plant nutrition for a healthy planet · (d) impact of environmental stresses on plant nutrition (e)...

Plant Nutrition for a Healthy Planet

Michael A. GrusakMichael A. GrusakUSDAUSDA--ARS ChildrenARS Children’’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicines Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine

Opening AddressOpening Address

Why are we here?

What should our focus be during the meeting?

What connections should we be making – amongst each other – and

amongst our sub-disciplines?Michael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Opening AddressOpening Address

Why is plant nutrition relevant and important to a healthy planet?

Where should we be heading in the future – with new approaches and

new technologies?

Michael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Targets for Plant NutritionTargets for Plant NutritionFarmer Issues• Yield• Profits

Consumer Issues• Food Security• Nutritious Food & Feed

Ecosystem Issues• Agricultural Communities

• Small land-owner cooperatives• Farming support systems

• Human Communities• National Health Status• Macro-Economic Issues


Levels of Organization in BiologyLevels of Organization in Biology

BiosphereEcosystemCommunityPopulationIndividual

OrganTissue

CellMolecule


Colloquium ThemesColloquium Themes(A) Nutrient Acquisition, Homeostasis and Source-Sink

Relations(B) Nutrient Management for Optimal Productivity and

Sustainability(C) Functions, Interactions and Diagnosis of Plant Nutrient

Status(D) Impact of Environmental Stresses on Plant Nutrition(E) Plant Nutrition for Human Health(F) Environmental Plant Nutrition – Trees, Roots, and Climate(G) Element Toxicity and Remediation(H) Nutrient Management and the Sustainability of Agriculture

in the Developing WorldMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Plant Nutrition

Human Health

Aquatic HealthSoil

Health

Plant Health

Atmospheric Health

Community &Socio-Economic

Health


Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health

Atmospheric Health Fiber Food &

Feed

CO2Fixation

Biotic Stress Mitigation

Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield

Soil Carbon‘Biochar’

Soil Chemistry

Metal/Mineral Ligands

Nutrient Requirements

Nutrient Use

Agric. System Productivity

Abiotic Stress Mitigation


Macronutrient minerals:K, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl

Micronutrient minerals:Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, F, I, Se, Mo, Cr

Elements in RED: Plant essential minerals

Human Essential Minerals (17 Total)Human Essential Minerals (17 Total)


Human Essential Minerals (17 Total)Human Essential Minerals (17 Total)

Other essential minerals:N, S (acquired via protein)

Non-essential but potentially beneficial minerals:

B, Ni, Si, V, As

Elements in RED: Plant essential mineralsMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Dietary Recommendations for HumansDietary Recommendations for Humans


Human HealthHuman Health

Target levels for nutrient enhancement (biofortification) must consider both the nutrient

concentrations in a food and the general patterns of consumption seen for that food.

Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Community HealthCommunity Health

Improvements in the health of farming communities will

have an impact in both developed and developing

countries.

Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Atmospheric HealthAtmospheric Health

Carbon capture on both farmland and wood lots

can help to mitigate continued increases in

atmospheric CO2.Barley field and surrounding forest in Gloucestershire, Britain.


Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Plant HealthPlant Health

Iron Deficiency in Soybean

Iron Deficiency in Rice



Moller et al. (2009) Plant Cell

Zinc Deficiency & Limited Water in WheatSalinity Tolerance

in Arabidopsis

Konya, Turkey



NASA Earth Observatory (2009)

Drought in Africa showing vegetation anomaly

Image acquired June 1-30, 2009


Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Soil HealthSoil Health

Soil Science Society of America (2008)


Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Aquatic HealthAquatic Health

Thames River Plume in the North Sea

Image acquired March 26, 2007

NASA Earth Observatory (2007)

Nutrient management, nutrient use by crop plants,

and soil characteristics establish the input-output

dynamics of nutrient movement from field to

waterways.


Why are we here?

What should our focus be during the meeting?

What connections should we be making – amongst each other – and

amongst our sub-disciplines?


Colloquium ThemesColloquium Themes(A) Nutrient Acquisition, Homeostasis and Source-Sink

Relations(B) Nutrient Management for Optimal Productivity and

Sustainability(C) Functions, Interactions and Diagnosis of Plant Nutrient

Status(D) Impact of Environmental Stresses on Plant Nutrition(E) Plant Nutrition for Human Health(F) Environmental Plant Nutrition – Trees, Roots, and Climate(G) Element Toxicity and Remediation(H) Nutrient Management and the Sustainability of Agriculture

in the Developing WorldMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Is plant nutrition relevant and important for the health of our planet?


Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Where should plant nutrition be heading in the future?

What new approaches and technologies should we be using and

taking advantage of?


Levels of Organization in BiologyLevels of Organization in Biology

BiosphereEcosystemCommunityPopulationIndividual

OrganTissue

CellMolecule


Nutrient Delivery/ManagementNutrient Delivery/Management

Continued development of new metal chelates and a better

understanding of metal-chelate binding/release is needed.

d,l-racemicmixture

Mesoisomer

Nano-particles and nano-structures for fertilizer delivery (high surfarce area and/or slow-

release applications).Michael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

BiocharBiochar

Czimczik and Masiello (2007)Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Laird (2008) Agronomy Journal


BiocharBiochar UseUse

Lehman (2007) Frontiers Ecol Environ

Biochar production (via fast or slow pyrolysis) and incorporation into soils is

being promoted as a method for long-term

sequestering of carbon.

