PLANT PLANT ORGANSORGANS

Plants generally have Plants generally have fourfour organs:organs:

RootsRoots StemsStems LeavesLeaves

FlowersFlowers

ROOTSROOTS

Roots hold the plant in Roots hold the plant in placeplace and they and they absorb absorb waterwater and minerals. Roots and minerals. Roots usually grow in the direction of usually grow in the direction of gravitygravity (down) which is why they are (down) which is why they are most often found underground. They most often found underground. They have have nono leaves. In short, the roots are leaves. In short, the roots are in the ground and they give the plant in the ground and they give the plant water to help make its water to help make its foodfood. .

All roots have a All roots have a tiptip. . The growing tip of roots is protected by a The growing tip of roots is protected by a root root

capcap consisting of concentric consisting of concentric layerslayers of cells of cells surrounding the apical meristem where surrounding the apical meristem where newnew root root cells are produced. cells are produced.

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Root HairsRoot Hairs Minerals and water molecules enter Minerals and water molecules enter

root hairs and travel through the root hairs and travel through the cells of the cortex by osmosis. cells of the cortex by osmosis.

Label the Picture: Root Label the Picture: Root hairs and root caphairs and root cap

Apical meristem: the Apical meristem: the zonezone of of dividing cells at the root dividing cells at the root apex which give rise to apex which give rise to newnew cells in a growing root.cells in a growing root.

Elongation also occurs Elongation also occurs within the roots.within the roots.

What is elongation? What is elongation?

• Label the picture with the following words: elongation and apical meristem.

STEMSTEM

Stems are generally Stems are generally aboveabove ground, grow upward, and have ground, grow upward, and have leaves. leaves.

Can stems be different from one Can stems be different from one another?another?

Stems of cactus: Give two Stems of cactus: Give two more examples of stemsmore examples of stems

PhloemPhloem Some plants have bark which Some plants have bark which

contains phloem. contains phloem. It is a tissue that conducts It is a tissue that conducts

synthesized synthesized food food (glucose) (glucose) substances (e.g., from leaves) substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed by to parts where needed by transporting the food made in transporting the food made in the the leavesleaves, down the stems , down the stems and into the and into the rootsroots. Phloem-. Phloem-FLOWS FLOWS downdown the plant! the plant!

XylemXylem acts as a protective acts as a protective layerlayer on the on the

outside of the plant which helps outside of the plant which helps prevent damage and prevent damage and waterwater loss. loss. It absorbs water and It absorbs water and mineralsminerals through the roots and through the roots and transportstransports them up the stem and into the them up the stem and into the leaves. Xylem transports leaves. Xylem transports UPUP the the plant.plant.

Phloem does what?Phloem does what?Xylem does what?Xylem does what?

Phloem brings food down the plant.Phloem brings food down the plant. Xylem brings water and minerals up the Xylem brings water and minerals up the

plant.plant.

Xylem and phloem can Xylem and phloem can be referred to what be referred to what

organ structures within organ structures within the human body? the human body?

Why would they call the Why would they call the xylem and phloem xylem and phloem vascular tissue?vascular tissue?

Phloem and Xylem inside of a Phloem and Xylem inside of a stem are found inside stem are found inside vascular bundlesvascular bundles. .

Inside an individual root their Inside an individual root their inside an inside an endodermisendodermis. .

The table below will help you remember the The table below will help you remember the differences between the two types of vessel:differences between the two types of vessel:

Xylem Xylem Phloem Phloem made of dead cells made of dead cells living cells living cells cell wall thickness thick cell wall thickness thick thin thin cell wall material lignin cell wall material lignin cellulose cellulose permeability of cell wall impermeable permeability of cell wall impermeable permeable permeable cytoplasm? nonecytoplasm? none cells lined with cells lined with

cytoplasm strands cytoplasm strands function transport of water and minerals function transport of water and minerals

transport of food transport of food carried to ... leaves carried to ... leaves growing parts growing parts

and and storage organs storage organs direction of flow upward direction of flow upward up and down up and down tissue also has.. fibres tissue also has.. fibres companion cells companion cells

Vascular Vascular CambiumCambium

one-cell-thick layer of tissue one-cell-thick layer of tissue betweenbetween xylem and phloem in xylem and phloem in most vascular plants (plants that most vascular plants (plants that contain vessels for transporting) contain vessels for transporting) that is that is responsible for secondary responsible for secondary growth.growth.

