planning iii
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Compilation
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Garden City by
Ebenezer Howard
Garden Cities of To-morrow are a book by
the British urban planner Ebenezer
Howard. When it was published in 1898,
the book was titled To-morrow: A Peaceful
Path to Real Reform. In 1902 it was
reprinted as Garden Cities of To-Morrow.
The book gave rise to the garden city
movement.
This book offered a vision of towns free of
slums and enjoying the benefits of bothtown (such as opportunity, amusement
and high wages) and country (such as
beauty, fresh air and low rents). Howard illustrated the idea with his "Three Magnets"
diagram. His ideas were conceived for the context of a capitalist economic system, and
sought to balance individual and community needs.
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Two English towns were built as garden
cities, Letchworth and Welwyn. Though
they did not completely measure up to
the ideal, they provided a model for
controlling urban sprawl.
The garden city movement is a method
of urban planning that was initiated in
1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the
United Kingdom. Garden cities were
intended to be planned, self-contained
communities surrounded by "greenbelts",
containing proportionate areas ofresidences, industry and agriculture.
Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking
Backward and Henry George's work
Progress and Poverty, Howard published
his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to
Real Reform in 1898 (which was reissued
in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow). His idealised garden city would house 32,000
people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open
spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the
centre. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population,
another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several
garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.
Chaux edoux by Claude!"icolas edoux
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) was one of the earliestexponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural
theory to design not only in domestic architecture but town planning; as a
consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a
utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be
perceived as symbols of the Ancien Régime rather than Utopia. The French Revolution
hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In
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1804, he published a collection of his designs
under the title "Architecture considered in
relation to art, morals, and legislation." ] In this
book he took the opportunity of revising his
earlier designs, making them more rigorouslyneoclassical and up to date. This revision has
distorted an accurate assessment of his role in
the evolution of Neoclassical architecture. His
most ambitious work was the uncompleted Royal
Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, an idealistic and
visionary town showing many examples of
architecture parlante. Conversely his works and
commissions also included the more mundane and everyday architecture such as
approximately sixty elaborate toll gates in the Wall of the Farmers-General aroundParis.
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&e'erson (ille by )homas &e'erson
Antebellum
In 1786 Fort Finney was situated
where the Kennedy Bridge is today
to protect the area from Indians,
and a settlement grew around the
fort. The fort was renamed in 1791
to Fort Steuben in honor of Baron
von Steuben. In 1793 the fort was
abandoned. Precisely when the
settlement became known as
Jeffersonville is unclear, but it was
probably around 1801, the year in
which President Thomas Jefferson
took office. In 1802 local residents
used a grid pattern designed by
Thomas Jefferson for the
formation of a city. On September
13, 1803, a post office was
established in the city. In 1808
Indiana's second federal land sale
office was established in
Jeffersonville, which initiated a
growth in settling in Indiana that
was further spurred by the end of
the War of 1812.
Shortly after formation, Jeffersonville was named to be the county seat of Clark
County in 1802, replacing Springville. In 1812 Charlestown was named the county
seat, but the county seat returned to Jeffersonville in 1878, where it remains.
In 1813 and 1814 Jeffersonville was briefly the de facto capital of the Indiana
Territory, as then-governor Thomas Posey disliked then-capital Corydon, and wanting
to be closer to his personal physician in Louisville, decided to live in Jeffersonville.
However, it is debated by some that Dennis Pennington had some involvement to his
location to Jeffersonville. The territorial legislature remained in Corydon and
communicated with Posey by messenger.
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.
+ne Cite Industrielle
by )ony Garnier
Tony Garnier's Une Cite Industrialle
is one of the most comprehensive
ideal plans of all time.Published in
1917, it is not only an outstanding
contribution to architectural and
planning theories but also a sensitive
expression of thought and cultural
conditions of its day. Dora
Wiebenson's framing of the bookfocused on the Cite’ s lesser-known
role as a product of its cultural context, and as a bridge between nineteenth and
twentieth century planning and between academic and non-academic theories and
techniques.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE
The end of the nineteenth century was a time of great change throughout Europe. The
advent of industrialisation altered the landscape of the city forever. Many of the
changes were not for the better and living conditions in industrial cities steadily
deteriorated. The Industrial Revolution had the effect of bringing more and more
people from the countryside into the heart of the city looking for work. Such dramatic
over-population and unrestricted urban growth led to slum housing, dirt, disease and
a lack of communal green spaces within the city landscape. Modern urban planning
arose in response to this disorde. Reformation of these areas was the objective of the
early city planners, who began to impose regulatory laws establishing housing
standards for housing, sanitation etc. Urban planners also introduced parks,
playground in city neighbourhoods, for recreation as well as visual relief. The notion of
zoning was a major concept of urban planning at this time.
