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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 7, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on April 2011 Published on August 2011 2096

Plant Growth Regulators and Fungicides alters Growth and Biochemical contents inMentha piperita Linn Kavina .J, Gopi. R, Panneerselvam.R

Department of Botany, Stress physiology lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar – 608 002 Tamil Nadu, INDIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The effect of different plant growth regulators (PGR) and fungicide treatments on the growth characteristics ofMentha piperita Linn. (pippermint, Family: Lamiaceae) was investigated in the present study. The PGR used were gibberellic acid (GA ), Abscisic acid (ABA) and fungicides used were Difenoconazole (DIZ) by soil drenching on 35, 50, 65 and 80 days after planting (DAP).The plants were taken randomly on 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAP and used for estimating the growth and biochemical changes. DIZ and ABA treatments increased the fresh weight, dry weight, root growth, total chlorophyll, protein and amino acid content, while it decreased the stem length. Among the treatments GA3 enhanced the fresh and dry weights and stem length increased the larger extent when compared with control.

Key words: Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid, Amino acid, Difenoconazole, Gibberellic acid, Growth, Protein, Mentha piperita.

1. Introduction

Mentha Piperita Linn., Is a perennial herb with a medicinal properties for stomachic, anti spasmodic, antitussive, etc, which belong to the family Lamiaceae. The chemical compounds present in Mentha sps., Menthol, Menthone, Tannin and Terpenic derivatives. Leaves and flowers as fresh and dried oil are used in the form of infusion, fluid extract, syrup powder, essence and juice. Mint is in compatible with camphor and thymol. (Romesh & Sudhir Kumar, 1990).

Gibberellic Acid (GA), which comes from a naturally occurring growth hormone, is a member of a type of plant hormone called gibberellins, which regulates the growth and development of plants (Jaleel et al., 2009). The GA are associated with various plant growth and development processes such as seed germination, stem and hypocotyls elongation, leaf expansion, floral initiation, uniform flowering, floral organ development, reduced time to flowering, increased flower number and size and induction of some hydrolytic enzymes in the aleurone of cereal grains (Akazawa et al., 1990; Matsuoka 2003; Swain and Singh, 2005; Khassawneh et al., 2006; Srivastava and Srivastava, 2007). In pants, certain secondary metabolite pathways are induced by infection with micro organisms. It was reported that, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis maintained more normal water relation in plants (Jaleel et al.,2007).

ABA are plant growth regulators, it regulates processes of embryo maturation, seed development, seed germination, stomatal opening, root development, floral transition and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses (Giraudat et al., 1994; Mahovachi et al. 2005). In several of the above mentioned processes, including seed germination, floral transition and

Plant Growth Regulators and Fungicides alters Growth and Biochemical contents in Mentha piperita Linn

Kavina .J, Gopi. R, Panneerselvam. R International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.7, 2011

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fruit development GA and ABA have antagonistic effects, normally with GA promoting and ABA inhibiting these specific processes (Beaudoin et al., 2000; Swamy and Smith, 2001; Xie et al., 2006).

Trizole compounds are generally used as fungicides, which have plant growth regulating properties (Fletcher et al., 1986). Effectiveness as fungicide or PGR is determined by the stereochemical configuration of the substitutions on the carbon chain (Qiu et al., 2005). Many workers have studied that effect of triazole compounds on plants. The inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis is the main reason behind the PGR properties of triazoles. Growth substance like GA, cytokinins, ABA and ethylene are affected by the triazoles (Zhou and Xie, 1993).

The objectives of the present study are to understand the effect of PGR such as GA3, ABA & DIZ on the growth and biochemical changes ofMentha piperita plants under field conditions.

2. Materials and Method

Medicinally important plant species, Mentha piperita, were selected for the present investigation. Them stem cutting (suckers) were obtained from the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University Tamilnadu. The plant growth regulators Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Abscisic acid (ABA) were purchased from sigma chemicals Bangalore, Difenoconazole (DIZ) a triazolic group of fungicide having PGR properties is obtained from syngenta, India Ltd., Mumbai (India).used for the study. The experimental part of this work was carried out in Botanical garden and Stress physiology lab, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu. During this study the average temperature was ± 32/26°C and relative humidity (RH) varied between 6075 per cent.

