plants
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis & LifeOccurs in the chloroplasts
Uses light energy to combine Water and Carbon dioxide into Starch and Oxygen
6H2O + 6CO2 + Sunlight = 6O2 + C^H12O6
Enzymes control the process which is a very complicated step by step process.
Chlorophyll is what makes the leaves green which absorbs blue and red light from the sun.
Total photosynthesis across the globe is about 200,000,000,000 tonnes of glucose a year this is turned into Cellulose
internal leaf structure
chloroplastsouter membrane
inner membrane
thylakoid
Chloroplasts
Light, temperature and availability of raw materials all affect the rate of photosynthesis
Brighter light increase the rate of photosynthesis. Therefore the rate of photosynthesis changes throughout the day.
The rate of photosynthesis doubles with 10oC increase of temperature up to a temperature of 40oC.
Lack of water will cause plants to wilt and stop photosynthesising.
The atmosphere is made of 0.03% CO2. If this changes the rate of photosynthesis also changes
Rate of Photosynthesis
Adaptations to cope
Because of all the environmental factors that affect photosynthesis plants are able to adapt to survive these.
The most important of these is water
Mesophytic plants like roses are very adapt at dealing with water shortages.
External Leaf adaptations
Surface area
Petiole and Veins
Cuticle
You fill in the blanks -
Internal Leaf adaptations
Layers
Upper and Lower epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll layer
Vascular bundles
H2O Water Vapor
GlucoseSunlight
O2
CO2
Gas exchangeStomata
During the day CO2 defuses into the cell and H2O and O2 defuse out
During the night and when respiration is happening CO2 defuses out and O2 defuses in.
Guard cells
If they absorb water they become turgid (swollen) and open the stoma.
Plant Transport
Recall
Transport MechanismPassive vs. Active
Plant Transport TissuesXylem
Phloem
Transport Mechanisms
Passive transportPassive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Bulk transport
Plant Transport Tissues
XylemVessel elements
Tracheids
PhloemSieve tube member
Companion cells
Problem of Terrestrial Plants
Ancestral plants: transport is through diffusion
Modern plants: transport from roots to shootsLong distance transport
Figure 36.1
Transport in Plants
Three scales of plant transportIntracellular
Epidermal cells
Short distance: cell-to-cellAt the levels of tissues and organs
Long distance: xylem and phloem
MineralsH2O CO2
O2
CO2 O2
H2O Sugar
Light
A variety of physical processesAre involved in the different types of transport
Sugars are produced byphotosynthesis in the leaves.5
Sugars are transported asphloem sap to roots and otherparts of the plant.
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Through stomata, leaves take in CO2 and expel O2. The CO2 provides carbon forphotosynthesis. Some O2 produced by photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration.
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Transpiration, the loss of waterfrom leaves (mostly through
stomata), creates a force withinleaves that pulls xylem sap upward.
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Water and minerals aretransported upward from
roots to shoots as xylem sap.
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Roots absorb waterand dissolved minerals
from the soil.
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Figure 36.2
Roots exchange gases with the air spaces of soil, taking in O2 and discharging CO2. In cellular respiration, O2 supports the breakdown of sugars.
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Effects of Differences in Water Potential
To survivePlants must balance water uptake and loss
OsmosisDetermines the net uptake or water loss by a cell
Is affected by solute concentration and pressure
Water potentialIs a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure
Determines the direction of movement of water
WaterFlows from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential
Both pressure and solute concentrations affect water potential
Water potentialAffects uptake and loss of water by plant cells
If a flaccid cell is placed in an environment with a higher solute concentration
The cell will lose water and become plasmolyzed
Plasmolyzed cellat osmotic equilibriumwith its surroundings
If the same flaccid cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration
The cell will gain water and become turgid
Distilled water:
Initial flaccid cell:
Turgid cellat osmotic equilibriumwith its surroundings
Figure 36.6b
Bulk Flow in Long-Distance Transport
In bulk flowMovement of fluid in the xylem and phloem is driven by pressure differences at opposite ends of the xylem vessels and sieve tubes
The xylem sap and phloem sap
Xylem sapRoot pressure
Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
Phloem sapPressure Flow Theory
Translocation
Turgor Pressure
This is what happens when plants don’t have enough water
Turgor pressure is when water presses on the cell wall – inflating the cell
Soft plants have lots of soft tissue that needs a regular supply of water
Vascular Bundles
• The vascular system is made of three sections
• Phloem• Xylem• Cambium
Root pressure
Root tip cells have a large number of tiny extensions called root hairs
Root hairs provide a huge surface area in the soil.
Water enters the root via osmosis?? – What happens as the water pressure builds up?
Transpiration pull
More than 90% of the water moving up a plant is lost through transpiration as water vapor through the stomata.
As the water leaves the the plants the concentration of solutes increases within the cells, this draws more water into the cells from the xylem
Phloem transport
Sugar and amino acids are transported from the leaves to pares of the plants requiring food through the phloem
The pressures gradient that moves this is created via the concentration of sugars
Dissolved food transport is called translocation