plantas vasculares com sementes nuas
TRANSCRIPT
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GIMNOSPERMAS
- Plantas vasculares com sementes nuas- Formação das sementes a partir de um óvulo- Embrião retido no megagametófito e retenção deste no megasporângio- Polinização: fecundação do megagametófito ( dentro de um óvulo) pelo microgametófito (pólen germinado ou pólen liberando gametas flagelados ou não ).
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Comparação entre gimnospermas e angiospermas quanto às estruturas reprodutivas internas
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Antecedentes
Plantas do Carbonífero (362 a 290 milhões AP)
a)Lycophyta e Sphenophyta gigantes com crescimento secundário
b)Pterophyta arbóreas
c)Progimnospermas
d)Plantas Vasculares com Sementes (Pteridospermales, Cordaites e Coníferas)
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Lycophyta arbórea: Lepidodendron Calamites: Sphenophytaarbórea
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Pteridosperma: pteridófitas heterosporadas com sementes
Archaeopteris: progimnospermacom eustelo e xilema secundário
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Cordaites: gimnosperma extinta
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Bennetitales: ordem extinta, com estróbilos bissexuados
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Filo Coniferophyta: estróbilos em cones, sifonogamia
FamíliasPinaceaeCupressaceaeAraucariaceaePodocarpaceaeTaxaceae
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Formas pouco abundantes no Per. Carbonífero
Florestas do Per. Jurássico: 208 milhões AP
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Pinaceae
Cerca de 200 spp. Gêneros
Pinus, Abies, Picea,Cedrus: sempre-verdes do hemisfério norteLarix: espécies deciduaisLibocedrus: hemisfério sul (Chile e Argentina)
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Características gerais
Folhas lineares (acículas) Cones femininos dão origem a pinhas Formam florestas homogêneas no hemisfério
Norte (Florestas Boreais) Muitas espécies madeireiras em nível mundial Crescimento monopodial com grande
aproveitamento de madeira Madeiras de fibras longas (fibras dos
traqueídeos), aproveitadas para celulose Espécies resiníferas
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Ciclo de vida de Pinus spp.: • cones exclusivamente femininos ou
masculinos• plantas monóicas• sifonogamia• sementes aladas• 3-24 cotilédones
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Floresta boreal de coníferas
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Mapa de distribuição de florestas com predominância de coníferas no mundo
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Abies alba Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Cedrus libani: cedro-do-Líbano
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Pinus sp.: árvore com estróbilos femininos (pinhas)
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Cones masculinos de Pinus spp.
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Larix sp.: espécie decidual
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Plantio de Pinus no entorno da ESEC Taim
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Regeneração natural de Pinus sobre dunas (entorno da ESEC Taim)
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Regeneração natural de Pinus sobre vegetação nativa
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Bosque nativo de Pinus elliottii: Florida, EUA
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Micorrizas: ectomicorrizas do filo Basidiomycota
Pisolithus tinctorius Thelephora sp.
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Cupressaceae
GênerosCupressus e Juniperus: amplamente distribuídos no hemisfério NorteFitzroya cupressoides: sul do ChileTaxodium: espécies deciduaisSequoia, Sequoiadendron e Metasequoia (este último “descoberto” em 1945)algumas espécies extremamente altas e longevas, princ. Sequoia sempervirens, que atinge mais de 100 m de altura. Apresentam cones femininos em geral pequenosFolhas escamiformes ou em forma de acículas
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Cupressus sempervirens com cones femininos
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Cupressus macrocarpa
Cupressus sempervirens
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Fitzroya cupressoides, espécie nativa do sul do Chile
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Taxodium distichum
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Raízes respiratórias de Taxodium
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Sequóia “General Sherman”: Sequoiadendron giganteum, altura de 80 m eIdade estimada de mais de 4000 anos
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Araucariaceae
Somente no hemisfério Sul: América do Sul, Austrália e Oceania
Araucaria angustifolia: Brasil e Argentina
Araucaria araucana: Chile e Argentina
A.bidwillii: Austrália
A.heterophylla: Oceania
Agathis spp: Nova Zelândia e Austrália
Wollemia nobilis: Austrália (endêmica a uma área muito restrita), descoberta em 1994
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Características gerais
Árvores madeireiras ou ornamentais Formam florestas, com áreas atualmente
bastante reduzidas pela exploração madeireira
Espécies de Araucaria alimentícias Araucaria angustifolia em listas de
plantas ameaçadas (Portaria nº 37/92 IBAMA e Decreto Estadual 40099/93)
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Indivíduos de araucária de várias idades
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Ramos de A. angustifolia
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A. angustifolia: ramos com estróbilos femininos
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Araucaria araucana
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Araucaria bidwilli
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Araucaria columnaris
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Folhas de Agathis australis
Wollemia nobilis
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Podocarpaceae
Restrita ao hemisfério Sul e a áreas do sul da ÁsiaGênero de interesse: PodocarpusEspécie regional: Podocarpus lambertii
Pinheiro-bravo, pinho-bravo, pinheirinho- Geralmente associado à Araucaria- Associado a micorrizas- Sementes com tecido carnoso comestível- Mais comum em S. Lourenço do Sul, Canguçu, Piratini e Encruzilhada do Sul
(Parque Estadual do Podocarpus, com cerca de 3600 ha)
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Indivíduo de Podocarpus lambertii
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P. lambertii: ramos com estróbilos masculinos
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Semente de Podocarpus sp. com envoltório carnoso
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Taxacea
Hemisfério Norte
Gênero de interesse: Taxus
Arbóreas com semente envolvida por material carnoso
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Taxus baccata
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Filo GinkgophytaZooidogamia
Única espécie (Ginkgo biloba) Árvore decidual (folhas caducas) Endêmica do extremo oriente Sementes envoltas por tecido carnoso Cultivada como ornamental e medicinal
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Folhas de Ginkgo biloba
Sementes de Ginkgo biloba
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Filo Cycadophytapolinização entomofílica e dioiciazooidogamiaCaracterísticas gerais:- plantas semelhantes a palmeiras- óvulos e sementes expostos- predominantemente tropicais e subtropicais
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Vegetação do Per. Triássico: cerca de 245 milhões AP
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Distribuição atual de Cycadophyta
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Zamia: filo Cycadophyta
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Cycas sp. com esporófilosmasculinos
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Planta de Dioon sp.
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Zamia sp. com cones femininos (óvulos e sementes)
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Cycas revoluta: filo Cycadophyta
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Cycas revoluta: planta feminina, apresentando megasporófilos
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Cycas revoluta: megasporófilos abrigando sementes
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Filo Gnetophyta
Características gerais:- Morfologia variada- Presença de vasos condutores
(elementos de vaso no xilema)- Mais assemelhados às Angiospermas,
devido aos tecidos de condução e à dupla fecundação da oosfera
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Welwitschia mirabilis: filo Gnetophyta
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Planta feminina de Welwitschia mirabilis
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Ephedra tweediana: filo Gnetophyta
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Ephedra tweediana: planta masculina
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Ephedra tweediana: planta em período de produção de sementes
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