planet venus. in roman mythology, “venus” was the goddess of love and fertility
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Planet Venus
![Page 2: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility.
![Page 3: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Venus was the equivalent of the Greek goddess, “Aphrodite”.
![Page 4: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Venus was the consort of Vulcan…
![Page 5: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
…and Vulcan was the
god of fire.
![Page 6: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The word “volcano” comes from the word “Vulcan”.
![Page 7: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Here we see Venus locked in an embrace with Vulcan.
![Page 8: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Roman people are believed to descend from them.
![Page 9: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
For centuries, she has been called the “goddess of love”.
![Page 10: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
And in addition to that, she also goes by 2 other nicknames.
![Page 11: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Venus is sometimes referred to as the morning or evening star.
![Page 12: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Under favorable conditions, Venus is so bright…
![Page 13: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
…that it can even cast a shadow on Earth.
![Page 14: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
After the Moon, Venus is the brightest object in the sky.
![Page 15: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Venus
star
Notice how bright Venus is, when compared with a nearby star.
![Page 16: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Venus also has a third nickname.
![Page 17: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
It is often referred toas “Earth’s sister planet”.
![Page 18: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
At 95% the diameter of Earth, the 2 planets are nearly
the same size.
100% 95%
![Page 19: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Venus also has 82% the mass of the Earth.
100% 95%
![Page 20: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A History of VenusComplicated history; still poorly understood.
Very similar to Earth in mass, size, composition, density, but no magnetic field Core solid?
Solar wind interacts Solar wind interacts directly with the directly with the atmosphere, forming a bow atmosphere, forming a bow shock and a long ion tail. shock and a long ion tail.
COCO22 produced during produced during
outgassing remained in outgassing remained in atmosphere (on Earth: atmosphere (on Earth: dissolved in water).dissolved in water).
Heat transport from core mainly through magma flows close to the surface ( coronae, pancake domes, etc.)
Any water present on the Any water present on the surface rapidly evaporated surface rapidly evaporated → → feedback through enhancement feedback through enhancement of greenhouse effectof greenhouse effect
![Page 21: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Venus is only the second planet in order of planets away from the
Sun.
![Page 22: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Most of the time, Venus is our closest neighbor in
space.
![Page 23: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1 AU.
1 AU
![Page 24: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
0.72 AU
However, Venus’ average distance is only 0.72 AUs from the Sun.
![Page 25: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
_______1.00 AU
0.72 AU= 1.39 x closer
0.72 AU
This makes Venus 1.39x closer to the Sun than the
Earth.
![Page 26: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
(1.39)2 = 1.93 x bigger
0.72 AU
In being 1.39x closer to the Sun, the Sun appears to be 1.93x
bigger.
![Page 27: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
This is how big the Sun appears when viewed from Earth.
The Sun as seen from Earth
![Page 28: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Sun as seen from Earth
The Sun as seen from Venus
1.93 x bigger
And here’s how big the Sun appears when viewed from Venus.
![Page 29: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
When Venus and the Earth are both on the same side of the Sun…
![Page 30: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
…then Venus is the Earth’s closest neighbor in space.
![Page 31: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
At this location, Venus is only 0.28 AUs from Earth.
1.00 AUs – 0.72 AUs = 0.28 AUs
0.28 AUs
![Page 32: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
However, when Venus is on the opposite side of the Earth…
![Page 33: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
…then Venus is no longer the closest planet to the Earth.
![Page 34: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
At this location, Venus lies 1.72 AUs from the Earth.
![Page 35: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1.00 AUs0.72 AUs
1.00 AUs + 0.72 AUs = 1.72 AUs
At this location, Venus lies 1.72 AUs from the Earth.
![Page 36: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
When at its greatest elongation…
greatest elongation (aphelion)
![Page 37: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
47o
Venus is never found more than 47o
away from the Sun.
greatest elongation (aphelion)
![Page 38: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
least elongation (perihelion)
And when at its least elongation…
![Page 39: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Venus is never found more than 39o
away from the Sun.
39o
least elongation (perihelion)
![Page 40: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
No matter where Venus is found in its orbit…
![Page 41: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
midnight
…Venus is never visible when viewed from the Earth at midnight.
![Page 42: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
noon
Venus is also never visible when viewed from the Earth at noon.