Treatments and Samplings

23 nodes of stems were selected and planted separately in 40 pots. 10mg L 1 DIZ, 5 µm L 1

GA3 and 5µM L 1 ABA concentrations were used for the treatments and control plants, irrigated with tap water. The treatments were given on 35, 50, 65 and 80 days after planting (DAP) by soil drenching. The plants were taken randomly on 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAP and separated into root, stem and leaves and used for determining growth and biochemical contents

2.1 Growth Parameters

Height of the plant and Root length

The plant height was measured from the soil level to the tip of the shoot and expressed in cm. The plant root length was measured from nodal initiation of the shoot to the tip of longest root and expressed in cm.

Number of leaves and Total Leaf area

The total leaf area of the plants was measured using L1COR Photo Electric Area Meter (Model LI3 100, Lincoln, USA) and expressed in cm 2 per plant.

Determinations of Fresh and dry weight



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After washing the plants in the tap water, fresh weight was determined by using an electronic balance (Model — XK3190A7M) and the values were expressed in grams. After taking fresh weight, the plants were dried at 60 °C in hot air oven for 24 hours. After drying, the weight was measured and the values were expressed in grams.

Leaf Chlorophyll Content

Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoids were extracted from the leaves and estimated by the method of Arnon (1949). Absorbance was measured at 645, 663 and 480 nm with a spectrophotometer (U200 1Hitachi) against 80 percent acetone as blank. Chlorophyll content was calculated using the formula of Arnon.

2.2 Biochemical Analysis

The protein content of Mentha was estimated by grinding the plant tissue samples with 10ml of 10 percent TCA. The homogenate was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 800 rpm. The supernatant was discarded and to the pellet, 5ml of 0.1N NaoH was added to solubilized the Protein and centrifuged for 15 min. the supernant was made upto 10ml with 0.1N NaoH and used. To 0.1 ml of protein solution 5ml of Bradford reagent was added. The absorbance was measured after 2mm against a reagent blank. Blank prepared as (DW 0.1 ml of 0.1N NaoH and 5ml of Bradford reagent) Bradford (1976)

The Amino acid content ofMentha piperita was estimated by the method of Moore and Stein (1948). 0.5 grams of plant tissues taken and homogenized with 10ml of 80 percent boiling ethanol. The extract was centrifuged at 800 rpm for 15 mits and supernatant was made up to 10ml with 80 percent ethanol and used for the estimation of free amino acids. 1ml of ethanol extract was taken in 25ml tube and neutralized with 0.1N NaoH using methyl red indicator. To which, 1ml ninhydrin reagent was added. The contents were boiled in a boiling water bath for 20mits then 5ml of diluting reagent was added, cooled and diluted to 25ml with distilled water. The absorbance was read at 570 nm in a spectrophotometer.

3. Results and Discussion

Effect of Growth Regulators on Height of the Plant (Figure 1, Plate: a&b)

The total height of the plant increased with the age in the control, ABA and GA3 treated Mentha plants, but it decreased under DIZ treatments. The increase was higher in gibberellic acid treated when compared to ABA. Highest plant height was noted in 90 DAP under GA3 treatments and it was nearly 136.66 per cent over control. The lower plant height was observed in DIZ treated plants on 90 DAP and it was 94.35 per cent over control.

The plant height reduced under treatments with DIZ and ABA in Mentha plants. The gibberellic acid treated plants increased the plant height. Triazole treatments reduced stem elongation and plant height in Plectranthus forskholii (Lakshmanan et al., 2007), in Cassava (Gomathinayagam et al., 2007), and Catharanthus roseus (Jaleel et al., 2008a). The growth retarding effect of triazole is caused by the inhibition of GA3 as observed in Cucurbita maxima (Izumi et al., 1985). ABA induced growth inhibition was resulted from signal transduction at the single cell level and thereby induces closure of stomata (Trejo et al., 1995). The growth retarding effect of triazole is caused by the inhibition of GA3 (Fletcher et al., 2000). GA3 exerts profound effects on fundamental process of plant growth and development.



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GA3 is widely regarded as a growth promoting compound that positively regulates processes such as seed germination, stem elongation and leaf expansion. (Swain and Singh, 2005).

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

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Figure 1: Effect of difenoconazole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, on Plant height of Mentha piperita on different growth stages

Effect of Growth Regulators on Root length (Fig: 2, Plate: a&b)

The total root length of the Mentha plant increased with the age in control and DIZ treated plants, but a decrease was observed in ABA and GA3 treatments. The increase was higher in DIZ treated on 90 DAP and it was 129.41 per cent over control.

