plants poisonous to livestock in the southern us - uaex.edu · plants poisonous to livestock in the...
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Plants Poisonous to Livestock in the Southern US
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John Boyd, University of Arkansas Fred Yelverton, North Carolina State University Tim Murphy, University of Georgia
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Conditions of Internal Poisoning
Grazing animals will not eat poisonous plants unless forced to do so by some unusual or artificial condition.
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Conditions Leading to Poisoning
Lack of good forage – drought, overgrazing, etc. Deficient rations – unbalanced diet Waste or trash – garden waste, houseplants, etc. Newly cultivated areas – exposed roots Dry or partially dry water holes Incidental causes
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Poisonous Substances
Minerals: selenium, molybdenum, copper, lead, cadmium, fluorine. Mostly a problem in central and western US Nitrates: sudden change in animals diet to plants with high nitrate content. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite which oxidizes hemoglobin – results in sudden death (alfalfa, Amaranthus) Resin or Resinoids: extremely poisonous – affect nervous system ( Rhododendron)
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Poisonous Substances
Glycosides: Cyanogenetic (hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid): rapid death with few obvious symptoms (Hydrangea, Prunus, Photinia) Saponic: cause gastric irritations (Aesculus, Agrostemma, Medicago, Phytolacca, Sesbania) Goitrogenic: inhibits formation of thyroid hormone (found in mustards)
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Poisonous Substances
Glycosides (con’t): Irritant oils: found mainly in seeds (mustards, Ranunculus) Coumarin: hemorrhagic agent (Aesculus, Melilotus) Cardiac: stimulate the heart (Liliaceae, Apocynaceae)
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Poisonous Substances
Alkaloids: affect the heart and nervous system (Crotolaria, Taxus, Narcissus, Amaryllis, Crocus) Oxalates: cause kidney damage. Produces dullness, depression, and death (Rumex) Nonglycoside Oils: irritant effects in the gut, can cause death (Chenopodium, Glechoma)
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Toxicity Rating For Plants
Group 1: most likely to cause poisoning or death Group 2: cause serious poisoning or death but are rarely
eaten Group 3: cause serious poisoning or death but are
uncommon in AR Group 4: cause minor disorders or irritation Group 5: may cause poisoning but are usually
unavailable to livestock
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Poisonous Plants
Many kinds of plants have a wide range of poisonous effects. Poisonous plants cause chemical or physiological disturbances when taken internally.
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Poisonous Plants When Taken Internally
Bacteria and Algae: from farm ponds and polluted streams Fungi: mushrooms Vascular Plants: herbaceous and woody plants
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Published in 1964 Published in 2006
Reference Books
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Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
• Wilted leaves ares toxic.
• Cattle and horses have been poisoned.
• Toxic principle not known.
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Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant young
leaves in spring and seeds in fall
• Poisonous Principle: glycosides, alkaloids, and neurotoxins
• Animals Poisoned: horses, cattle, pigs
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Buckeye, Red
• Grazon P+D, Remedy.
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Buckeye, Red
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Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: all parts • Poisonous Principle:
oxalates and nitrates – results in cardiac arrest 5 to 10 days after eating
• Animals Poisoned: pigs, cattle, and sheep
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Pigweed
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Spiny Pigweed
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Pigweed, Spiny
Treat when small (2 to 4 inches) early May
Cimarron 0.25 to 0.33 oz/acre
Grazon P+D, Weedmaster, 2,4-D - 1-2 pts/acre, Cimarron Max 1 pt + 0.25 oz
Germinates all summer. Repeat applications needed.
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Spiny Pigweed
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Pigweed
Treat when small (2 to 4 inches) early May
Cimarron 0.25 to 0.33 oz/acre
Grazon P+D, Weedmaster, 2,4-D - 1-2 pts/acre, Cimarron Max 1 pt + 0.25 oz
Germinates all summer. Repeat applications needed.
Pigweed seed
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Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum)
• Group 1 (dangerous) • Parts of Plant: green or
dry leaves – 15 to 30 g of green leaves can kill horse or cow
• Poisonous Principle: resins and glycosides with cardioactivity
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, horses, and sheep
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Hemp Dogbane
• Very tough to control.
• Surmount at 3 to 6 pts per acre is the best.
• High rate of Cimarron Max is also effective.
Milky juice
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Surmount at 3 pts/ac, 30 days after treatment
Hemp Dogbane
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Surmount at 3 pts/ac, 340 days after treatment
Hemp Dogbane
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Surmount at 6 pts/ac, 340 days after treatment.
Hemp Dogbane
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Cimarron Max 0.5 oz metsulfuron + 2 qts Weedmaster at, 30 days after treatment
Hemp Dogbane
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Cimarron Max 0.5 oz metsulfuron + 2 qts Weedmaster at, 340 days after treatment.
Hemp Dogbane
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Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
• Dangerous, but rarely eaten.
