h`{lh cfei{ xf lixlt}t`{l{ lr}ftxìn

gt|`x{ eih wlnlxedcl{ e{ ~lcc e{ alex }tfh|kx{ @i 5000# xbl LTG xfnlxblt ~`xb xbl ]t`kl

[xed`c`zex`fi G|ih ~e{ xtei{gftalh ìxf xbl Lr}ftx [|}}ftx G|ih "L[G) @x{ }|t}f{l{ ~ltl xf

{|d{`h`zl ent`k|cx|tec lr}ftxedcl }tfh|kx{ ~bli xbl`t ìxltiex`fiec }t`kl{ hlkcìl ft cf{{l{ etl

ìk|ttlh h|l xf cf~ kfa}lx`wlil{{ eih tl~eth ìifwex`wl lr}ftxlt{

[xexl afif}fcp ì ent`k|cx|tec xtehìn ~e{ {xleh`cp tlafwlh Gtfa xbl i|adlt fg 5; {xexlkft}ftex`fi{ xbex ~ltl hl{`nilh xf gftl`ni xtehl aeìcp ~`xb gftalt {fkèc`{x kf|ixt`l{# g`ta{ gtfa


35/161


Xbl Tfcl fg xbl ]t`wexl [lkxft ì Ent`k|cx|tl eih t|tec hlwlcf}alix ;;h`ggltlix xp}l{ fg f~ilt{b`} "{ll dlcf~) ~ltl eccf~lh xf }etx`k`}exl ì gftl`ni xtehl xtei{ekx`fi{

kfih`x`fiec xf bewìn gftl`ni xtehl c`klikl{ ]t`ft xf E|n|{x 5002# xbl gftl`ni xtehìn c`kli{ìn

alkbei`{a ekxlh dfxb e{ e kltx`g`kex`fi xbex xbl lixlt}t`{l ~e{ kfa}lxlix xf xtehl eih e{ e

{}lk`g`kex`fi fg xbl kfaafh`x`l{ xbex xbl lixlt}t`{l ~e{ lix`xclh xf à}ftx ft lr}ftx Xbl }tl!5002

{p{xla h`{xìn|`{blh dlx~lli }tfh|kx`fi lixlt}t`{l{ eih {}lkèc`zlh xtehìn lixlt}t`{l{

]tfh|kx`fi lixlt}t`{l{ ~ltl c`kli{lh xf à}ftx eih lr}ftx nffh{ xbex tlcexlh xf xbl`t }tfh|kx`fiekx`w`x`l{ {}lk`g`lh ì xbl d|{ìl{{ tln`{xtex`fi kltx`g`kexl Gft xtehìn lixlt}t`{l{ "~b`kb ~ltl

tlu|`tlh xf allx ehh`x`fiec kfih`x`fi{ tlnethìn }lt{fiilc eih ~ftoìn ke}`xec)# xbl c`kli{l

`hlix`g`lh kltxeì kexlnft`l{ fg nffh{ xbex xblp ~ltl lc`n`dcl xf xtehl "A\XTE]# 4==4) Hlktll

If &5002&IH!K] `{{|lh ì J|cp 5002 tl}tl{lix{ e teh`kec kbeinl ì xbl xtehìn tlnàl

Ekkfthìncp# ecc g`ta{ etl eccf~lh xf xtehl nffh{ h`tlkxcp ì xbl teinl fg nffh{ ì xbl`t {kf}l fg

ekx`w`x`l{ tln`{xltlh ì xbl`t d|{ìl{{ c`klikl{ ~`xbf|x e gftl`ni xtehìn c`kli{l @i ehh`x`fi# xbl

{p{xla fg hl{`niexìn lixlt}t`{l{ xf lr}ftx t`kl eih à}ftx gltx`c`zlt{ kle{lh ì Aep 4==5 dp

Hlk`{`fi If87&4==5&UH!XXn# ~b`kb }etxcp c`dltec`zl kfih`x`fi{ gft il~ lixteix{ ì xbl{l ekx`w`x`l{

Gek`c`xex`fi fg }t`wexl {lkxft ì ent`k|cx|tl

]t`wexl {lkxft ~e{ ifx fgg`kèccp tlkfni`zlh |ihlt xbl klixteccp }ceiiìn lkfifap dlgftl xbl hfàf` @i{xleh# }t`wexl!clh lkfifa`k ekx`w`x`l{ ~ltl }|x |ihlt e dtfehcp hlgìlh xlta fg dceko

aetolx ft ìgftaec {lkxft E{ ficp {xexl eih kfcclkx`wl f~ilt{b`} ~ltl tlkfni`zlh# xbl lkfifap

~e{ gftaeccp ht`wli dp [FL{ eih kfcclkx`wl{ Bf~lwlt# xbl }t`wexl {lkxft ekx`w`x`l{ ì W`lxiea h`h

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pkp2__ policy coherence in ard: vietnam

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