planning technical activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

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CHAPTER 3 PLANNING TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

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Page 1: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

CHAPTER 3

PLANNING

TECHNICAL

ACTIVITIES

Page 2: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

THE NATURE OF PLANNING

A plan, which is the output of planning, provides a

methodical way of achieving desired results.

To minimize mistakes in decision-making, planning is

undertaken.

Without the plan, some minor tasks may be afforded

major attention which may, later on, hinder the

accomplishment of objectives.

Page 3: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

PLANNING DEFINED

Planning in various ways:

Nickels and others – The management function that involves anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational objectives.

Aldag and Stearns – The selection and sequential ordering of tasks required to achieve an organizational goal.

Cole and Hamilton – Deciding what will be done, where, when and how it will be done, and the standards to which it will be done.

Page 4: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

PLANNING AT VARIOUS

MANAGEMENT LEVELS

Planning activities undertaken at various levels are as

follows:

Top management level – strategic planning

Middle management level – intermediate planning

Lower management level – operational planning

Page 5: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

Chief Executive

Officer, President

Vice Presidents

General Manager

Division Heads

Functional Managers

Product Line Managers

Department Heads

Unit Managers

First Line Supervisors

Top

Management

Middle

Management

Lower

Management

Strategic

Planning

(One to ten

years)

Intermediate

Planning

(Six months to

two years)

Operational

Planning

(One week to

one year)

MANAGEMENT LEVEL PLANNING HORIZON

Page 6: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

STRATEGIC PLANNING Refers to the process of determining the major goals of

the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals

The output is the STRATEGIC PLAN

Spells out the decision about long-range goals and the course of action to achieve these goals

Parts of strategic planning:

Company or Corporate Mission

Objectives or Goal

Strategies

Page 7: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

INTERMEDIATE PLANNING Refers to the process of determining the contributions

that subunits can make with allocated resources.

The goals of a subunit are determined and a plan is prepared to provide a guide to the realization of the goals.

It is designed to support the strategic plan.

Page 8: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

OPERATIONAL PLANNING Refers to the process of determining how specific tasks

can best be accomplished on time with available resources

It must be performed in support of the strategic plan and intermediate plan

Page 9: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

THE PLANNING PROCESS

Generally, planning involves the following:

Setting organizational, divisional, or unit goals

Goals = the precise statement of results sought,

quantified in time and magnitude, where possible

Developing strategies or tactics to reach those

goals

Strategy = a course of action aimed at ensuring

that the organization will achieve its objectives

Tactic = a short term action taken by management

to adjust to negative internal or external influences

Page 10: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

Generally, planning involves the following:

Determining resources needed

Human

Non-human

Setting standards

Standards for measuring performance may be set at the planning stage

When actual performance does not match with planned performance, corrections or reinforcements should be given

Page 11: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

TYPES OF PLANS Classification of Plans:

Functional area plan

Marketing Plan

The Executive Summary

Table of Contents

Situational Analysis and Target Market

Marketing Objectives and Goal

Marketing Strategies

Marketing Tactics

Schedules and Budgets

Financial Data and Control

Page 12: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

Production Plan

The amount of capacity the company must have

How many employees are required

How much material must be purchased

Financial Plan

An analysis of the firm’s current financial condition as

indicated by an analysis of the most recent statements.

A sales forecast

The capital budget

The cash budget

A set of pro forma (or projected) financial statements

Human Resource Management Plan

Personnel requirement of the company

Plans for recruitment and selection

Training plan

Retirement plan

Page 13: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

Plans with time horizon

Short-range Plan

Long-range Plan

Plans according to Frequency of Use

Standing Plans

Policies – broad guidelines to aid managers

at every level in making decisions about

recurring situations or functions

Procedures – plans that describe the exact

series of actions to be taken in a given

situations

Rules – statements that either require or

forbid a certain action

Page 14: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

Single-use Plans

Budgets – a plan which sets forth the projected

expenditure for a certain activity and explains

where the required plans will come from

Programs – a single-use plan designed to

coordinate a large set of activities

Projects – a single-use plan that is usually more

limited in scope that a program and is

sometimes prepared to support a program

Page 15: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

MAKING PLANNING EFFECTIVE Recognize the planning barriers

Manager’s inability to plan

Improper planning process

Lack of commitment to the planning process

Improper information

Focusing on the present at the expense of the future

Too much reliance on the planning department

Concentrating on only the controllable variables

Page 16: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech

Aids to planning

Gather as much information as possible

Develop multiple sources of information

Involve others in the planning process

Page 17: Planning Technical Activities - rogercflores.cmu-online.tech