The root length was increased with DIZ treated plants to a higher extent on the other hand, GA3 inhibited root growth in Mentha piperita. Triadimefon treatment increased the root growth in mungbean (Pan and Zhao, 1994). An increase in root length was reported in paclobutrazol and triadimefon treated in C. roseus (Jaleel et al., 2006). Paclobutrazol increased the root length and enhanced the lateral roots in tomato plants (Berova et al., 2000).

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Figure 2: Effect of difenoconazole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, on Root length of Mentha piperita on different growth stages.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Total Leaf Area (Figure 3)

The total leaf area of the plant decreased with the age in all the treatments. The more decrease was prominent in ABA treated plants and it was 69.00 per cent over control on 90 DAP when compared to DIZ and GA3 treatments inMentha piperita plants.

DIZ, ABA and GA3 treatments were reduced in total leaf area when compared to control in Mentha plants. Paclobutrazol reduced the leaf area in tomato (Berova et al. 2000) and barley



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(Sunitha et al., 2004). The leaf production is reduced in Catharanthus plants under PBZ treatment (Jaleel et al., 2006a). Uniconazole reduced the leaf number in Pyrecantha species (Norcini and Knox, 1989). Application of ABA at room temperature results in reduced leaf production in many plants. The leaf production is reduced in strawberry and soybean by triazole treatment (Davis, 1987). Uniconazole reduce the leaf number in Pyrecantha species (Norcini and Knox, 1989)

GA3 caused a significant decrease in leaf area in all stages of growth Mentha plant. The application of gibberellic acid has the potential to control growth and flowering by reduced leaf area and induce earliness in strawberry (Paroussi et al., 2002). The response of strawberry to exogenous GA3 is similar to that caused by certain natural environmental factors (Tehranifar and Battey, 1997).

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Figure 3: Effect of difenoconazole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, on Total Leaf Area of Mentha piperita on different growth stages.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Fresh and Dry weight (Figure 4)

The whole plant fresh weight of the plant increased in age on all of the treatments. But there is increases to a larger extent on 90 DAP in DIZ treatments and it was 130.12 per cent over control. The least increase was observed on 45 DAP in GA3 treatments and it was 102.79 per cent over control. The whole plant dry weight increased with DIZ, ABA and GA3 treatments when compared with control. The whole plant dry weights increased in a larger extent on 90 DAP in DIZ treatment and it was 120.00. When compared to ABA and GA3 treatments. Among the treatment ABA and GA3 slightly increased and it was 118.27 and 112.11 respectively on 90 DAP.

DIZ, ABA and GA3 treatments inMentha piperita increased the whole plant fresh weight to a large extent. Similar results were reported in PBZ treated Catharanthus plants under salt stress (Jaleel et al., 2007a). Triazole compounds inhibited gibberellin biosynthesis, cytokinin and abscisic acid stimulated tuberization and reduced stolon length in potato by counteracting gibberellin action content induced by these triazoles might be the cause for increase root growth.

GA3 application was reported to increase weight of aerial parts in Viola (Vlahos, 1991). Exogenously applied, gibberellin promoted stolon elongation and inhibited tuber formation and increased fresh weight in potato (Xu et al., 1998)

DIZ, ABA and GA3 treatments increased the dry weight considerably in Mentha plants when compared to control plants. ABA plays a critical role in regulating plant water status through guard cells and growth as well as by induction of genes that encodes enzymes and other



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protein involved in cellular dehydration tolerance (Zhu, 2002), which might be the reason for increased dry weight. Triadimefon and paclobutrazol altered the shoot dry weight in peanut (Muthukumaraswamy and Panneerselvam, 1997) and tomato (Still and Pill, 2004). It was apparent that treating plants with GA3 increased height of the plant over the control, which may be attributed to the growth promotion effect of GA3 in stimulating and accelerating cell division, increasing cell elongation and enlargement (AlKhassawneh et al., 2006) which in turn increased the dry weight of the plants. GA3 application was reported to increase fresh and dry weights in Viola (Vlahos, 1991).

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Fresh weight Dry weight Figure 4: Effect of difenoconazole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, on fresh and dry

weight ofMentha piperita on different growth stages.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Chlorophyll content (Figure 5)

The total chlorophyll contents of the leaves increase with the age in control and treated Mentha leaves. The maximum increase was found on 90 DAP in DIZ treatments and it was 132.91 per cent over control. Among the treatments ABA and GA3 slightly increased and it was 123.00 and 122.11 respectively on 90 DAP.