How will it impact nutrient and microbial interactions

in soil?



Warnock et al. (2007) Plant SoilMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS


Laird (2008) Agronomy Journal

All ‘biochar’ is not the same. Production at

different temperatures, with different feedstocks,

with differing oxygen tensions will create different products.

How will this potential source of variation impact nutrient interactions and

biochar use?


Mineral Nutrition of Mineral Nutrition of SymbiontsSymbionts

Haynes et al. (2004) New Phytologist

Wild-type Medicago truncatula root nodules infected with Sinorhizobium meliloti.

Altered root nodule development in the raz (requires additional zinc)

mutant.


Rhizosphere EcologyRhizosphere Ecology

Human gut epithelium

Exciting new research in human nutrition is

focusing on gut microbial ecology and

the role of gut microbes in disease resistance, nutrient metabolism, and nutrient supply to

the host.


Rhizosphere EcologyRhizosphere Ecology

MetablomicsProteomicsGenomics

Genetic Diversity


Mineral TransportersMineral Transporters

Vasconcelos et al. (2008) Plant Genome

R St Sh Pd Em Ol Fl Yl

OsOPT1

OsOPT2

OsOPT3

OsOPT4

OsOPT5

OsOPT6

OsOPT7

OsOPT8

OsOPT9

Tubulin

Spatial expression varies amongst the rice PT-OPTs

ACYTOPLASM

B CYTOPLASM


Mineral Transporters: Gene RegulationMineral Transporters: Gene Regulation

Jones-Rhoades et al. (2006) Ann Rev Plant Biol

What is the role of micro RNAs in the

regulation of mineral-related

genes in plants?


WholeWhole--Plant Nutrient PartitioningPlant Nutrient Partitioning

Waters and Grusak (2008) New Phytologist

How does the plant regulate its mineral content over time and

space, especially with respect to

mineral delivery to edible tissues?


Lotus japonicusLotus japonicus –– Seed Mineral QTLsSeed Mineral QTLs.

TM0088TM0027TM0372TM0193TM0178TM0386TM0101TM1635TM0051TM1168TM0113TM0805TM0222TM0122TM0105TM0134TM0074TM0383TM0053TM0660

BM1626

all markers & qtls

Ca-3

Ca-4

Ca-5Ca-6

[Ca]-1

[Ca]-2

Calcium

Cu-5[Cu]-1[Cu]-2

Cu-6

Copper

[Fe]-1Fe-4[Fe]-2

Iron

[K]-1

K-3

K-4K-5[K]-2

Potassium

Mg-4

Mg-5

Mg-6

Mg-7Mg-8

Magnesium

[Mn]-1

[Mn]-2

Manganese

[Ni]-1

[Ni]-2

Nickel

[P]-1

Phosphorous

[S]-1[S]-2S-7S-8[S]-3

[S]-4

S-9

S-10

Sulfur

Zn-3[Zn]-1

Zn-4

Zinc seed wt

LG1

LG2

Klein and Grusak (2009) GenomeMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

WholeWhole--Plant Nutrient PartitioningPlant Nutrient Partitioning

Effect of Elevated COEffect of Elevated CO22 on Mineral Concentrationson Mineral Concentrations

Changes (%) in the mean concentration of elements in plants grown in twice-ambient CO2, relative to those grown at ambient levels. The figure is based on 25 studies with woody (11) and

herbaceous (19) species or wheat cultivars (5).

Loladze (2002) Trends in Ecology & Evolution

Foliar dataWheat grain data

ElementN P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu

Cha

nge

in m

ean

conc

entr

atio

n (%

)5

-5

-15

-25


Effect of Elevated COEffect of Elevated CO22 on Mineral Concentrationson Mineral Concentrations

Effects of CO2 enrichment on concentrations of macro-

elements, micro-elements, and trace elements (% DW) in wheat

grain. Values are average relative changes (+ S.D.) due to

elevated CO2 for each of five replicates per treatment for the

years 2004-2006.

Högy et al. (2009) Plant BiologyMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Essential vs. Beneficial ElementsEssential vs. Beneficial Elements

Pilon-Smits et al. (2009) Current Opinion in Plant BiologyMichael A. Grusak, USDA-ARS

Where should our focus be as we proceed through these meetings?

What connections should we be making amongst our sub-disciplines?


Plant Nutrition


Health

Human Health

Aquatic Health

Soil Health

Plant Health


Feed

CO2Fixation


Soil Organisms

Animal Nutrition

Human Nutrition

Crop Quality

Crop Yield


Soil Chemistry



Nutrient Use




Plant Nutrition for a Healthy PlanetPlant Nutrition for a Healthy Planet


plant nutrition for a healthy planet · (d) impact of environmental stresses on plant nutrition (e)...

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