Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics

1.1. Range in Range in sizesize

2.2. Most have Most have rootsroots or or rootlikerootlike structures structures

3.3. Are adapted to live Are adapted to live in any in any environmentenvironment

4.4. All plants need All plants need waterwater

Origin of PlantsOrigin of Plants

• Scientists believe that plants & green Scientists believe that plants & green algae have a common ancestor algae have a common ancestor because they both have the same because they both have the same type of carotenoids &type of carotenoids &

chlorophyllchlorophyll in their cells. in their cells.• Green algae are one celled or many Green algae are one celled or many

celled organisms that use celled organisms that use photosynthesisphotosynthesis to make their own to make their own food.food.

• Carotenoids are red, yellow or orange Carotenoids are red, yellow or orange pigments that are also used for pigments that are also used for photosynthesisphotosynthesis (why carrots are (why carrots are orange)orange)

• Photosynthesis is the ability of a Photosynthesis is the ability of a plant, algae or bacteria to make their plant, algae or bacteria to make their own own foodfood..

Adaptations to LandAdaptations to Land

1.1. Many plants have Many plants have cuticles cuticles on their on their leaves, stems & flowersleaves, stems & flowers

*this is a waxy, protective layer *this is a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto the surface secreted by cells onto the surface of the plant that slows water lossof the plant that slows water loss

2.2. Cells walls contain Cells walls contain cellulosecellulose that that vie the plant structure & supportvie the plant structure & support

*this is a chemical compound that *this is a chemical compound that plants can make out of sugarplants can make out of sugar

3.3. Cells of some plants secrete other Cells of some plants secrete other substances into the cellulose to substances into the cellulose to make the make the cell wallcell wall stronger stronger

4.4. Plant reproductionPlant reproduction *some plants have water resistant *some plants have water resistant

spores & others produce water spores & others produce water resistant seeds in cones or flowers resistant seeds in cones or flowers that develop into fruitthat develop into fruit

sunflowerseeds

spores

cuticle

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

1.1. Plants are divided into 2 main groups:Plants are divided into 2 main groups:

vascular and nonvascularvascular and nonvascular..

2.2. Vascular plantsVascular plants have tubelike structures that have tubelike structures that carry water, nutrients & other substances carry water, nutrients & other substances through the plant.through the plant.

3.3. Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants do not have the tubelike do not have the tubelike structures & use other ways to move water & structures & use other ways to move water & substances through the plant.substances through the plant.

Seedless PlantsSeedless Plants

Seedless Nonvascular Plants::**nonvascular plants are not very tall & have stalks & nonvascular plants are not very tall & have stalks &

green, leaflike growthsgreen, leaflike growths**have have rhizoids rhizoids instead of roots that anchor them where instead of roots that anchor them where

they growthey grow**most grow in damp places (water is absorbed & most grow in damp places (water is absorbed &

distributed through the cell distributed through the cell membrane membrane & cell & cell wallwall))**they do not have flowers or cones to produce seedsthey do not have flowers or cones to produce seeds*they reproduce by *they reproduce by sporesspores

Types of Seedless NonvascularTypes of Seedless Nonvascular Plants Plants

1.1. MossesMosses

**most most are classified as are classified as mossesmosses

*grow on tree trunks, *grow on tree trunks, on rocks or the on rocks or the

groundground

*found in *found in dampdamp areas areas & some in & some in

desertsdeserts

Types of Seedless Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants cont.Nonvascular Plants cont.

2. Liverworts2. Liverworts 3. Hornworts3. Hornworts

Liverworts Hornworts

Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

*reproduce by *reproduce by sporesspores *vascular tissue *vascular tissue

distributes nutrients, distributes nutrients, food & water to the food & water to the cells throughout the cells throughout the plantplant

*this tissue is made *this tissue is made up of long, up of long, tubeliketubelike cellscells

Types of SeedlessTypes of Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular Plants

1. Ferns1. Ferns

*the largest group*the largest group

*have stems, leaves and have *have stems, leaves and have rootsroots

Seedless Vascular Cont.Seedless Vascular Cont.

2. Club Mosses2. Club Mosses

*have needlelike leaves*have needlelike leaves

3. Horsetails3. Horsetails

Club mossHorsetail

Seed PlantsSeed Plants

Characteristics of Seed Plants:Characteristics of Seed Plants: 1. most have 1. most have leavesleaves 2. have 2. have stemsstems 3. have 3. have rootsroots 4. have 4. have vascular tissuevascular tissue

LeavesLeaves

1. the organ of the plant where 1. the organ of the plant where photosynthesis photosynthesis takes takes placeplace

2. leaves come in many 2. leaves come in many shapesshapes, , sizessizes & & colorscolors 3. a leaf is made up of many layers of 3. a leaf is made up of many layers of cellscells 4. The 4. The epidermisepidermis is a thin layer located on the upper & is a thin layer located on the upper &

lower surface of a leaflower surface of a leaf *it covers and protects the leaf*it covers and protects the leaf 5. The 5. The stomatastomata are small openings in the epidermis are small openings in the epidermis *they allow carbon dioxide, *they allow carbon dioxide, waterwater & oxygen to & oxygen to

enter and leave the cellenter and leave the cell

LeavesLeaves

6. Each stoma is surrounded by a 6. Each stoma is surrounded by a guard cellguard cell that opens & closes it.that opens & closes it.

