planning profession history and contemporary
DESCRIPTION
This is the second in a series of 3 presentations to the Bridgton Senior College on April 24th, 2014. This presentation was on the planning profession and how it evolved and what it's like today.TRANSCRIPT
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Planning Profession Then and Now
Anne Krieg, AICP
Bridgton Director of Planning, Economic
& Community Development
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Ancient Planning
• Top down approach (though philosophers and mathematicians could weigh in)
• Water supply • Military needs
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Middle Ages
• Church or feudal authority
• Villages
• Footpaths
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Renaissance
• Glorifying the ruler or the state
• Military
• Access
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Early Planners
• 1682 William Penn – Philadelphia
• 1791 Pierre L Enfant – DC plan
• 1811 NYC Commissioner’s Plan
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Industrial Revolution Planners
• James Silk Buckingham – National Evils and Practical Remedies 1849
• John Snow’s Cholera Map 1855 • Georges-Eugene Haussmann 1850-1870’s • Frederick Law Olmsted 1850’s-1880 • Edward Bellamy Looking Backwards 1888 • Camillo Sitte – City Planning According to
Artistic Principles 1889 • Societies of Architects and Landscape Architects
formed
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The Progressive Movement
• Design • Recreation • Better Living • City Beautiful
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People in the Progressive Movement
• Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of Tomorrow 1902
• McMillan Plan – the best of the best in one room 1902
• Daniel Burnham – Chicago (1909) and San Francisco (1906)
• Walter Gropius - Bauhaus movement- 1919
• Patrick Geddes – regional planning
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The profession takes hold
• National Conference on City Planning (DC) 1909
• Harvard starts courses in planning 1909 – planning program in 1923
• Massachusetts requires planning 1913
• American City Planning Institute 1917
• Regional Planning Association 1923
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The Depression
• Economic Management
• Housing Programs
• Natural Resource Planning
• Planning Schools become more social science based
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Thinkers in Urban Stagnation
• Frank Lloyd Wright The Disappearing City 1932
• National Planning Board 1933
• Lewis Mumford film The City 1939
• NY World’s Fair Futurama exhibit 1939
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The Profession shifts to federal levels
• National Planning Board 1933
• US Resettlement Administration 1938
• US Housing Act 1937
• Farm Security Administration 1937
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Other Professional society shifts
• American Institute of Planners 1938 • MIT – Masters of City Planning 1935 • Cornell – regional planning 1935 • The Green Bible is written 1941
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Post WWII • People spilling from the city into planned
towns • Urban Renewal • Influenced by modernism • William Levitt 1950 • Brasilia
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Robert Moses You can draw any kind of picture you want on a clean slate and indulge your every whim in the wilderness in laying out a New Delhi, Canberra, or Brasilia, but when you operate in an overbuilt metropolis, you have to hack your way with a meat ax.
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Social Activism in Planning
• Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961
• Rachel Carson Silent Spring 1962 • Martin Anderson The Federal
Bulldozer; a critical analysis of urban renewal 1964
• Ian McHarg Design with Nature 1969
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More evolution in planning
• Adaptive Reuse – Lawrence Halprin 1962 • Edmund Bacon 1967 Philadelphia planner • Academics in Planning
– Kevin Lynch The Image of the City (when we started speaking planner-ese)
– Lewis Mumford The City in History… 1961 – TJ Kent 1964 The Urban General Plan
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And more Federal
Planning
• Economic Development Administration 1965
• HUD 1965 • Model Cities
Program 1966
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Next Gen Planning
• Environmental based planning • Marked guilt from urban renewal
loss of neighborhoods • Loathing of Suburban Life/Layout
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People
• Horst, Webber Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning 1973
• Robert Caro The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of NY 1974
• Norman Krumholz – work on equity planning 1982
• Bluestone, Harrison The Deindustrialization of America 1982
• Robert Fishman Bourgeois Utopias: the rise and fall of suburbs 1987
• John Forester Planning in the Face of Power 1989
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Profession changes
• American Planning Association 1978 • Environmental Systems Research
Institute (ESRI) – GIS • National Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) established • “star planners” Andre Duany
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Millenial Years
• Transportation planning
• Congress of New Urbanism
• Smart Growth
• Form Based Codes
• Collaborative Planning
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Planning Today what hasn’t
changed
• Built environment – architecture, landscape architecture
• Public Health
• Social Work
• Natural Environment
• International Planning (nothing to worry about)
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Jack of all trades • Designers • Economists • Environmental
managers • Decision
theorists • Negotiation
experts
•Political scientists
•Public administration professionals
• Lawyers •Engineers
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Planning Profession
• Not one unifying theory but share basic principles
• Advise, not decide
• See results 5 to 20 years later
• Broadly defined “clients”
• Diverse interests
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Problem Solving in Planning
• As you look at possible solution, the questions change
• Not linear decisions, but often options with repercussions
• Can only predict outcomes
• Can’t test a theory • A problem may be
a symptom of another problem
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What we sometimes do
Crisis mitigation
emerge out of series of crises and people’s responses to them
health crises (epidemics)
social crises (riots, strikes)
other crises (fire, flood, etc.)
Post 9/11 Post Katrina & Sandy
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Me? Community Planning
– Transparency
– Clarify the interests
– Inclusiveness
– Truth-seeking
– Never forget it’s your community
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