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Consultancy and Construction Firm 7500 staff worldwide,1800 staff UK Water and Energy

Bringing Our Global Unconventional Experience to the UK

Hydrocarbon Strategy and Water/Brine Management Strategy

inextricably linked

Both Strategies must be developed in parallel for project

success

• Wastewater from shale gas drilling

• Disposal Options

• Treatment Options

• Look ahead – what does the UK need to do to deal with

wastewater from Fracking?

• Frack Flowback

– Water injected to hydrofracture the formation returns quickly (1 to 2 weeks)

– Around 30 - 40% of injected water

• Produced water

– Naturally occurring brine water that is generated over the life of the well

• Proppant to keep fractures open

• Polymeric thickeners for proppant transport

• Cross-linking agents for thickener

• Bactericide to minimize polymer degradation and scaling

• Friction reducers, e.g. polyamides, allowing pumping at high rates

• Breaker fluids, acids, oxidizers or enzymes degrading the polymer for post fracturing fluid recovery

• Surfactants

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

6/0

7/2

009

27/1

2/2

014

18/0

6/2

020

9/1

2/2

025

1/0

6/2

031

21/1

1/2

036

14/0

5/2

042

4/1

1/2

047

26/0

4/2

053

17/1

0/2

058

Wate

r R

ate

bb

l/d

ay

Gas R

ate

MM

scfd

& N

um

ber

of

Well

s O

nli

ne

Gas / Water Rates 3 Rig Scenario Gas Rate SC - Monthly (MMscf/day) Number of Wells (cumulative)

Water Rate SC - Monthly (bbl/day)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Pro

du

ced

Wate

r (m

3/d

)

Year

Potential Produced Water Quantity

This is indicative only based

on information in the public

domain

• What the well profile and Produced Water profile could look like

• Very high TDS

• more than twice seawater

• Predominantly NaCl

• High Iron

• High Calcium

• Very high Silica

• Large initial Flow back

• Lower produced water quantity

– Generated throughout well life

– Reduces as well ages

• Maintenance of gas production

requires continuous drilling

– Produced Water generated at

numerous geographically remote

locationsLow volumes with very high TDS

• NORM removal

• Re-use as Frack Water

• Is treatment needed?

• Direct re-use?

• Offsite Discharge

• Trade Effluent

• River

• Sea

• NORM removal

• pH correction, coagulation and settlement


• Is treatment needed?

• Direct re-use?


• Trade Effluent

• River

• Sea

• NORM removal



• Solids and hydrocarbon removal

• Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry


• Trade Effluent

• River

• Sea

• NORM removal






• Trade Effluent

• River

• Sea

Solids Removal

Hydrocarbon and oil removal

Anything More?

Salinity treatment by dilution?

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

120,000

130,000

140,000

150,000

160,000

170,000

180,000

190,000

20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000 120,000

Min

imu

m S

ew

ag

e W

ork

s C

ap

acit

y f

or

treatm

et

by d

ilu

tio

n (P

E)

Produced Water Salinity (mg/l)

Diagram showing Minimum Sewage Works Size Needed to Treat Various Produced Water Quantities and Qualities by Dilution

1000 mg/l salinity, 500 m3/dproduced water, 3000 mg/lmax salinity allowed, 200l/hd/d WwTW flow

1000 mg/l salinity, 1000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow






500m3/d

1,000m3/d

2,000m3/d

3,000m3/d

4,000m3/d

5,000m3/d

6,000m3/dRange

31 wells

185 wells

370 wells

>4,000 wells foreseeable

>70,000 m3/d foreseeable

• NORM removal






• Trade Effluent

• River

• Sea

Solids Removal

Hydrocarbon and oil removal

Anything More?

Salinity treatment by dilution?

Salinity Reduction at commercial scale

• NORM removal






• Trade Effluent – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction in long term

• River – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction

• Sea – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction

• Reverse Osmosis (RO)

• Forward Osmosis (FO)

• Ion Exchange (IX)

• Higgins Loop

• Electrodialysis / Electrodialysis Reversal (ED/EDR)

• Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP)

• Capacitive Deionization

• Thermal Processes.