![Page 43: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
noon
No planets are visible in the daytime sky…
![Page 44: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
noon
…because the Sun’s light drowns them all out.
![Page 45: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
So at what time of the day would Venus be visible from the
Earth?
![Page 46: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
6 AM
6 PM
Only in the mornings or in the evenings.
![Page 47: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
6 AM
6 PM
And only when Venus is in one of these
positions.
![Page 48: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
6 AM
6 PM
This is why Venus is sometimes referred to…
![Page 49: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
6 AM
6 PM
…as the morning or evening star.
![Page 50: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
This photo tracks Venus over a 7 month period of time.
![Page 51: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Notice its position in the sky when at its greatest
elongation.
![Page 52: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Notice its position in the sky when at its greatest
elongation.
greatest elongation
![Page 53: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
setting Sun
47o
greatest elongation
At this location, Venus is 47o away from the setting Sun.
![Page 54: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Space Probes to Venus
![Page 55: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Venus has been visited by a number of space probes.
![Page 56: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
On its way to Mercury in 1974, Venus was visited by “Mariner 10”.
![Page 57: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The next probe to visit Venus was “Pioneer Venus” in 1978.
![Page 58: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
But the mission of Pioneer Venus took the exploration of Venus a step further.
![Page 59: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
While Pioneer Venus itself remained in orbit around Venus...
![Page 60: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
…the 5 smaller probes it carried were dropped to the Venusian
surface.
![Page 61: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Each of the 5 probes landed in a different location on Venus.
![Page 62: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
However, only one of the probes was operational…
![Page 63: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
…by the time they had all reached the ground.
![Page 64: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The surviving probe transmitted information for about an hour.
![Page 65: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Eventually it became inoperative due to the tremendous heat and
pressure.
![Page 66: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Magellan space probe was sent to Venus in 1993.
![Page 67: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Of all the probes sent to Venus…
![Page 68: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
…it has by far yielded the best results.
![Page 69: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Magellan’s main mission was to map the surface using radar.
![Page 70: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Information was taken in strips then the data was radioed back to
the Earth.
![Page 71: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Most of the Venus photos you will see came from the Magellan mission.
![Page 72: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
While the United States concentrated only on orbiting Venus…
![Page 73: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Soviet Union, on the other hand, concentrated on landing on
the surface.
![Page 74: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Their Venera 13 spacecraft took the only photograph of its
surface.
![Page 75: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Here is the same photo artificially
adjusted for color.
![Page 76: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The dried rock and soil resemble dried streambeds on Earth.
![Page 77: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Here is a close-up of the same photo.
![Page 78: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Part of the spacecraft’s footpad are seen in the photograph.
![Page 79: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Phases of Venus
![Page 80: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The orbit of Venus lies entirely inside the orbit of the Earth.
![Page 81: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 82: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 83: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 84: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 85: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 86: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 87: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 88: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 89: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 90: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 91: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 92: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 93: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 94: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 95: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 96: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 97: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
When viewed from Earth, Venus passes through a full cycle of phases.
![Page 98: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Since it is only visible in the daytime sky…
![Page 99: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
…then the “Full Venus” can never be seen from Earth.
![Page 100: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Full Venus
…then the “Full Venus” can never be seen from Earth.
![Page 101: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
It was this discovery… as well as the phases of Venus…
![Page 102: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
…which convinced Galileo that the heliocentric model was correct.
![Page 103: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Rotation VS
Revolution
![Page 104: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
The Rotation of Venus
• Almost all planets rotate counterclockwise, i.e. in the same sense as orbital motion.
• Exceptions: Venus, Uranus and Pluto
• Venus rotates clockwise, with period slightly longer than orbital period.
Possible reasons:
• Off-center collision with massive protoplanet
• Tidal forces of the sun on molten core
![Page 105: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
RevolutionDays
000.00
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 106: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
RevolutionDays
014.06
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 107: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
RevolutionDays
028.13
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 108: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
RevolutionDays
042.19
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 109: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
RevolutionDays
056.25
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 110: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
RevolutionDays
070.31
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 111: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
RevolutionDays
084.38
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 112: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
RevolutionDays
098.44
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 113: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
RevolutionDays
112.50
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 114: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
RevolutionDays
126.56
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 115: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
RevolutionDays
140.63
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 116: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
RevolutionDays
154.69
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 117: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
RevolutionDays
168.75
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 118: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
RevolutionDays
182.81
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 119: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
RevolutionDays
196.88
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 120: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
RevolutionDays
210.94
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 121: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
RevolutionDays
225.00
Venus orbits the Sun with a 225-day period of revolution.
