plants and animals · plants and animals animals there are millions of different types of animal....
TRANSCRIPT
Classification is a way of organizing all the living things on Earth. Scientists group together living things that share certain features.
How are living things classified?Scientists classify living things by their shape, appearance, and the way theydevelop. Scientists also compare DNA and genes to help classify living things.
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Classification
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS
AnimalsThere are millions of different typesof animal. Some are huge but othersare tiny and can only be seen undera microscope.
Animals cannot make their own foodlike plants can. All animals have toeat plants or other animals.
Kingdoms to speciesScientists usually split living things intofive kingdoms – animals, plants, fungi,protists, and monerans.
Each kingdom contains thousands ofdifferent species of living things. Gorillasare one species, and human beings areanother species. A male and female of the same species can breed together.
DID YOU KNOW?
The blue-ringed octopus is smallenough to fit into a jam jar. It is also one of the world’sdeadliest animals. Oneoctopus containsenough poison to kill ten people.
Warm-blooded animalsBirds and mammals can control their bodytemperature. This is called being warm-blooded. The animal’s body stays at thesame temperature no matter how hot or cold its surroundings are.
Warm-blooded animals use lots of energykeeping warm so they must eat a lot of food.
Cold-blooded animalsThe body temperature of a cold-bloodedanimal changes when the temperature of its surroundings changes. Its blood will bewarm or cold depending on the temperaturearound it. Cold-blooded animals use the Sun’s heat to warm up. Lizards are cold-blooded animals.
MovementAnimals must move around to find food.Most have muscles and a skeleton to do this.Most animals also have some kind of brain tocontrol their bodies and help them move.
A cheetah chasing a gazelle. Cheetahsare the world’s fastest land animals.
Anemones are animals, althoughthey look like plants.
Fungi 72,000
flowering
invertebrates
Monerans4,000
Protists80,000
Plants 300,000
Animals 1,320,000
cone-bearing
vertebrates
spore-producing
Group Subdivision Meaning
Kingdom Animals
Phylum Chordata Nerve cord down back
Sub-phylum Vertebrates Having a backbone
Class Mammals Animal with fur or hair, feeds on mother’s milk
Order Carnivores Meat-eating
Family Felidae Cats
Genus Panthera Big cats
Species Panthera tigris Tiger
Tiger classificationThe scientific naming system wasinvented by a Swedish naturalistcalled Linnaeus in the 18th century.In his system, each group is dividedinto smaller groups. This table showshow a tiger is classified.
A tiger’s two-partname tells us thatit is a tiger (tigris)that belongs tothe big cat group(Panthera).
Today, the living world is usually divided intofive kingdoms. The number beneath the nameof each kingdom is the number of speciesfound in that kingdom.
Classification is a way of organizing all the living things on Earth. Scientists group together living things that share certain features.
How are living things classified?Scientists classify living things by their shape, appearance, and the way theydevelop. Scientists also compare DNA and genes to help classify living things.
64
Classification
65
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
AnimalsThere are millions of different typesof animal. Some are huge but othersare tiny and can only be seen undera microscope.
Animals cannot make their own foodlike plants can. All animals have toeat plants or other animals.
Kingdoms to speciesScientists usually split living things intofive kingdoms – animals, plants, fungi,protists, and monerans.
Each kingdom contains thousands ofdifferent species of living things. Gorillasare one species, and human beings areanother species. A male and female of the same species can breed together.
DID YOU KNOW?
The blue-ringed octopus is smallenough to fit into a jam jar. It is also one of the world’sdeadliest animals. Oneoctopus containsenough poison to kill ten people.
Warm-blooded animalsBirds and mammals can control their bodytemperature. This is called being warm-blooded. The animal’s body stays at thesame temperature no matter how hot or cold its surroundings are.
Warm-blooded animals use lots of energykeeping warm so they must eat a lot of food.
Cold-blooded animalsThe body temperature of a cold-bloodedanimal changes when the temperature of its surroundings changes. Its blood will bewarm or cold depending on the temperaturearound it. Cold-blooded animals use the Sun’s heat to warm up. Lizards are cold-blooded animals.