Treatments with DIZ, ABA and GA3 significantly increased the total chlorophyll contents in Mentha plants. Similar results were observed in Paclobutrazol treated barley (Sunitha et al., 2004) carrot (Gopi et al., 2007) and tomato (Still and Pill, 2004). Paclobutrazol treated leaves were dark green due to high chlorophyll content in potato (Tekalign et al., 2005). Sebastian et al., 2002 reported enhanced chlorophyll synthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus treated with Palobutrazol. Gibberellic acid increased the vegetative growth and pigment concentration in maize (Kaya et al., 2006). In Lotus tenuis low photosynthetic photon flux density induced an ortotropic growth of stems with greater supply of GA1 and GA3 (Clua et al., 1997). Foliar application of GA3 improved the chlorophyll levels in salinity stressed maize plants (Tuna et al., 2008).

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Figure 5: Effect of difenoconozole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on chlorophyll content ofMentha piperita.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Carotenoid content (Figure 6)

The carotenoid content increased with the age in control and treated plants on all sampling days. The higher carotenoid contents were observed under DIZ treatments on 90 DAP and it was 133.48 per cent over control. The other treatments increased the carotenoid contents on 90 DAP and it was 125.00 and 125.89 respectively on ABA and GA3

The carotenoid content of the Mentha piperita leaves increased with age in control and treated plants. Treatment increased the carotenoid content in catharanthus plants (Jaleel et al., 2006a). Triadimefon treatment increased the carotenoid content to a higher level in cucumber (Feng et al., 2003). An increase in carotenoid content was reported in maize plants (Kaya et al., 2006). Plant growth of wheat decreased with increasing salinity levels, but was increased by seed treatment with GA3, which accompanied increased photosynthetic pigment contents (Kumar and Singh 1996).

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Figure 6: Effect of difenoconozole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on carotenoids content ofMentha piperita

Effect of Growth Regulators on Protein content (Figure 7)

In Mentha plants the protein contents increased with the age in control and treatments in all stages. In plant tissues like stem, root there was a gradual increase in protein content under DIZ treatments when compared to control. A maximum increase was noted on 90 DAP in DIZ treatments, it was 125.5% over control in root and in stem it was 105.01 % over control. But in the leaves the protein content were reduced in DIZ, ABA and GA3 treatments when compared to control.

The protein content increased a higher extent in all the parts with age of the Mentha plants with treatments. Among the treatments, Difenoconozole caused higher level of protein accumulation in all parts ofM. piperita. Triadimefon treatment increased the protein content in Raphanus sativus (Muthukumarasamy and Panneerselvam 1997), cowpea (Gopi et al., 1999), and cucumber seedling (Feng et al., 2003). Paclobutrazol treated in wheat seedling (Kraus and Fletcher, 1994), and Brassica carinata (Setia et al., 1995).



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Root Stem

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Figure 7: Effect of difenoconozole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on protein content of Mentha piperita.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Amino acid content (Figure 8)

In Mentha plants the amino acid contents increased with the age in control and treated plants in all growth stages. In root and stem a maximum increase was noted on 90 DAP in ABA treatments when compared to DIZ and GA3 treatments. The increase was noted as 132.71% over control in root tissue and in the stem tissue it was 139.15% over control. In amino acid treated Mentha leaves the maximum of increase was noted on 90 DAP in DIZ treatments and it was 133.32% over control. A least increase was noted on 45 DAP in ABA treatments and it was 105.01% over control.

ROOT STEM

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Figure 8: Effect of difenoconozole, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on amino acid of Mentha piperita.



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The amino acid content increased a higher extent in all the parts of the Mentha plants with treatments. Among the treatments DIZ caused higher level of amino acids accumulation in all parts. Triadimefon increased the amino acid content in radish (Muthukumarasamy and Panneerselvam, 1997b; Muthukumarasamy et al., 2000), and soybean (Panneerselvam et al., 1998). Similar results were observed in uniconazole treated Phaseolus vulgaris (Mackay et al., 1990), Penconazole increased amino acid in higher plants (Radice and Pesci, 1991). Similarly triadimefon treatments increased the amino acid content in Catharanthus (Jaleel et al., 2007c) hexaconazole and paclobutrazol treatments (Gopi et al., 2007).

Conclusion

Difenoconozole and ABA treatments decrease the shoot growth, increase the root growth and dry weight in M.piperita plants. Photosynthetic pigments increased under DIZ, ABA and GA3 treatments in Mentha plants. Difenoconozole treatments increase the protein and amino acid contents.

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