![Page 122: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Venus revolves around the Sun in a counter-clockwise direction.
counter-clockwise
![Page 123: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
However, Venus is the only planet to rotate in a clockwise direction.
clockwise
![Page 124: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
This means that noon-to-noon on Venus…
![Page 125: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
000.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 126: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
014.50
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 127: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
029.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 128: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
043.50
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 129: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
058.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 130: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
058.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
midnight
![Page 131: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
058.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 132: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
072.50
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 133: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
087.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 134: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
101.50
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 135: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
116.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
![Page 136: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
116.00
…will occur in only 116 days.
noon
![Page 137: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Even though it only takes 116 days for Venus to experience its second
noon…
noon
![Page 138: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
noon
…it has not yet completed, even half a rotation on its axis.
![Page 139: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
000.00
noon
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 140: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
000.00
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 141: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
014.50
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 142: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
029.00
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 143: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
043.50
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 144: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
058.00
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 145: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
058.00
midnight
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 146: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
058.00
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 147: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
072.50
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 148: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
087.00
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 149: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
101.50
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 150: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
116.00
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 151: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Synodic Rotation
Days
116.00noon
Watch its synodic rotation again.
![Page 152: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Days
000.00
pointing upward
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 153: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Days
000.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 154: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Days
014.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 155: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Days
029.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 156: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Days
043.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 157: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Days
058.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 158: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Days
072.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 159: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Days
087.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 160: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Days
101.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 161: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Days
116.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 162: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Days
130.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 163: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Days
145.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 164: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Days
159.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 165: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Days
174.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 166: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Days
188.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 167: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Days
203.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 168: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Days
217.50
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 169: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Days
232.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 170: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Days
243.00
Sidereal Rotation
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 171: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Days
243.00
Sidereal Rotation
pointing upward
A sidereal rotation, on the other hand, requires 243 days to
complete.
![Page 172: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
This means that the day on Venus is longer than Venus’ year.
pointing upward
![Page 173: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Let’s watch the sidereal rotation again and keep a tally of what we observe.
![Page 174: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
000.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
pointing upward
![Page 175: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
000.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 176: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
014.50Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 177: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
029.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 178: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
043.50Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 179: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
058.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 180: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
072.50Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 181: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
087.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 182: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
101.50Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 183: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
116.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 184: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
116.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
![Page 185: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
At 116 days,
116.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
![Page 186: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
At 116 days, Venus completes one noon-to-noon.
116.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
![Page 187: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
At 116 days, Venus completes one noon-to-noon.
116.00Day Counter
0
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
![Page 188: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
At 116 days, Venus completes one noon-to-noon.
116.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
![Page 189: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
116.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 190: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
130.50Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 191: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
145.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 192: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
159.50Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 193: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
174.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 194: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
188.50Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 195: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
203.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 196: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
217.50Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 197: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
225.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 198: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
225.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 225 days,
![Page 199: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
225.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 225 days, Venus competes one revolution.
![Page 200: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
225.00Day Counter
1
00
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 225 days, Venus competes one revolution.
![Page 201: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
225.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 225 days, Venus competes one revolution.
![Page 202: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
225.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 225 days, Venus competes one revolution.
![Page 203: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 204: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 232 days,
![Page 205: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 232 days, Venus competes its second noon-to-noon.
![Page 206: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
At 232 days, Venus competes its second noon-to-noon.
noon
![Page 207: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
1
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
At 232 days, Venus competes its second noon-to-noon.
![Page 208: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
2
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
noon
At 232 days, Venus competes its second noon-to-noon.
![Page 209: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
232.00Day Counter
2
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 210: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
243.00Day Counter
2
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
![Page 211: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
243.00Day Counter
2
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
And finally, at 243 days, Venus competes its first sidereal
day.
![Page 212: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
243.00Day Counter
2
01
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
And finally, at 243 days, Venus competes its first sidereal
day.
![Page 213: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
243.00Day Counter
2
11
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
And finally, at 243 days, Venus competes its first sidereal
day.
![Page 214: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
243.00Day Counter
2
11
Sidereal
Revolution
Synodic
And finally, at 243 days, Venus competes its first sidereal
day.