MovementAnimals must move around to find food.Most have muscles and a skeleton to do this.Most animals also have some kind of brain tocontrol their bodies and help them move.
A cheetah chasing a gazelle. Cheetahsare the world’s fastest land animals.
Anemones are animals, althoughthey look like plants.
Fungi 72,000
flowering
invertebrates
Monerans4,000
Protists80,000
Plants 300,000
Animals 1,320,000
cone-bearing
vertebrates
spore-producing
Group Subdivision Meaning
Kingdom Animals
Phylum Chordata Nerve cord down back
Sub-phylum Vertebrates Having a backbone
Class Mammals Animal with fur or hair, feeds on mother’s milk
Order Carnivores Meat-eating
Family Felidae Cats
Genus Panthera Big cats
Species Panthera tigris Tiger
Tiger classificationThe scientific naming system wasinvented by a Swedish naturalistcalled Linnaeus in the 18th century.In his system, each group is dividedinto smaller groups. This table showshow a tiger is classified.
A tiger’s two-partname tells us thatit is a tiger (tigris)that belongs tothe big cat group(Panthera).
Today, the living world is usually divided intofive kingdoms. The number beneath the nameof each kingdom is the number of speciesfound in that kingdom.
96 97
SPACE
The Moon is the Earth’s naturalsatellite. A satellite is something thattravels around a planet.
The Moon is a ball of rock. There is nolife on the Moon and hardly anythinghas changed there for millions of years.
Craters everywhereThe Moon is covered with craters. Rocks crashed down from space andcaused the craters. They range from afew centimetres wide to 295 kilometres(183 miles) wide.
Landing on the MoonNeil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin werethe first people to land on the Moon. Theyarrived there on 20 July 1969. The soil wasgrey and crunchy under their feet. The Sunshone from a completely black sky.
When astronauts visit the Moon, they collectrock samples and carry out experiments.
Moon Stars and galaxiesEvery star is a giant ball of hot, glowing gas. Our Sun is a star. It looksdifferent from the other stars in the sky because it is much closer to us.
Galaxies are enormous families of stars. The Sun belongs to our own galaxy,the Milky Way. Billions of galaxies are scattered through the universe.
The Moon’s phasesThe Sun shines on the Moon.On the part of the Moon facingthe Sun, it is daytime. The otherhalf is in darkness and here it isnight. As the Moon orbits theEarth, we see different amountsof its sunlit half. The shape ofthe Moon is called its phase. new Moon first quarter full Moon last quarter
This vehicle is a lunar rover. The lunar rover wasused on Moon missions to explore large areas.
Moon data
Diameter: 3,476 km (2,160 miles)
Average distance from Earth: 384,400 km(238,900 miles)
Time taken to orbit the Earth: 27.33 days
Time taken to spin on its axis (line betweenthe poles): 27.33 days
Time between new Moons: 29.53 days
FAST FACTSFAST FACTS
FAST FACTSFAST FACTS
The flat, dark areas between the craters arecalled seas. But they are dry, rocky land.
The Moon as seen fromspace (above) and
from the Earth (below).
new Moon full Moon
last quarter
first quarter
Earth
A star’s lifeStars do not last forever. They are bornand they die. Our Sun is about 5,000million years old now. In another 5,000million years, it will swell and become a red giant. Its outer layers will blow away.Eventually it will completely fade away.
Bigger stars swell and become red supergiants. Then they explode! These massive explosions are called supernovae.
Inside a starHydrogen gas in a star changes intohelium gas. This change produces heatand light. Every star keeps shining forbillions of years because of this change.
Star colourThe colour of a star tells us its surfacetemperature. The hottest stars are white orbluish. The coolest stars look red. Our Sunis yellow. Its temperature is in between thetwo extremes.
Sun to scalewith supergiants
red supergiant
whitedwarf
neutron star
supernovared supergiant
red giant outer layersblow off
blue supergiant
Sun to scalewith red andwhite dwarfs
reddwarf
white dwarf
Our yellow Sun isa medium-sizedstar. It is biggerthan a dwarf star.