THE CONCEPT
Garnier ‘s proposal was an industrial city for approx 35,000 inhabitants situated on a
area in southeast France on a plateau with high land and a lake to the north, a valley
and river to the south. Une Cite industrialle is a well coordinated and monumentally
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conceived plan placed in a park like setting where both the classical spirit of the
academic tradition and the primitive simplicity of utopian ideas is demonstrated. In
his proposal, Garnier tried to take into account all aspects of the city including
governmental, residential, manufacturing and agricultural practices. The various
functions of the city were clearly related, but separated from each other by locationand patterns.
The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into 3 sections: administrative
services and assembly halls, muesum collections and sports facilities.
The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west which gives
the city its characteristic elongated form. The residential districts are the first attempt
towards passive solar architecture. Garnier had energy efficiency in mind as the city
was to be powered by a hydroelectric station with a dam which was located in the
mountains along with the hospital.
The city was completed by a railroad d station to the east.
a (ille Contemporaine by e Corbusier
The Ville contemporaine (Contemporary
City) was an unrealized project to house
three million inhabitants designed by the
French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in
1922.
The centerpiece of this plan was a group
of sixty-story cruciform skyscrapers built
on steel frames and encased in curtain
walls of glass. The skyscrapers housed
both offices and the flats of the wealthiest inhabitants. These
skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces.
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At the center of the planned city was a
transportation hub which housed depots
for buses and trains as well as highway
intersections and at the top, an airport.
Le Corbusier segregated the pedestrian
circulation paths from the roadways, and
glorified the use of the automobile as a
means of transportation. As one moved
out from the central skyscrapers, smaller
multi-story zigzag blocks set in green
space and set far back from the street housed the proletarian workers.
.roadacre City by /ran0 loyd 1right
Frank Lloyd Wright was arrogant,
stubborn, and brilliant. But above
all, he was a shrewd businessman
who understood the importance of
spectacle in keeping his business
afloat. Wright put on many shows
over the course of his lifetime, but
arguably no performance was
greater than his utopian plan tocreate the perfect community:
Broadacre City.
Wright's ideal community was a complete rejection of the American cities of the first
half of the 20th century. According to him, cities would no longer be centralized; no
longer beholden to the pedestrian or the central business district. Broadacre City was
a thought experiment as much as it was a serious proposal—one where the
automobile would reign supreme. It was a truly prophetic vision of modern America.
Cutting Away the "Fibrous Tumor"
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Wright saw many of humanity's problems reflected in the outmoded cities around him.
"To look at the plan of a great City is to look at something like the cross-section of a
fibrous tumor," he wrote in 1945. The city was a scourge; an antiquated idea that may
have been useful in the past, but was rendered completely obsolete by new technology.
But what he proposed instead—Broadacre City—was largely a romanticized fantasy,
dreamt up by a self-serving narcissist. Laid out over a number of different articles and
talks as well as three books, The Disappearing City (1932), When Democracy Builds
(1945), and The Living City (1958), Wright's utopia was ultimately an extension of the
things that made him personally comfortable: open spaces, the automobile, and not
surprisingly, the architect as master controller.
Reading the books in chronological order, one sees the progression of American
futurism over three decades—from the Great Depression of the 1930s with the spread
of household electricity and new communications technologies, to the postwar techno-utopian ideals of the 1950s, complete with streamlined cars and flying machines.
In 1935, Wright wrote an article for the Architectural Record describing the emerging
technologies behind his vision for this new utopia. It would be a feat of modern
technology, built upon some of America's greatest strengths:
1.The motor car: general mobilization of the human being.
2.Radio, telephone and telegraph: electrical inter-communication becoming
complete.
3.Standardized machine-shop production: machine invention plus scientific
discovery.
Who needed to rush into the city for work, commerce or entertainment, when the
wonders of radio and telephone made things like telecommuting and remote concerts
available? At least for the white collar middle class. People could retreat to something
that was not quite urban, and not quite rural—a sprawling collection of houses,
business and government centers roughly on the scale of a modern American county.
And so Wright and his team of apprentices (who were each paying for the pleasure to
work for him) set out to make a model of this Broadacre utopia from their own mini-
utopian outpost in Arizona. Below, a photo of Wright's apprentices working on the
model.
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Communitas by P4 Goodman
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Communitas is also the title of a book published in
1947 by the 20th-century American thinker and
writer Paul Goodman and his brother, Percival
Goodman, who is less well-known, but a thinker in
his own right. Their book examines three kinds ofpossible societies: a society centered on
consumption, a society centered on artistic and
creative pursuits, and a society which maximizes
human liberty. The Goodmans emphasize freedom
from both coercion by a government or church and
from human necessities by providing these free of
cost to all citizens who do a couple of years of
conscripted labor as young
adults.