![Page 215: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
The rotational period of Venus was difficult to establish for 2 reasons.
![Page 216: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
In the first place, Venus has a slow rotation rate.
![Page 217: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
The second reason has to do with its clouds.
![Page 218: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
The surface of Venus is enshrouded within a thick cloud
clover.
thick cloud cover
![Page 219: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
In visible light wavelengths, it’s surface is impossible to view.
thick cloud cover
![Page 220: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
But with the help of cloud-penetrating radar…
![Page 221: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
But with the help of cloud-penetrating radar…
![Page 222: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
…the Venusian surface is revealed in fine detail.
![Page 223: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
This photo is a radio image taken by the Magellan space probe in 1993.
![Page 224: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
When false color is added to the image…
![Page 225: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
When false color is added to the image…
![Page 226: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
…then plateaus and lowlands are brought into view.
![Page 227: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
North Pole
equator
Venus
rotation: clockwise
![Page 228: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
radio telescope(satellite dish)
![Page 229: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
Just like with Mercury…
![Page 230: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
…the Doppler Effect and radar revealed the rotation rate on Venus.
![Page 231: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
red-shifted
receding side
![Page 232: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
red-shifted
blue-shifted
approaching side
![Page 233: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
red-shifted
blue-shifted
The fact that there was a red and blue shift…
![Page 234: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
red-shifted
blue-shifted
…is what determined that Venus was rotating in the first place.
![Page 235: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
red-shifted
blue-shifted
It was the amount of red and blue shift…
![Page 236: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
red-shifted
blue-shifted
…which determined the rate at which Venus rotated on its axis.
![Page 237: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
Planet Venus
![Page 238: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
Tilt on the Axis
![Page 239: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
23.5o
The Earth is tilted by 23.5o on its axis.
![Page 240: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
Venus, however, is only tilted by 3o on its axis.
3o
![Page 241: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
Because it is nearly vertical, Venus does not experience
seasons.
3o
![Page 242: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
The Surface of Venus
![Page 243: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
Once radar from Magellan had penetrated the thick clouds
on Venus…
![Page 244: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
…its surface was revealed in fine detail.
![Page 245: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
Magellan mapped the surface of Venus in long strips called “noodles”.
![Page 246: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
The black lines seen in this photo represent places where
data is missing.
![Page 247: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
Approximately 90% of the Venusian surface is relatively flat terrain (lowlands).
![Page 248: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/248.jpg)
The remaining 10% of the surface is elevated plateaus
(highlands).
![Page 249: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/249.jpg)
The 2 largest highlands are Aphrodite Terra and Ishtar Terra.
![Page 250: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/250.jpg)
Aphrodite Terra is the larger of the two.
![Page 251: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/251.jpg)
It stretches halfway around the equator.
![Page 252: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
Ishtar Terra is found in the North.
![Page 253: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
It contains the Maxwell Mountain Range.
![Page 254: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/254.jpg)
Lakshmi Planum and Maxwell Mountains
Radar image
Wrinkled mountain formations indicate compression and wrinkling, though there is no evidence of plate tectonics on Venus.
![Page 255: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/255.jpg)
The surface of Venus contains thousands of active volcanoes.
![Page 256: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
Shield Volcanoes
Found above hot spots:
Fluid magma chamber, from which lava erupts repeatedly through surface layers above.
All volcanoes on Venus and Mars are shield volcanoes
![Page 257: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/257.jpg)
Shield Volcanoes (2)
Tectonic plates moving over hot spots producing shield volcanoes Chains of volcanoes
Example: The Hawaiian Islands
![Page 258: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/258.jpg)
At 8 km in elevation Maat Mons is the highest in elevation.
![Page 259: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/259.jpg)
Gula Mons is about 3 km in elevation.
![Page 260: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/260.jpg)
The 3-D perspective shown here was vertically exaggerated by computers.
![Page 261: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/261.jpg)
Shown in this photo are the “pancake
dome” volcanoes.
![Page 262: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
They are characterized by flat tops and steep sides.
![Page 263: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/263.jpg)
The lava forming their sides was highly viscous and slow-flowing.
![Page 264: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/264.jpg)
The lava hardened before it had a chance to spread out.
![Page 265: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/265.jpg)
Evidence of lava flows can be seen everywhere on Venus.
![Page 266: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/266.jpg)
The lava from this volcano flowed for hundreds of kilometers.