Produces additional Produces additional vascularvascular tissues!tissues!

Vascular vs. Non-Vascular vs. Non-VascularVascular

Vascular: tube-like (water, food, etc.)Vascular: tube-like (water, food, etc.)

Ex. Pine, maple, ferns, grass, ivy Ex. Pine, maple, ferns, grass, ivy sunflowerssunflowers

Non-vascular: No tubes (osmosis, Non-vascular: No tubes (osmosis, diffusion)diffusion)

Ex. MossesEx. Mosses 575575

LiverwortsLiverworts 577577

Cork CambiumCork Cambium

Located outside the phloem, Located outside the phloem, produces produces CORKCORK. Cork cells . Cork cells replacereplace the epidermis in woody the epidermis in woody stems and roots, protecting the stems and roots, protecting the plant. Cork cells are plant. Cork cells are DEAD DEAD CELLSCELLS that provide protection that provide protection and prevent water loss. and prevent water loss.

How Old is that tree?How Old is that tree?

Each year a tree adds a layer of Each year a tree adds a layer of woodwood to its trunk and branches thus to its trunk and branches thus creating the annual rings we see creating the annual rings we see when viewing a section. New when viewing a section. New woodwood grows from the grows from the cambiumcambium layer layer between the old wood and the bark. between the old wood and the bark. In the spring, when moisture is In the spring, when moisture is plentiful, the tree devotes its plentiful, the tree devotes its energyenergy to producing new growth cells. to producing new growth cells.

These These firstfirst new cells are large, new cells are large, but as the summer progresses but as the summer progresses their size decreases until, in the their size decreases until, in the fall, growth stops and cells fall, growth stops and cells diedie, , with no new growth appearing with no new growth appearing untiluntil the next spring. The the next spring. The contrast between these smaller contrast between these smaller old cells and old cells and nextnext year’s larger year’s larger new cells is enough to establish a new cells is enough to establish a ringring, thus making counting , thus making counting possible.possible.

Wide rings of certain species of Wide rings of certain species of trees were produced during trees were produced during wetwet years and inversely, narrow years and inversely, narrow rings during rings during drydry seasons. seasons.

Between you and your lab partner Between you and your lab partner grab a piece of wood and determine grab a piece of wood and determine the following pieces of data:the following pieces of data:

1. How old is your tree?1. How old is your tree?

2. How many dry seasons were 2. How many dry seasons were there?there?

3. How many wet seasons were 3. How many wet seasons were there?there?

                                                                          

          

                                                                          

          

The massive trunk of this Chilean wine palm has grown in girth due to the production of new vascular bundles from the primary and secondary thickening meristems.

LEAFSLEAFS

The leaf contains veins and stomatasThe leaf contains veins and stomatas• Veins: Veins: carrycarry nutrients and water nutrients and water

through the through the leafleaf• Stomatas: are Stomatas: are porespores in the epidermis in the epidermis

of a leaf or stem through which gases of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass. and water vapor pass.

• Draw a picture of a stomata including Draw a picture of a stomata including their guard cells. their guard cells. Page. 639Page. 639

FlowersFlowers

Are responsible for one important Are responsible for one important function function reproductionreproduction. Flowers are . Flowers are the plant’s reproductive structures. the plant’s reproductive structures. AngiospermsAngiosperms are types of plants are types of plants that bear fruits and flowers. that bear fruits and flowers. FlowersFlowers are usually both male and are usually both male and female, and are female, and are brightlybrightly colored to colored to attract insects to help them carry attract insects to help them carry pollenpollen used for sexual reproduction. used for sexual reproduction.

Not all flowers are colorful, Not all flowers are colorful, though. These flowers usually though. These flowers usually use the use the windwind for pollination for pollination. .

Complete FlowerComplete Flower

In order to be a In order to be a complete complete flowerflower you must have all four of you must have all four of the following organs: sepal, the following organs: sepal, petal, stamen, and pistil. petal, stamen, and pistil.

An incomplete flower is missing An incomplete flower is missing one or more of the flower one or more of the flower organs. organs.

Box Elder Flower! Box Elder Flower!

Flower AnatomyFlower Anatomy

The peduncle is the tip of the stalk The peduncle is the tip of the stalk where the flower begins. where the flower begins.