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"a0agin Capsule )ower
by 5isho 5uro0awa
The Nakagin Capsule Tower is a mixed-use
residential and office tower designed by
architect Kisho Kurokawa and located in
Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan.
Completed in 1972, the building is a rare
remaining example of Japanese Metabolism,
an architectural movement emblematic of
Japan's postwar cultural resurgence.[1] The
building was the world's first example of
capsule architecture built for permanent and
practical use. The building still exists but has
fallen into disrepair. As of October 2012,
around thirty of the 140 capsules remained
in use as apartments, while others were used
for storage or office space, or simply abandoned and allowed to deteriorate.
Design, construction and usage
The building is actually composed of two interconnected concrete towers, respectively
eleven and thirteen floors, which house 140 prefabricated modules (or "capsules")
which are each self-contained units. Each capsule measures 2.3 m (7.5 ft) × 3.8 m (12
ft) × 2.1 m (6.9 ft) and functions as a small living or office space. Capsules can be
connected and combined to create larger spaces. Each capsule is connected to one of
the two main shafts only by four high-tension bolts and is designed to be replaceable.
No units have been replaced since the original construction.
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The original target demographic were bachelor
salarymen. The compact apartments included
a wall of appliances and cabinets built into one
side, including a kitchen stove, a refrigerator, a
television set, and a reel-to-reel tape deck. A bathroom unit, about the size of an aircraft
lavatory, is set into an opposite corner. A large
circular window over a bed dominates the far
end of the room.
Construction occurred on site and off site. On-
site work included the two towers and their
energy-supply systems and equipment, while
the capsule parts were fabricated and the
capsules were assembled at a factory.
The capsules were fitted with utilities and
interior fittings before being shipped to the
building site, where they were attached to the concrete towers. Each capsule is
attached independently and cantilevered from the shaft, so that any capsule may be
removed easily without affecting the others. The capsules are all-welded lightweight
steel-truss boxes clad in galvanized, rib-reinforced steel panels. After processing, the
panels were coated with rust-preventative paint and finished with a coat of Kenitex
glossy spray.
The cores are rigid-frame, made of a steel frame and reinforced concrete. From the
basement to the second floor, ordinary concrete was used; above those levels,
lightweight concrete was used. Shuttering consists of large panels the height of a
single storey of the tower. In order to make early use of the staircase, precast concrete
was used in the floor plates and the elevator shafts. Because of the pattern in which
two days of steel-frame work were followed by two days of precast-concrete work, the
staircase was completely operational by the time the framework was finished. On-site
construction of the elevators was shortened by incorporating the 3-D frames, the rails,
and anchor indicator boxes in the precast concrete elements and by employing
prefabricated cages.
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Chandigarh in India
Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in
the northern part o6 India that ser7es as the
capital o6 the states o6 Haryana and Pun8ab4
9s a union territory: the city is ruled directly
by the +nion Go7ernment o6 India and is not
part o6 either state4
)he city o6 Chandigarh was the ;rst plannedcity in India post!independence in -#* and
was 0nown internationally 6or its architecture
and urban design4 )he master plan o6 the city
was prepared by e Corbusier: trans6ormed
6rom an earlier plan by the 9merican planner
9lbert
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History
96ter the partition o6 India in -#*: the 6ormer .ritish pro7ince o6 Pun8ab was also
split between east Pun8ab in India and west Pun8ab in Pa0istan4 )he Indian Pun8ab
re?uired a new capital city to replace ahore: which became part o6 Pa0istan during
the partition4 >o: the go7ernment car7ed out Chandigarh o6 nearly $ Puadhi
spea0ing 7illages o6 the then state o6 East Pun8ab: India4
Chandigarh hosts the largest o6 e Corbusier@s many Apen Hand sculptures:
standing 2% metres high4 )he Apen Hand Ba econd
ecretariat: remain incomplete4 )hese include
Geometric Hill and
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Plug-in-City is a mega-
structure with no buildings,
just a massive framework
into which dwellings in the
form of cells or standardised
components could be
slotted. The machine had
taken over and people were
the raw material being
processed, the difference
being that people are meant to enjoy the experience.
Despite its serious background, Archigram became a synonym for the fusion of
pop and architecture. In 1961 the first issue of the magazine Archigram
appeared, edited by David Greene, Peter Cook and Michael Webb, in an edition
of 300 and printed on large-format paper. It was a low-budget publication, but
highly self-consciously saw itself as the mouthpiece for a young generation of
architects, planners and artists, presenting new solutions for existing urban-
design problems.