![Page 267: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
Also notice the large impact crater shown in the center of the
photo.
![Page 268: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/268.jpg)
Volcanism on Venus
Sapas Mons (radar image)
2 lava-filled calderas~ 400 km (250 miles)
Lava flows
![Page 269: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/269.jpg)
Volcanic Features on Venus
Baltis Vallis: 6800 km long lava flow channel (longest
in the solar system!) Coronae: Circular bulges formed by volcanic activity
Aine Corona
Pancake Domes:
Associated with volcanic
activity forming coronae
Some lava flows collapsed after molten lava drained away
![Page 270: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/270.jpg)
Venus only has 10-20% as many impact craters as the lunar maria.
![Page 271: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/271.jpg)
This suggests a surface age of less than 1 billion years old.
![Page 272: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/272.jpg)
Many of the smaller meteorites burn up in the thick atmosphere.
![Page 273: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/273.jpg)
The circles shown on this map plot the locations of impact craters.
![Page 274: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/274.jpg)
Since the craters are evenly distributed…
![Page 275: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/275.jpg)
…then the surface of Venus must all be the same age.
![Page 276: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/276.jpg)
While there is no evidence of plate tectonics on Venus…
![Page 277: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/277.jpg)
…this photo shows a feature known as “Rift Valley”.
![Page 278: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/278.jpg)
The Interior of Venus
![Page 279: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/279.jpg)
There is much debate and disagreement about the internal structure of Venus.
![Page 280: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/280.jpg)
rocky crust
metallic core
viscous mantle
But just like the other planets, Venus certainly has the same 3 layers.
![Page 281: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/281.jpg)
Venus
Venus appears to lack the necessary ingredients to generate a magnetic
field
(no liquid core?)
Venus has a very weak magnetic field.
(About 25,000 times weaker than Earth’s)
![Page 282: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/282.jpg)
rocky crust
metallic core
viscous mantle
With no detectable magnetic field the core is believed to be solid.
![Page 283: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/283.jpg)
Surface Temperature
![Page 284: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/284.jpg)
The surface temperature on Venus is a smoldering 800o F.
![Page 285: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/285.jpg)
This means that Venus is 800o Fall day, all night, all year long.
![Page 286: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/286.jpg)
One place on Venus is as hot as any other place on Venus.
![Page 287: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/287.jpg)
If oceans had ever existed in the distant past…
![Page 288: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/288.jpg)
…they have long since boiled away in all of this unimaginable heat.
![Page 289: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/289.jpg)
With virtually no tilt on its axis…
![Page 290: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/290.jpg)
…all 4 seasons share the exact same climate.
![Page 291: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/291.jpg)
Like ceramic pottery baking in a hot kiln oven…
![Page 292: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/292.jpg)
…the surface rocks on Venus slowly cook in the searing heat.
![Page 293: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/293.jpg)
At only 90o F, however, the clouds of Venus are quite a bit
cooler.
![Page 294: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/294.jpg)
Sulfur and water vapor combine to form clouds of sulfuric acid.
![Page 295: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/295.jpg)
Sulfuric acid is also the type of acid found in car batteries.
![Page 296: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/296.jpg)
The clouds are continually re-supplied with sulfur from active volcanoes.
![Page 297: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/297.jpg)
But even though sulfuric acid rains down from the clouds on
Venus...
![Page 298: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/298.jpg)
…those raindrops evaporate before ever reaching the ground.
![Page 299: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/299.jpg)
Even more inhospitable are the electrical storms on Venus.
![Page 300: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/300.jpg)
Both day and night alike, electricity rains down from its skies.
![Page 301: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/301.jpg)
Imagine the dangers of trying to land a spacecraft on Venus.
![Page 302: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/302.jpg)
If the heat and electricity didn’t kill the crew…
![Page 303: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/303.jpg)
…then they would be crushed to death by the thick atmospheric pressure.
![Page 304: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/304.jpg)
…then they would be crushed to death by the thick atmospheric pressure.
![Page 305: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/305.jpg)
The atmospheric pressure on Venus is 100X thicker than the Earth’s.
![Page 306: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/306.jpg)
15 lbs. / in2
Since the atmospheric pressure on Earth is about 15 lbs/in2 at sea level…
![Page 307: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/307.jpg)
1500 lbs. / in2
…then the atmospheric pressure on Venus is about 1500 lbs/in2.