• Primary RO / Secondary RO

• Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)

• Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either Mechanical Vapour

Compressor (MVC) or Thermo Vapour Compressor (TVC)

• Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.

Feed Water

RO Concentrate

RO Permeate

• Advantages:

• Proven technology for removing dissolved compounds from water

• Capable of treating wide range of TDS

• Commercially available from multiple vendors.

• Disadvantages:

• fouling/scaling.

• Highly reliant on pretreatment processes

• Potential TDS limitations

• Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either MVC or TVC• Advantages:

• Operates at low temperatures (<70 C)

• More efficient compared with MSF.

• Less capital intensive compared with BC

and MSF

• Utilises waste heat.

• Disadvantages:

• Issues with foam.

• Reliance on waste heat

• Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.

• Advantages:

• More efficient compared with MSF.

• Foam is not an issue compared with MED.

• Less dependent on other infrastructure being in place

• Less potential for noise issues, no steam ejectors.

• Disadvantages:

• Higher CAPEX compared with MED..

• Higher electrical energy requirements

• Tall units, visual impact

• More site installation work is required in comparison to MED.

Increasing Energy

Consumption and System

Complexity

Reverse Osmosis

1 – 4.5KW/m3

Multi Effect Distillation

1.5 - 15KW/m3

1.5-4 (TVR) , 9-15 (MVR)

Multi Stage Flash

8 - 25KW/m3

Multi Effect Evaporation

25 - 30KW/m3

Brine Concentrator

20 - 45KW/m3

Crystallizer

45 - 75KW/m3

→ → → Increasing Specific Energy Consumption → → →

→ → → Increasing Specific Energy Consumption → → →

Hydrocarbon Strategy and Water/Brine Management Strategy

inextricably linked

Both Strategies must be developed in parallel for project

success

SiO2Adsorption

Feed Pond

IXWAC

Thermal/

RO

Feed

Softening

MFDF

Re-use / Export Tank

ThermalTreatment

Concentrated Brine/

Sallt Precipitate

IXBS AA

Brine

Softening

Offsite / Central

Brine Treatment

Onsite

Installation

NORM

TreatmentFine Filtration

Fresh Water Separation


40,000 – 100,000mg/l TDS

120mg/l TDS

100,000 – 200,000mg/l TDS

20mg/l TDS

200,000+mg/l TDS


Multiple

Processing

Facilities

Separator

Heater

Compressor

Pre-heatersFeed pumps

Pre-heaters

SiO2Adsorption

Feed Pond

IXWAC

Thermal/

RO

Feed

Softening

MFDF


ThermalTreatment

Concentrated Brine/

Sallt Precipitate

IXBS AA

Brine

Softening

Offsite / Central

Brine Treatment

Onsite

Installation

NORM

TreatmentFine Filtration



40,000 – 100,000mg/l TDS

120mg/l TDS

100,000 – 200,000mg/l TDS

20mg/l TDS

200,000+mg/l TDS


Multiple

Processing

Facilities

• Are we really going to install Brine Concentrators and Crystallisers ??

• What is the best overall economic solution?

• Can we integrate a solution into an existing asset at a refinery?

• Can the brine to used as a feed to a Chloro Chemicals business?

• Aligned hydrocarbon and water/brine management strategy

• Agreed TDS limits for river and sea discharges

• Knowledge of the specific produced water quantity and quality

• Socially acceptable waste management strategy

• Tankers / pipelines / discharges…..

• End to end waste management strategy

• Zero Liquid Discharge?

• If not then what?

• Refinery asset re-use / chloro chemicals feed?

The answer is out there!

We know how to make it work

It has been done before

We just need to know the question!

Thank You

placeholder for photo - tinker lane · compressor (mvc) or thermo vapour compressor (tvc) • brine...

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