planning for an inclusive environment...barrier-free access •in relation to the built environment,...

PLANNING FOR AN INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENTMee Kam NG

Department of Geography and Resource ManagementThe Chinese University of Hong Kong

Contents

• Disability or Disenabling Environment?

• UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

• From ‘Barrier-free’ Access to ‘Universal Design’

• Hong Kong: Partially Barrier Free?

• Case studies• Japan

• Singapore

• Denmark

• Conclusion

2

3http://www.hrmonline.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/disability-880.jpg

Disability or Disenabling Environment?

Disability? Disenabling Environment?

Social definition: UPIAS (Union of Physically Impaired Against Segregation)–’the disadvantages or restriction of activity caused by contemporary social organization which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludesthem from the mainstream of social activities.’

The able bodied discriminated the minority—the disabled

4

Source: http://www.daa.org.uk/index.php?page=social-model-or-unsociable-muddle

(Source: americanhistory.si.edu)

Disability? Disenabled Environment?• ‘The social consequences of having an impairment’• ‘disability is caused by the attitudinal, physical and

communication barriers imposed on the disabled, rather than the effects of their impairment’

5

Source: http://www.daa.org.uk/index.php?page=social-model-or-unsociable-muddle

The Disenabling Environment

• High curbs• Steep steps• Absence of ramps • Narrow doors• Absence of information in

Braille• Unattractive locations for

disabled lifts • Poor signage and inaccessible

buttons• Accessibility in public

transport system

(Knox and Pinch, 2014: 248)(Source: Global Accessibility News)

(Source: Design Council)

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• “Disenabling environment” “enforced dependency”--intensified by a hostile physical environment in housing, transport & the built environment

• The built environment, for example, was built for non-disabled people and the norms of construction are such that those with impairments may, and often do, find themselves excluded from a whole range of social spaces that non-disabled people take for granted (Huehes and Paterson, 1997: 328).

• Disability has distinct spatialities that work to exclude and oppress disabled people. Spaces are currently organised to keep disabled people `in their place’ and `written’ to convey to disabled people that they are `out of place’. […] Disability is spatially, as well as socially, constructed (Kitchin, 1998: 343).

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• ‘Disability discrimination’ takes the form of (Gleeson, 2001: 256):• Physical barriers to movement for disabled people, including broken

surfaces on thoroughfares (streets, guttering, paving) which reduce or annul the effectiveness of mobility aids (such as wheelchairs, walking frames);

• Building architecture that excludes the entry of anyone unable to use stairs and hand-opened doors; and

• Public transport modes which assume that passengers have a common level of ambulance.

• Substantial tracts of the built environment need to be adapted to meet the needs of the disabled: concerted planning required

• Conflicts between the disabled: wheelchair users, ambulant disabled, sight handicapped, persons unsteady on feet, blind...

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UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities?

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UN: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

• Disability is an evolving concept… persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others

• Mainstreaming disability issues as an integral part of relevant strategies of sustainable development

• Discrimination against any person on the basis of disability is a violation of the inherent dignity and worth of human person

• Diversities of person with disabilities

• Need to promote and protect the human rights of all persons with disabilities, including those who require more intensive support

• Persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes about policies and programmes

(UN, 2006, pp.1-2)

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Article 4: General obligations

a) To adopt all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention;

b) To take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities;

c) To take into account the protection and promotion of the human rights of persons with disabilities in all policies and programmes;

d) assistance and services guaranteed by those rights.

(UN, 2006, p.5)

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Article 4: General obligations

e) To take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability by any person, organization or private enterprise;

f) To undertake or promote research and development of universally designed goods, services, equipment and facilities, as defined in article 2 of the present Convention…;

g) To undertake or promote research and development of, and to promote the availability and use of new technologies, including information and communications technologies, mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies…;

h) To provide accessible information to persons with disabilities about mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, including new technologies, as well as other forms of assistance, support services and facilities;

i) To promote the training of professionals and staff working with persons with disabilities in the rights recognized in this Convention so as to better provide the assistance and services guaranteed by those rights.

(UN, 2006, p.5)12


Article 9: Accessibility

…States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications, including information and communications technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and in rural areas…

a) Buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and outdoor facilities, including schools, housing, medical facilities and workplaces;

b) Information, communications and other services, including electronic services and emergency services.