The The receptaclereceptacle starts at the peduncle starts at the peduncle and acts as a base to which all other and acts as a base to which all other parts of the flower are attached. parts of the flower are attached.

SepalsSepals are leaf-like protective are leaf-like protective coverings of the bud that grow coverings of the bud that grow typically in an outer whorl. typically in an outer whorl.

PetalsPetals are the inner whorl of leaves are the inner whorl of leaves

Pistils Pistils are the female organs. There can are the female organs. There can be one or more. There are 3 parts of the be one or more. There are 3 parts of the pistil: pistil: the the stigma receivesstigma receives the pollen and is sticky the pollen and is sticky the the style connects style connects the stigma to the ovary the stigma to the ovary the the ovary ovary is where seeds developis where seeds develop

StamenStamen are the male organs. The are the male organs. The number of stamen per flower varies. number of stamen per flower varies. There are 2 parts of the stamen: There are 2 parts of the stamen: the the filamentfilament produces pollen produces pollen the the antheranther caps the filament caps the filament

Decide what flowers are Decide what flowers are from the following choices:from the following choices:

perfectperfect regularregular irregularirregular incompleteincomplete completecomplete

Investigation of the Leaf Investigation of the Leaf StomataStomata

1.1. In partners you will be investigating In partners you will be investigating leaf stomata's on plants.leaf stomata's on plants.

2.2. They are located on the tops and They are located on the tops and bottoms of leaves.bottoms of leaves.

3.3. Each group will need to make an Each group will need to make an impression on both the top and impression on both the top and bottom layers of the leaf. DO NOT bottom layers of the leaf. DO NOT TEAR THE LEAF OFF THE PLANT! TEAR THE LEAF OFF THE PLANT! Be careful!Be careful!

4.4. Do not begin the lab until you have Do not begin the lab until you have read through the lab completely. read through the lab completely. Then you may begin.Then you may begin.

5.5. Make sure you obtain the proper Make sure you obtain the proper materials and return them once materials and return them once you have used them.you have used them.

Will plants have more stoma Will plants have more stoma open during the day than open during the day than during the night?during the night?

Make a hypothesis about the Make a hypothesis about the number of open stomata number of open stomata found in a plant kept in the found in a plant kept in the dark compared to a plant in dark compared to a plant in the light. the light.

11stst hour-in Light hour-in Light 55thth hour-in dark hour-in dark

Stomatas Stomatas found on found on the the toptop

Stomatas Stomatas found on found on the the bottombottom

Stomatas Stomatas found on found on the the toptop

Stomatas Stomatas found on found on the the bottombottom

7, 5, 7, 5, 100ish, 100ish, 31, 16, 31, 16, 11, 0, 11, 0,

7, 100ish, 7, 100ish, 36, 5, 1036, 5, 10

0, 0, 30, 0, 0, 30, 6, 8, 4, 6, 8, 4, 80, 680, 6

79, 30, 8, 79, 30, 8, 9, 45ish, 9, 45ish, 25, 4, 25, 4,

10, 21, 1, 10, 21, 1, 11, 11,

00

Label the Leaf DiagramLabel the Leaf Diagram

Plant Tissue SystemsPlant Tissue Systems

There are three main types of There are three main types of plant tissues: plant tissues:

1.1. dermal dermal

2.2. vascular vascular

3.3. ground. ground.

The tissues help the plant grow The tissues help the plant grow

DERMALDERMAL

The dermal system has the The dermal system has the epidermis which is the epidermis which is the outermostoutermost layer of the plant layer of the plant body. It makes the body. It makes the skinskin of the of the plant. Epidermal cells vary in plant. Epidermal cells vary in function and structure. function and structure.

The epidermis has The epidermis has openingsopenings through through which gasses are which gasses are switched with the switched with the atmosphere. The atmosphere. The openings are openings are enclosed by enclosed by guardguard cells which cells which change the size of change the size of the stomata the stomata openings and openings and control the control the gasgas exchange.exchange.

It is through the stomata's It is through the stomata's that gas exchange takes that gas exchange takes

place: photosynthesis and place: photosynthesis and respirationrespiration

The epidermis is covered The epidermis is covered with a coating called the with a coating called the cuticlecuticle, which serves as a , which serves as a waterproof layer and waterproof layer and reduces water reduces water lostlost through through evaporation. evaporation.