It is smaller thana supergiant star.
medium/small star
large star
clouds ofgas and dust formingnew stars
Different types of starhave different life cycles.The lives of a large andsmall star are shown here.
96 97
SPACE
The Moon is the Earth’s naturalsatellite. A satellite is something thattravels around a planet.
The Moon is a ball of rock. There is nolife on the Moon and hardly anythinghas changed there for millions of years.
Craters everywhereThe Moon is covered with craters. Rocks crashed down from space andcaused the craters. They range from afew centimetres wide to 295 kilometres(183 miles) wide.
Landing on the MoonNeil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin werethe first people to land on the Moon. Theyarrived there on 20 July 1969. The soil wasgrey and crunchy under their feet. The Sunshone from a completely black sky.
When astronauts visit the Moon, they collectrock samples and carry out experiments.
Moon Stars and galaxiesEvery star is a giant ball of hot, glowing gas. Our Sun is a star. It looksdifferent from the other stars in the sky because it is much closer to us.
Galaxies are enormous families of stars. The Sun belongs to our own galaxy,the Milky Way. Billions of galaxies are scattered through the universe.
The Moon’s phasesThe Sun shines on the Moon.On the part of the Moon facingthe Sun, it is daytime. The otherhalf is in darkness and here it isnight. As the Moon orbits theEarth, we see different amountsof its sunlit half. The shape ofthe Moon is called its phase. new Moon first quarter full Moon last quarter
This vehicle is a lunar rover. The lunar rover wasused on Moon missions to explore large areas.
Moon data
Diameter: 3,476 km (2,160 miles)
Average distance from Earth: 384,400 km(238,900 miles)
Time taken to orbit the Earth: 27.33 days
Time taken to spin on its axis (line betweenthe poles): 27.33 days
Time between new Moons: 29.53 days
FAST FACTSFAST FACTS
FAST FACTSFAST FACTS
The flat, dark areas between the craters arecalled seas. But they are dry, rocky land.
The Moon as seen fromspace (above) and
from the Earth (below).
new Moon full Moon
last quarter
first quarter
Earth
A star’s lifeStars do not last forever. They are bornand they die. Our Sun is about 5,000million years old now. In another 5,000million years, it will swell and become a red giant. Its outer layers will blow away.Eventually it will completely fade away.
Bigger stars swell and become red supergiants. Then they explode! These massive explosions are called supernovae.
Inside a starHydrogen gas in a star changes intohelium gas. This change produces heatand light. Every star keeps shining forbillions of years because of this change.
Star colourThe colour of a star tells us its surfacetemperature. The hottest stars are white orbluish. The coolest stars look red. Our Sunis yellow. Its temperature is in between thetwo extremes.
Sun to scalewith supergiants
red supergiant
whitedwarf
neutron star
supernovared supergiant
red giant outer layersblow off
blue supergiant
Sun to scalewith red andwhite dwarfs
reddwarf
white dwarf
Our yellow Sun isa medium-sizedstar. It is biggerthan a dwarf star.
It is smaller thana supergiant star.
medium/small star
large star
clouds ofgas and dust formingnew stars
Different types of starhave different life cycles.The lives of a large andsmall star are shown here.
It was around 5,000 years ago thathumans discovered how to get metalout of rocks. They learnt to makemetal tools. At first, people usedcopper and bronze. Then came iron,and finally steel.
PropertiesMost metals are solids at room temperature.They all have acrystalline structure.This means that theyare made of tinyparticles arranged in a repeating, regularpattern. Pure metals areshiny when polished.
Mercury is the onlymetal that is liquid at room temperature.
Strong metalsYou can squeeze or stretchmetals and they won’teasily break. You canshape metals byhammering or rollingthem. They can also bedrawn out into thin wires.Metals can conductelectricity and heat.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Timber is the wood fromfelled (cut-down) trees.Timber is one of ourmost useful materials. It isused in house-building, formaking furniture, buildingboats, and much more.
SoftwoodThe most commonly used timber inbuilding is called softwood. It is easy towork with because it is quite soft andeasy to cut.
Softwood timber comes from evergreen treessuch as firs, pines, cedars, and spruces.These trees grow in cool, northern regionsof the world.