(UN, 2006, p.8)

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Article 9: Accessibility

2. States Parties shall also take appropriate measures to:

a) Develop, promulgate and monitor the implementation of minimum standards and guidelines for the accessibility of facilities and services open or provided to the public;

b) Ensure that private entities that offer facilities and services which are open or provided to the public take into account all aspects of accessibility for persons with disabilities;

c) Provide training for stakeholders on accessibility issues facing persons with disabilities;

d) Provide in buildings and other facilities open to the public signage in Braille and in easy to read and understand forms

(UN, 2006, p.8)

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UN: Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesArticle 20: Personal mobilityStates Parties shall take effective measures to ensure personal mobility with the greatest possible independence for persons with disabilities, including by:a) Facilitating the personal mobility of persons with disabilities in the

manner and at the time of their choice, and at affordable cost;b) Facilitating access by persons with disabilities to quality mobility aids,

devices, assistive technologies and forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including by making them available at affordable cost;

c) Providing training in mobility skills to persons with disabilities and to specialist staff working with persons with disabilities;

d) Encouraging entities that produce mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies to take into account all aspects of mobility for persons with disabilities.

(UN, 2006, p.12)

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UN: Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesArticle 26: Habilitation and rehabilitation1. States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures, including

through peer support, to enable persons with disabilities to attain and maintain maximum independence, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life…a) Begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the

multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths;b) Support participation and inclusion in the community and all

aspects of society, are voluntary, and are available to persons with disabilities as close as possible to their own communities, including in rural areas.

2. States Parties shall promote the development of initial and continuing training for professionals and staff working in habilitation and rehabilitation services.

3. States Parties shall promote the availability, knowledge and use of assistive devices and technologies, designed for persons with disabilities, as they relate to habilitation and rehabilitation.

(UN, 2006, pp.16-17) 16

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https://image.slidesharecdn.com/universalarchitecturaldesign-130511122643-phpapp02/95/universal-architectural-design-4-638.jpg?cb=1368275252

From ‘Barrier-free’ Access to ‘Universal Design’

‘Barrier-Free’ Access• In relation to the built environment, design for special needs

often focuses on wheelchair users, and is therefore often referred to as accessible or barrier-free design. (Heylighen et al., 2017: 509)

• Problems related to barrier-free design: (Imrie, 2012)• Reliance on segregated access and special equipment: draws attention

to the person’s impairment.

• Compromise on the aesthetics and design of the building.

• Too much emphasis on wheelchair access: does not cater to other impairments.

(Source: Marcus Wong via Flickr) 18

19https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Chap-1.pdf, p.10.

https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Chap-1.pdf

Universal Design

• Universal design respects human diversity and promotes inclusion of all people in all activities of life (Story, Meuller and Mace, 1998: 2).

• UD has been incorporated into declarations of the United Nations and World Trade Organisation, and national policy statements in Australia, Brazil, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, USA and the Netherlands. (Jones, 2014:1370)

(Source: Madison Area Technical College) 20

Universal Design: Advantages• A more inclusive design approach would

mean designing spaces for the majority of the population, resulting in spaces being suitable for a range of different people (Pritchard, 2014: 69).

• Regardless of whether we have an impairment or not, our physical and mental abilities will likely change in the course of our life, be it temporarily (e.g., by becoming pregnant, or breaking a leg) or permanently (e.g., by growing older). Moreover, recognizing the two-way relationship between disability and the environment implies that we all may end up in disabling situations, regardless of whether we have an impairment (Heylighen et al., 2017: 510)

(Source: Microsoft Inclusive Design Toolkit 2016)

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Universal Design Principles(Center for Universal Design, NC State University)

1. Equitable Use:

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

2. Flexibility in Use:

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

(Source: Complete Streets via Flickr)

Cut curbs and high-visibility crossing Audible and tactile ATMs

(Source: gkawaaz.in)

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3. Simple and Intuitive Use:

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

4. Perceptible Information:

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.


Multi-sensory Map

(Source: bfahk.com.hk)

Graphic instructions

(Source: City of North Vancouver)

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5. Tolerance for Error:

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

(Source: megjohnsonspeaks.com)

Button operated door

(Source: techwalla.com)

Undo function


6. Low Physical Effort:

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

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7. Size and Space for Approach and Use:

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

(Source: MTR)

Wide approach ramp and ticket gates

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Hong Kong: Partially Barrier Free??

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Hong Kong: Barrier-free (partial?)

