PLANT GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION

GrowthRoots and Shoots

Roots grown downward Shoots grow upward

Meristems – area of actively dividing plant cells tissue that is growing on the plant

Primary Growth increases length or height of plant Uses Apical meristems which are located at the tips of shoots & roots tissues that result from primary growth are known as primary tissues

Secondary Growth increases a plant’s stem and root width.

Mineral Nutrients Plants need at least 14 mineral nutrients for growth. They also need carbon dioxide and water for and oxygen for cellular respiration.

Type of GrowthPlant responses to the direction of light,

gravity, and touch are called tropisms. Tropisms can be positive or negative. Tropisms include:

phototropism gravitropism thigmotropism

Environmental Influences on GrowthPhototropism -

caused by changes in availability of light, also the length of days and nights

http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/phototropism/corn/cornworship.html

Gravitropism-If a plant is knocked over or in a thick

forest, it will move back to the vertical position or the leaves will move vertically, in response to gravity

http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/gravitropism/gravi1/gravitrop.html

ThigmotropismResponse to touch or physical contact of a solid

object Ex: vines growing up lattace work or the side of a house http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move

ments/nastic/nastic.html http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move

ments/nastic/nastic.html http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/move

ments/nastic/nastic.html

Reproduction Vocabulary

Gamete- a haploid (unpaired chromosome) reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive structure to form a zygote (fused cell)

Gametophyte- the phase in which gametes are formed

Sporophyte- in plants and algae, the diploid (a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes) individual produced haploid spores

Spore vs. Seed Nonvascular plants-

Water needed for fertilization Reproduces with spores

Vascular seedless plants Water needed for fertilization Reproduces with spores

Vascular seeded plants Gymnosperms- Cones Angiosperms

Make pollen and ovules (ovaries) Once fertilized, the ovules produce fruit Fruit houses/protects seeds

Pollen grains contain sperm. They are produced in the

anthers of the flowers in angiosperms.

Ovaries with ovules become fruits with seeds after the ovule (egg) is fertilized by sperm from the pollen

FlowersFlowers have four types of parts—petals, sepals,

stamens, and pistils.

Sepals- outermost structure that protect a flower from damage

Petals- innermost structure that is colorful to attract pollinators

Stamen- male reproductive structures Anther produce pollen Filament holds anther

Pistil- Female reproductive structures Stigma- top of the style, tacky so pollen sticks Style- stalk rising from the ovary Ovary- where ovules develop

Parts of a Seed A seed contains an embryo, which

is a new sporophyte, and a supply of nutrients for the embryo.

The cotyledons of an embryo help transfer nutrients to the embryo.

A seed coat covers and protects a seed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capsicum0.jpg

Seed Dispersal/Pollination by many vectors, including:

Wind- some seeds are shaped to be carried by the wind easily

Animals- Some seeds stick to animals that brush past it When insects drink nectar, they get coated in pollen which

will, in turn, be passed on to the next flower the insect gathers nectar from

Water- can easily carry seeds miles away from parent plant