HardwoodDeciduous and tropical forests containbroad-leaved trees. Hardwood timber comesfrom broad-leaved trees such as oak, beech,chestnut, mahogany, ebony, and teak.These are valuable timbers.
Metals
137
Wood and timber
136
These trees are removedfrom the forest by truck.
The forestregions ofthe world.
Key
coniferous forest(evergreenconifers)
deciduous forest(trees lose leavesin autumn)
tropical forest(evergreen broad-leaved trees)
Many things that weuse every day are
made from wood orwood products.
furniture
dynamite
ping-pong balls
creosote (woodpreservative)
charcoal
Name UsesAluminium Main material used in aircraft.
Also used for window frames and soft-drink cans.
Copper Used for electrical wires and water pipes, and sometimes on roofs.
Gold Used in jewellery and electronics.
Iron Most widely used metal. Can bemade into steel. Used for a hugerange of things, from bridges topaper clips.
Lead Used for small, heavy weights andon roofs. In the past it was used in windows.
Silver Used in jewellery, ornaments, and photographic film.
Uranium Used as a fuel to produce nuclear energy.
Steel is very strong.It was used tobuild the LondonEye in the UK.
Mercury is a poisonous,liquid metal.
From forest to sawmillLumberjacks are people who cutdown trees into logs. The logs aretaken out of the forest by tractors,animals, cables, or water slides.Next they are taken to a sawmillby truck, railway wagon, or raft.
At the sawmill, the bark isremoved. The logs are sawn into pieces of standard sizes. The timber is left to dry.
It was around 5,000 years ago thathumans discovered how to get metalout of rocks. They learnt to makemetal tools. At first, people usedcopper and bronze. Then came iron,and finally steel.
PropertiesMost metals are solids at room temperature.They all have acrystalline structure.This means that theyare made of tinyparticles arranged in a repeating, regularpattern. Pure metals areshiny when polished.
Mercury is the onlymetal that is liquid at room temperature.
Strong metalsYou can squeeze or stretchmetals and they won’teasily break. You canshape metals byhammering or rollingthem. They can also bedrawn out into thin wires.Metals can conductelectricity and heat.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Timber is the wood fromfelled (cut-down) trees.Timber is one of ourmost useful materials. It isused in house-building, formaking furniture, buildingboats, and much more.
SoftwoodThe most commonly used timber inbuilding is called softwood. It is easy towork with because it is quite soft andeasy to cut.
Softwood timber comes from evergreen treessuch as firs, pines, cedars, and spruces.These trees grow in cool, northern regionsof the world.
HardwoodDeciduous and tropical forests containbroad-leaved trees. Hardwood timber comesfrom broad-leaved trees such as oak, beech,chestnut, mahogany, ebony, and teak.These are valuable timbers.
Metals
137
Wood and timber
136
These trees are removedfrom the forest by truck.
The forestregions ofthe world.
Key
coniferous forest(evergreenconifers)
deciduous forest(trees lose leavesin autumn)
tropical forest(evergreen broad-leaved trees)
Many things that weuse every day are
made from wood orwood products.
furniture
dynamite
ping-pong balls
creosote (woodpreservative)
charcoal
Name UsesAluminium Main material used in aircraft.
Also used for window frames and soft-drink cans.
Copper Used for electrical wires and water pipes, and sometimes on roofs.
Gold Used in jewellery and electronics.
Iron Most widely used metal. Can bemade into steel. Used for a hugerange of things, from bridges topaper clips.
Lead Used for small, heavy weights andon roofs. In the past it was used in windows.
Silver Used in jewellery, ornaments, and photographic film.
Uranium Used as a fuel to produce nuclear energy.
Steel is very strong.It was used tobuild the LondonEye in the UK.
Mercury is a poisonous,liquid metal.
From forest to sawmillLumberjacks are people who cutdown trees into logs. The logs aretaken out of the forest by tractors,animals, cables, or water slides.Next they are taken to a sawmillby truck, railway wagon, or raft.
At the sawmill, the bark isremoved. The logs are sawn into pieces of standard sizes. The timber is left to dry.