• 1984: Cap. 123F reg. 72 of the Building (Planning) Regulations

• 1996: Disability Discrimination Ordinance

• Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG)

• Universal Design and Technical Requirements (ASD)

• 2005: Universal Design Guidebook for Residential Development in Hong Kong

• 2008: Design Manual—Barrier Free Access by the Buildings Department

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Design Manual—Barrier Free Access 2008

http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/code/e_bfa2008.htm

Universal Accessibility—Best Practices and Guidelines

http://www.archsd.gov.hk/archsd/html/ua/index.html

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http://blog.petflow.com/this-is-so-touching-everyone-should-watch-this-at-least-once/

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=TED%20Talks%20Chris%20Downey&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=ted%20talks%20chris%20downey&sc=0-10&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=2297B8B07C61B58438422297B8B07C61B5843842

Hong Kong: Barrier-free (partial?)

http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/code/e_bfa2008.htm

http://www.archsd.gov.hk/archsd/html/ua/index.html

http://blog.petflow.com/this-is-so-touching-everyone-should-watch-this-at-least-once/

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=TED Talks Chris Downey&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=ted talks chris downey&sc=0-10&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=2297B8B07C61B58438422297B8B07C61B5843842

Case Studies: Japan?

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Universal Design Policy in Japan• 2004: Universal Design Policy Promotion Headquarters in

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)

• 2005: General Principles of Universal Design Policy by MLIT

• Japan has a long history of embracing barrier-free design:• 1982: building design standards for handicapped people• 1983: facilities for handicapped in public transportation terminals• 1991: newly constructed public rental housing must be barrier-free• 1993: Road Structure Regulations: to permit wheelchair users to

meet and pass each other safely and smoothly• 1994: Heartful Building Law (accessible and usable by elderly and

physically handicapped)• 2000: Transportation

Barrier-Free Law

(Source: all the slides on Japan are

synthesised From MLIT (2005), General

Principles of Universal Design Policy, MLIT).

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Universal Design Policy in Japan: Challenges

• A wide range of users including mentally handicapped, children, elderly, handicapped, adults with children….

• Barrier-free travel facilities, not barrier-free living environment—needs continuity of connections

• Need to integrate physical and non-physical measures such as providing information, coordinating efforts and removing psychological barriers

• Legal requirements of barrier free new facilities but existing facilities—inadequate progress…

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Universal Design Policy in Japan: Principles, Policies & Practices

Principle: Constructing a participation society from the perspective of users

Policy:

• Diverse participation by users, residents, NPOs etc. from inception to maintenance…

• Spiral up approach: ideal—people exercise their individuality and unique abilities and participate freely to achieve self-actualisation… towards a more universal social environment from diverse perspectives

• Strengthening links and cooperation between concerned people of all kinds, sharing responsibilities

Practice:

• Providing public facilities, new national land plans and systems that allow people’s participation from concept stage to implementation and management of the plans

• Support given to residents and NPOs to implement their own plans• MLIT taking the lead

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Principle: Integrating barrier free policies

Policy:

• A comprehensive perspective… overall urban renewal to transform transportation services, public facilities, etc.

• Responsive and flexible measures to achieve steady implementation… sharing and disseminating knowledge… pioneering project market mechanisms to spread the application of universal design…. Vital to consider the characteristics of each region…

Practice:

• Universal design assessment with universal design indices• A basic national policy for comprehensive removal of barriers in

transportation facilities (railway stations, buses, taxies, special transport services), buildings (public and private), open space…

• Enacting standards and guidelines based on the universal design concept and revision of design standards


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Principle: “Psychologically barrier free” society

Policy:

• Non-physical measures: greater personal service, suitable information to users, eliminating psychological barriers…. Empathy of all citizens…. so that disadvantaged people can participate fully in society

Practice:

• All people can exercise their individuality and unique abilities and participate freely in society to achieve self-actualization

• Deployment of barrier free volunteers to assist the elderly, physically disabled and adults with children

• Route guidance• Homes linked to support services• Information provision• Consultation systems


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Principle: Safe and smooth public transportation for all

Policy:

• Convenient and smooth transfers between different modes of transportation• Cooperation between transportation companies and regional residents… to

increase the convenience of public transportation • Improving information about public transportation… information technology (IT)• Promoting comprehensive measures

Practice:

• Cooperation between users, regional residents, and transportation companies• At transportation hub: consultative committees including transportation

companies, facility mangers and other concerned organisations are established to promote the formation of a consensus concerning efforts to provide uniform and easily understood guidance… transform consultation into actions

• Community buses, taxi-sharing…

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Principle: Creating communities where everyone can live safely & comfortably

Policy:

• “Pedestrian communities” (“complete neighbourhood”): all facilities necessary for people’s daily lives are close-by

• Incorporating the views of a wide range of concerned groups, the perspective of entire communities

• Creating daily life functions including residential, welfare and shopping district functions through urban renewal

• Disaster protection and accident prevention measures

Practice:

• Planning Policy Guidance• Community creation driven planning of roads, parks, land, pedestrian spaces• Removal of barriers, removing level differences and electric power poles from

sidewalks, bicycle parking areas…• Seismic retrofitting of housing, information provision, guidelines to prevent people

falling down inside buildings, defensive spaces…36


Principle: Providing for diverse activities based on technology etc.

