Plant Kingdom

BRYPOPHYTA ब्रायोफाइट

Known as amphibians of plant kingdom, Dominant phase is

gametophyte.

Sex organs are known as Antheridium and Archegonium

(female part)

Divides into two types on the basis of their structure and

reproduction

Liverworts - Marchantia and Riccia

Mosses – Funaria

Pteridophyta•First terrestrial plants to possess vascular

tissues

and need water for fertilisation.

•Dominant phase is 'sporophytic.

•Leaves modified to form sporophylls

bearing: sporangia. Sporangia undergoes to

form spores.

(i) Psilopsida – e.g., Psilotum

(ii) Lycopsida – e.g., Lycopodium and

selaginella

(iii) Sphenopsida – e.g., Equisetum

(iv) Pteropsida – e.g., Dryopteris, Adiantum and

Pteris

GymnospemaeThe gymnosperms are the naked-seeded plants

(gymno-naked; sperma-seed), i.e., their ovules are

exposed and not enclosed in ovaries and hence the

seeds are naked without fruits.

The sporophytic (dominant phase) plants are

shrubs or moderate sized or large tress; Sequoia

(giant redwood tree) is the tallest tree species.

They have tap root system; they show

symbiotic association with fungi to form

mycorrhizae (as in Pinus) or with N,-

fixing cyanobacteria to "form coralloid

roots (as in Cycas).

Vascular bundles are well developed

AngiospermsThese are called flowering plants as the reproductive

organs are borne on flowers.

Vascular bundles are well developed, where Xylem has

vessels and tracheid's and helps in

Translocation of water and nutrients where as phloem has

sieve cells and companion cells and helps in transparation

of food sugar). prepared by leaves by the process of

photosyntheses

Flowers are reproductive structure, may be

bisexual or unisexual and plants may be

monoecious or dioecious. Eg: All flowering plants.

True fruits - when thalamus is not included in the

formation of fruit,

False fruit - when thalamus is included in the

formation of fruit: Eg ; Strawberry and Apple.

In Angiosperms female sex organs of a

flower is the pistil 1 gynoecium. Pistil has

three parts overy, style, stigma.

Male sex organs, each stamen has two parts

- a filament and an ather

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