7. The 7. The palisade layerpalisade layer is under the upper is under the upper epidermisepidermis

*long, narrow cells that contain chloroplast*long, narrow cells that contain chloroplast *most of the food is produced here*most of the food is produced here 8. The 8. The spongy layerspongy layer is located below the is located below the

palisade layerpalisade layer *vascular tissue is located here*vascular tissue is located here

LeavesLeaves

gingko

Japanese maple

Beech tree

Layers of a leafLayers of a leaf

StemsStems

1. usually located above 1. usually located above ground & support the ground & support the branches, leaves & flowersbranches, leaves & flowers

2. materials move between 2. materials move between leaves & roots through leaves & roots through vascularvascular tissue in the stem tissue in the stem

3. can either be herbaceous 3. can either be herbaceous or woodyor woody

*herbaceous stems are *herbaceous stems are usually usually softsoft & & greengreen (ex. (ex. Tulip)Tulip)

*woody stems are *woody stems are hardhard & & rigidrigid (trees and shrubs) (trees and shrubs)

Herbaceous stem

Woody stem

RootsRoots

1. 1. waterwater & other & other substancessubstances enter a plant through the enter a plant through the rootsroots

2. contain 2. contain vascularvascular tissue that moves water & other tissue that moves water & other substances from the soil through the stems to the substances from the soil through the stems to the leavesleaves

3. act as 3. act as anchorsanchors to prevent plants from blowing away to prevent plants from blowing away or being washed awayor being washed away

4. can store 4. can store foodfood 5. can absorb 5. can absorb oxygen oxygen used in respirationused in respiration 6. can be located 6. can be located aboveabove ground or underground ground or underground

RootsRoots

Canary tree rootsEastern Gamagrass plant

Vascular TissueVascular Tissue

*There are 3 types of vascular tissue:*There are 3 types of vascular tissue: 1. 1. xylemxylem tissue is hollow, tissue is hollow, tubulartubular cells called cells called

vessels that transport water and other vessels that transport water and other dissolveddissolved substances from substances from rootsroots to other parts to other parts of the seed plantof the seed plant

2. 2. PhloemPhloem tissue is made of tubular cells tissue is made of tubular cells called tubes that carry called tubes that carry foodfood to other parts of the to other parts of the plantplant

3. 3. CambiumCambium is a tissue that makes more is a tissue that makes more xylem & phloem cells as the plant growsxylem & phloem cells as the plant grows

Vascular TissueVascular Tissue

Gymnosperms & AngiospermsGymnosperms & Angiosperms

*Seed plants are *Seed plants are classified into 2 main classified into 2 main groups: groups: gymnosperms & gymnosperms & angiospermsangiosperms

gymnosperm

Angiosperm (monkey flower)

GymnospermsGymnosperms

1. They are 1. They are vascularvascular plants that produce plants that produce seeds that are not protected by fruit & seeds that are not protected by fruit & they do not have they do not have flowersflowers (ex. Gingko & (ex. Gingko & pine tree)pine tree) *many are called *many are called evergreensevergreens because some because some

green leaves never fall offgreen leaves never fall off *their leaves are needlelike or *their leaves are needlelike or scalelikescalelike

GymnospermsGymnosperms

gingko Pine tree

Pine tree leaf (needlelike)

GymnospermsGymnosperms

2. 2. ConiferConifer is a type of gymnosperm that is a type of gymnosperm that produces 2 kinds of produces 2 kinds of cones,cones, a male a male and female (ex. Redwood tree)and female (ex. Redwood tree)

*the cone is the *the cone is the reproductivereproductive structure of structure of the conifer (seeds develop inside the the conifer (seeds develop inside the cone)cone)

*conifers have needlelike *conifers have needlelike leavesleaves *stay *stay green green all year & don’t lose all their all year & don’t lose all their

leavesleaves

ConifersConifers

ArborvitaeCalifornia Redwood

AngiospermsAngiosperms *also known as flowering plants*also known as flowering plants 1. a vascular plant that produces flowers1. a vascular plant that produces flowers & has a & has a fruit fruit that contains one or more seeds that contains one or more seeds

(ex. Peach)(ex. Peach) 2. flowers of angiosperms vary in 2. flowers of angiosperms vary in sizesize, , shapeshape

and and colorcolor 3. some flower parts develop into 3. some flower parts develop into fruitfruit *most fruits contain seeds (ex. Apple)*most fruits contain seeds (ex. Apple) or have them on their surface or have them on their surface (ex. strawberries(ex. strawberries

Deciduous Trees Deciduous Trees

4. A 4. A deciduousdeciduous tree tree has broad, flat leaves has broad, flat leaves and loses them each and loses them each year (ex. Oak tree)year (ex. Oak tree)

British Bonsai

Oak tree

AngiospermsAngiosperms

5. Angiosperms are divided into 2 5. Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups: groups: monocots monocots & & dicotsdicots

*Monocots have one *Monocots have one cotyledoncotyledon (part of (part of the seed where food is stored)the seed where food is stored)

**Examples: bananas & orchids**Examples: bananas & orchids *Dicots have 2 cotyledons*Dicots have 2 cotyledons **Examples: green beans & apples**Examples: green beans & apples

AngiospermsAngiosperms

6. Lifecycle of Angiosperms:6. Lifecycle of Angiosperms: **AnnualsAnnuals complete their life cycle in complete their life cycle in one year. Seeds have to be one year. Seeds have to be re-planted each year. (ex. Petunias)re-planted each year. (ex. Petunias) **BiennialsBiennials complete their life cycle in complete their life cycle in 2 years. They produce flowers & 2 years. They produce flowers & seeds the second year.seeds the second year. **PerennialsPerennials take more than 2 years to grow take more than 2 years to grow to maturity, but they produce flowers & to maturity, but they produce flowers & fruit year after year (ex. Peonies)fruit year after year (ex. Peonies)

AngiospermsAngiosperms

parsleypeonies

petunias