15 lbs. / in2
![Page 308: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/308.jpg)
Composition of Venus’ Atmosphere
The atmosphere of Venus is composed largely of just 2 gases.
carbon dioxidenitrogen 3.5 %
96.5 %==
____________________________
![Page 309: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/309.jpg)
Composition of Venus’ Atmosphere
With an atmosphere consisting mostly carbon dioxide…
carbon dioxidenitrogen 3.5 %
96.5 %==
____________________________
![Page 310: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/310.jpg)
Composition of Venus’ Atmosphere
…Venus experiences a runaway
greenhouse effect.
carbon dioxide
nitrogen 3.5 %
96.5 %=
=
____________________________
![Page 311: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/311.jpg)
The Runaway Greenhouse Effect
![Page 312: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/312.jpg)
The main reason why Venus is so bright…
![Page 313: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/313.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
…is because its white clouds reflect 70% of the sunlight striking
them.
![Page 314: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/314.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
Venus’ albedo = 0.7
albedo – the reflectivity of a surface.
This makes for a very bright planet.
![Page 315: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/315.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
Below the clouds, the air is clear.
![Page 316: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/316.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
The remaining sunlight trickles through the thick cloud cover.
![Page 317: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/317.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
Sunlight cannot shine directly onto the Venusian surface…
![Page 318: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/318.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
diffuse visible light
…because the clouds serve as a filter, making the light “diffuse”.
![Page 319: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/319.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
This kind of light does not cast shadows.
diffuse visible light
![Page 320: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/320.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
Upon reaching the ground the visible light is absorbed by the surface.
diffuse visible light
![Page 321: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/321.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
The waves are then re-emitted at the longer wavelength of infrared.
diffuse visible light
infrared
![Page 322: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/322.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2,
Like a greenhouse, the heat is trapped and cannot escape.
H2O vapor, and clouds
infrared
diffuse visible light
![Page 323: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/323.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2,
Venus is not receiving, however, more energy than it emits back
into space.
H2O vapor, and clouds
infrared
diffuse visible light
![Page 324: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/324.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2,
Some energy
H2O vapor, and clouds
must escape back into space.
infrared
diffuse visible light
escaping energy
![Page 325: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/325.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2,
The amount of energy coming in from the Sun…
H2O vapor, and clouds
infrared
diffuse visible light
escaping energy
![Page 326: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/326.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2, H2O vapor, and clouds
energy in = energy out
…must equal the amount of energy that escapes back into
space.
diffuse visible light
infrared
escaping energy
![Page 327: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/327.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2, H2O vapor, and clouds
energy in = energy out
If this were not the case, then Venus would explode.
infrared
diffuse visible light
escaping energy
![Page 328: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/328.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2, H2O vapor, and clouds
energy in = energy out
Every single day, its temperature would have climbed higher.
infrared
diffuse visible light
escaping energy
![Page 329: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/329.jpg)
70% reflected back into space
trapped by CO2, H2O vapor, and clouds
energy in = energy out
After 4 billions of years of this, its temperature would be in the trillionso F.
infrared
diffuse visible light
escaping energy
![Page 330: Planet Venus. In Roman mythology, “Venus” was the goddess of love and fertility](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649cfe5503460f949cf63e/html5/thumbnails/330.jpg)
VenusVenus Statistics
Mass (kg) 4.869e+24 Mass (Earth = 1) .81476 Equatorial radius (km) 6,051.8 Equatorial radius (Earth = 1) .94886 Mean density (gm/cm^3) 5.25 Mean distance from the Sun (km) 108,200,000 Mean distance from the Sun (Earth = 1) 0.7233 Rotational period (days) -243.0187 Orbital period (days) 224.701 Mean orbital velocity (km/sec) 35.02 Orbital eccentricity 0.0068 Tilt of axis (degrees) 177.36 Orbital inclination (degrees) 3.394 Equatorial surface gravity (m/sec^2) 8.87 Equatorial escape velocity (km/sec) 10.36 Visual geometric albedo 0.65 Magnitude (Vo) -4.4 Mean surface temperature 482°C Atmospheric pressure (bars) 92 Atmospheric composition Carbon dioxide 96% Nitrogen 3+% Trace amounts of: Sulfur dioxide, water vapor,carbon monoxide, argon, helium, neon,hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.