Policy:

• Using IT to provide universal information (“Ubiquitous computing environment”): provision of needed information to different kinds of people in time and space so that they can develop their capabilities and participate fully in society to achieve self-actualization

Practice:

• “A Ubiquitous Location Information System”: a new social infrastructure that uses revolutionary ubiquitous network technology to supply needed information “at anytime, anywhere, to anyone”

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Haneda Airport

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Haneda Airport

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Case Study: Singapore?

40

Singapore• 1970s: Housing Development Board (HDB) initiated a study

on barrier-free design features to the buildings and its immediate surroundings. Pilot project: Ang Mo Kio Town Centre

http://www.amktc.org.sg/images/our_town/masterplan/Ang%20Mo%20Kio-Sengkang%20West%202.0_ebook_final_(low-res).pdf

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Singapore• 1985: HDB made barrier-free design provisions at all levels

of the neighbourhood, precinct and apartment block in its public housing towns

• Neighbourhood level: a network of barrier-free and vehicular-free walkways to connect each precinct to the amenities within its neighbourhood

• At the precinct level, drop-off porches with barrier-free access from the driveways to the walkways that connect the multi-storey car parks with the blocks… paves surface car parking lots

• Block level: improvement of lift accessibility since 1989, with handrail bars, lower lift call buttons, doors wide enough for wheelchairs, voice synthesizer and braille plates for the visually disabled

Source: HDB, https://www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/HDB.pdf, p.1

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https://www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/HDB.pdf

Singapore

43

Singapore

• Design Guidelines for Family-Friendly Facilities

• Design Guidelines for Older Persons

• Design Guidelines for Children with Disabilities

• Design Guidelines for Persons with Visual Impairment

• Design Guidelines for Parks and Open Spaces

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Singapore: Code on Accessibility

Source: BCA, 2013, p.545

Singapore:Code on

Accessibility

Source: BCA, 2013a, p.6 46

Singapore:Code on Accessibility


Source: BCA, 2013a, p.747

Singapore:Code on

Accessibility




51

Singapore: Accessibility Fund

• Provides grants to owners of pre 1990 private buildings for upgrading their existing buildings with basic accessibility features

• Co-pay the owner up to 80% of the construction cots of the Basic Accessibility Features: accessible approach to buildings; ramps/lifts for improving accessibility in Building’s first floor; accessible toilet; and signage for finding way to Building’s accessibility features

• Grants up to 80% of the construction cost of a passenger lift of Singapore Standard (capped at S$200,000).

• Grants up to 40% of the construction cost of additional accessible toilets, accessible ramps, and Family Friendly Features: diaper-changing station; lactation room; child-friendly water closet, wash basin and urinal; water closet compartment for ambulant disabled; and family washroom

• Total fund capped at S$300,000 and only one application per building will be accepted

BCA, 2013b, pp.2-3

52

Singapore: Accessibility Fund

BCA, 2013b, p.5

53

Singapore• User Needs

• Arriving at the Building

• Access Around and Within the Building

• Sanitary Facilities

• Way Finding and Information System

• Facilities and Elements Within the Building

• Family-friendly Facilities

• Public Transport Building

• Hawker Centres and Eating Outlets

• Supermarkets and Retail Outlets

• Community Clubs

• Precinct Facilities in Public Housing

54

55

https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Chap-2.pdf, p.23.


60https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Chap-8.1.pdf, p.141.

https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Chap-8.1.pdf

67https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Chap-8.6.pdf, pp.180, 184.

70

https://www.bca.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/454/Top10SnrF.pdf

http://www.bca.gov.sg/friendlyBuilding/Contents/Contents.aspx?Id=40

http://www.bca.gov.sg/friendlyBuilding/Contents/Contents.aspx?Id=40

Universal Design: Enabling Village, Singapore• Completed in 2016• Adaptive reuse of a vocational institute built

in the 1970s into an inclusive community space for people with disabilities that combines retail, lifestyle & training

• Universal Design Features include:• Supermarket designed for wheelchair access and

visually impaired customers• Inclusive gym equipped with machines for

disabled and blind persons• Seamless connections between existing and new

buildings with ramps, landings and lifts• Wheelchair friendly play facilities• Hearing aids incorporated into different rooms

and buildings• Signs in Braille and tactile flooring

• Winner of the Singapore President’s Design Award (PDA) 2016 Design of the Year Award