What are examples of What are examples of plants with a thick cuticle? plants with a thick cuticle?

Vascular SystemVascular System

This system is made up of This system is made up of twotwo types of conducting tissues. types of conducting tissues. They are the xylem, which They are the xylem, which conducts the conducts the waterwater, and , and dissolved mineral nutrients; dissolved mineral nutrients; and the phloem, which and the phloem, which conducts food.conducts food.

Ground SystemGround System

The ground tissues of The ground tissues of plants are made up of plants are made up of threethree tissues. tissues.

RootsRoots Three main types of roots:Three main types of roots:

1. 1. TaprootTaproot: the first : the first rootroot to develop from a to develop from a germinating seed, also germinating seed, also called called primaryprimary root, root, which digs deep into the which digs deep into the soil searching for water. soil searching for water. Taproots can also act as Taproots can also act as storagestorage roots, storing roots, storing water and minerals for the water and minerals for the plant to plant to survivesurvive off of. off of.

Fibrous RootFibrous Root

Slender, branched Slender, branched rootsroots that that look like fine string of look like fine string of yarnyarn..

Adventitious rootsAdventitious roots

Roots that Roots that growgrow from the stems from the stems or leaves of a or leaves of a plantplant

Contractile rootsContractile roots

Roots that can change in Roots that can change in lengthlength and thickness, pulling shoots and thickness, pulling shoots closer to the ground or deeper closer to the ground or deeper into the soil. into the soil.

The roots grow The roots grow downward, then contract, downward, then contract, pulling the plant's crown pulling the plant's crown (a thick underground (a thick underground stem called a "rhizome") stem called a "rhizome") deeper into the mud. deeper into the mud. Each year, the plant digs Each year, the plant digs itself deeper into the itself deeper into the earth and extends its earth and extends its anchor-roots farther anchor-roots farther down. down.

Root HairsRoot Hairs Can be found on any root Can be found on any root

system. They are tiny system. They are tiny projections from the surface projections from the surface cells of a root that extend cells of a root that extend through the soil around the root. through the soil around the root.

Draw this picture on the Draw this picture on the bottom of page 11. Label it bottom of page 11. Label it

Roots. Roots. This is a picture This is a picture

looking closely at a looking closely at a root. root.

Every root has a Every root has a protective root cap on protective root cap on the end. This allows the end. This allows the new dividing cells the new dividing cells a source of protection a source of protection when the root is when the root is digging deep into the digging deep into the soil.soil.

Draw the following picture Draw the following picture (pg. 11)(pg. 11)

Vegetable LabVegetable Lab

1.1. Between you and your lab partner Between you and your lab partner pick 3 vegetables to observe and pick 3 vegetables to observe and dissectdissect

2.2. Fill our the data table regarding Fill our the data table regarding your vegetables.your vegetables.

3.3. Next, dissect only a small portion of Next, dissect only a small portion of the vegetable. Then place your the vegetable. Then place your vegetable back for other classes to vegetable back for other classes to use.use.

4.4. Look at a section of your Look at a section of your plant under the microscope plant under the microscope and draw a picture of what and draw a picture of what you see.you see.

5.5. Answer the questionsAnswer the questions

MONOCOTS & DICOTS MONOCOTS & DICOTS (pg. 8)(pg. 8)

TTraditionally, the vast world of raditionally, the vast world of flowering plantsflowering plants, phylum , phylum Anthophyta, has been known as Anthophyta, has been known as the the angiospermsangiosperms. It has been . It has been divided into two great divided into two great subdivisions, or subdivisions, or classesclasses, known , known as the monocots and the dicots.as the monocots and the dicots.

Monocots vs. DicotsMonocots vs. Dicots

Answer these questions on Answer these questions on page 11 in your lab book. page 11 in your lab book.

Read the inside story on page 628 Read the inside story on page 628 and answer the following and answer the following questions:questions:

1.1. What are meristems?What are meristems?

2.2. What are the different types of What are the different types of meristems?meristems?

1.1. What are meristems?What are meristems?

Produce new plant cells.Produce new plant cells.

2.2. Types of meristems?Types of meristems?

1) apical meristem: height1) apical meristem: height

2) vascular cambium: width in 2) vascular cambium: width in stemstem

3) cork cambium: Bark 3) cork cambium: Bark