(Source: Edward Hendricks via archdaily.com)

(Source: Patrick Bingham-Hall via archdaily.com)

71

Universal Design: ArchitectureEnabling Village, Singapore (WOHA)

(Source: The Straits Times)

72

https://enablingvillage.sg/the-enabling-village/

73

https://enablingvillage.sg/the-enabling-village/

Case Study: Denmark

74

House of Disable People's Organization, Taastrup, Denmark (Cubo + Force4)

• Completed in 2012• Home to 32 different member organisations serving disabled

people• The architects built the design strategy around Universal

Design• Named the “World's Most Accessible Office Building”

(Source: Martin Schubert via archdaily.com)75Source: slides are all from http://www.archdaily.com/495736/house-of-disable-people-s-organization-cubo-force4.

http://www.archdaily.com/495736/house-of-disable-people-s-organization-cubo-force4


• Focus on “equal access”: • Fully accessible building that can be

used equally by all• Based on clarity and easy navigation

• Intense user involvement in the design process and the strategic approach

• New knowledge gained from different individuals made it possible for the architects to find the optimal compromise and the best solution for everyone

• The building is the result of a process in which accessibility is not based on building regulations, but on detailed information about the users

• A standard for the future (Source: Martin Schubert via archdaily.com)

76


• Five-cornered shape for the blind

• No stigmatising additions, relevant designs!

(Source: Martin Schubert via archdaily.com)

77

Conclusion?

78

Universal Design: Way Forward

• It appears to pay more attention to clinical and physical design features than social and cultural diversity, and the same design features appear to be on offer regardless of age, culture and attitudes (Imrie, 2012: 878).

• If universal design continues to be embedded in the disability discourse, opportunities for social inclusion for many people will not be optimised and indeed some people who would otherwise not be considered to have a disability will continue to be ‘disabled’ by their environment (Watchorn et al., 2014: 69).

• Four key factors that are missing from the discourse around universal design: lack of action; lack of education; lack of information; and lack of awareness (Watchorn et al., 2014: 75).

79

Universal Design: Way Forward

• Proponents of Universal Design should acknowledge and resolve the inherent tensions between universalism and specificity (Imrie, 2012)

• Universal Design should also address different aspects of diversity such as:• Socio-cultural differences• Gender and sexuality• Mental and emotional well-being

80

Universal Design: Way Forward• Promotion and widespread uptake of Universal Design will

require:

• Value and attitudinal changes among the public

• Better engagement with policy makers and planners

• Adoption in national and local policies, regulations and guidelines

• Incorporating Universal Design in professional education and training

• More user participation in the design process

• Broader understanding of different user experiences

• Shifting architects’ and designers’ perception of Universal Design from accessibility to people’s spatial experiences

• Championing individuals or organisations and exemplary projects

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Towards An Enabling Environment for Our Well-being

‘Physical proximity weakens the bases of social distancing as it forces a direct confrontation with disability, challenging the

stereotypical anxieties that structure the diametric opposition between abled and disabled’

(Dear et al, 1997, p.474)

82

Ryff, 1995, p.100

ReferencesGleeson, B. (2001). Disability and the open city, Urban Studies, 38(2), pp.251-265.Hahn, H. (1986). Disability and the urban environment: a perspective on Los Angeles, Environment

and Planning D: Society and Space, 4, pp.273-288.Heylighen, A. et al. (2017). Ten questions concerning inclusive design of the built environment.

Building and Environment, 114, pp.507-517.Hughes, B and Paterson, K. (1997). The social model of disability and the disappearing body:

towards a sociology of impairment, Disability and Society, 12:3, pp.325-40.Imrie, R. (2012). Universalism, universal design and equitable access to the built environment.

Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(10), pp.873-882.Jones, P. (2014). Situating universal design architecture: designing with whom? Disability and

Rehabilitation, 36(16), pp.1369-1374.Kitchin, R. (1998). ‘Out of place’, ‘knowing one’s place’: space, power and the exclusion of disabled

people, Disability and Society, 13(3), pp.343-356.

Knox, P and Pinch, S (6th edition) (2014) Urban Social Geography: an introduction, Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited

Pritchard, E. (2014). Body Size and the Built Environment: Creating an Inclusive Built Environment using Universal Design. Geography Compass, 8(1), pp.63-73.

Story, M.F., Meuller, J.L. and Mace, R.L. (1998). The Universal Design File. Designing for People of all Ages and Abilities. NC State University.

Watchorn, V. et al. (2014). Promoting participation through the universal design of built environments: Making it happen. Journal of Social Inclusion, 5(2), pp.65-88

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