• Parts of Plant: all parts, green or dried (toxicity decreases with maturity)
• Poisonous Principle: cardiac glycosides and resinoids
• Animals Poisoned: sheep, cattle, horses, poultry
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Mustards (Brassica)
• Poisonous principle: mustard oil (isothiocyanates).
• Animals poisoned: pigs, cattle, horses.
• All plant parts are toxic.
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Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
• Dangerous, but uncommon
• Parts of Plant: leaves and stalks (most toxic)
• Poisonous Principle: resin tetrahydrocannobinol. Depression of central nervous system
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, horses
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Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia)
• Weakly toxic. • Parts of Plant:
leaves, stems, seeds • Poisonous Principle:
anthraquinones, glycosides, alkaloids
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, possibly others
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Coffee Senna (Cassia occidentalis)
• Weakly toxic. • Parts of Plant: leaves,
stems, seeds • Poisonous Principle:
anthraquinones, glycosides, alkaloids
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, possibly others
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Bladderpod (Sesbania versicaria)
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Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)
• Poisonous principle: glycosides in the leaves.
• Forage of last resort.
• Found in or near water.
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Goosefoot, Mexican Tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
• Dangerous but rarely eaten. • Parts of Plant: seeds • Poisonous Principle: oxide
ascaridol – causes nausea, muscular weakness, and vertigo
• Animals Poisoned: poultry (eating seeds)
• Folk remedy for worms
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Mexican tea, Chenopodium ambrosioides
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Mexican tea, Chenopodium ambrosioides
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Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
• Dangerous but rarely eaten. • Parts of Plant: leaves and
unripe fruit • Poisonous Principle:
alkaloids, also contains coniine and coniceine which are teratogenic
• Animals Poisoned: horses, cattle, swine, poultry, goats, sheep
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Hemlock, Poison
Grazon P+D or Weedmaster at 1 qt per acre
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Poison Hemlock
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Poison Hemlock
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Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant:
leaves, stems, roots, seeds (dry or green)
• Poisonous Principle: pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline
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Crotalaria
• Animals Poisoned: all livestock – 2 g of seed fed daily for 7 days will kill 50 lb hog, 9 lb of dried leaves will kill 300 lb steer in 4 days.
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Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: all
parts, but particularly seeds. 0.06 to 0.09 % of animal weight is fatal to cattle.
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Jimson weed, Datura stramonium
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Jimson weed,
Datura stramonium
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White Snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: all parts,
green or dried • Poisonous Principle:
alcohol (trematol) and glycosides. Daily digestion necessary for toxicity
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, mules, and goats
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Nancy Lincoln (Abe’s Mother) died at the age of 35 from drinking the milk of a cow that has grazed on the poisonous white snakeroot. Abe was 9 at the time.
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Bitter Sneezeweed (Helenium amarum)
• Group 1 (dangerous) • Parts of Plant: leaves,
stems, flowers, and fruit • Poisonous Principle:
sesquiterpene lactone • Animals Poisoned:
sheep, cattle, horses 49 Very common in Western Arkansas
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Bitter Sneezeweed
Small, threadlike leaves
of bitter sneezeweed
The central flowers are in
a ball like cluster.
The plants have a strong odor and bitter taste.
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Bitter Sneezeweed
• Apply when 1 to 3 in. tall, usually in May
• 1-2 pts/acre: – 2,4-D – Grazon P+D – Weedmaster – Cimarron Max 1 pt +
0.25 oz • Cimarron 0.25 to 0.33
oz/ac
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Bitter Sneezeweed Control
2,4- D 1 pint acre untreated
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Sumpweed (Iva annua)
• Poisonous to cattle. • Rare • Not well researched • Often found in swampy
areas • Shown to be toxic to
embryos.
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Lantana
• Parts of plant: all • Poisonous Principle:
Contains triterpenoid and other compounds that irritate the mucosa lining the gastrointestinal tract.
• Animals poisoned: cattle, sheep, humans, horses.
• Used as an ornamental. Often winter kills in AR
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Sweet Clover (Melolitus)
• Poisonous Principle: Moldy hay may contain dicoumarin which interferes with blood clotting.
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, horses, sheep.
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Sweet Clover, Melolitus sp
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Sweet Clover, Melolitus sp
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Sweet Clover, Melolitus sp
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Sweet Clover, Melolitus sp
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Millet Pennisetum americanun
60
Due to nitrate accumulation related to environmental conditions. Much more likely in hay versus fresh forage.
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Perilla Mint (Perilla frutescens)
• Dangerous. • Eaten during dry
summers when forage is scarce.
• Parts of Plant: leaves and stems
• Found along the edge of woods and streams
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Perilla Mint (Perilla frutescens)
• Poisonous Principle: perilla ketone, egomaketone, isoegomaketone
• Animals Poisoned: cattle and horses
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Perilla Mint 63
Perilla Mint
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Perilla Mint Control
• Cimarron 0.25 to 0.33 oz/acre
• 2,4-D 1 qt/acre • Grazon P+D 1
to 2 pts/acre • Weedmaster 1 to
2 pts/acre • Cimarron Max 1
pt + 0.25 oz
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Ground-cherry (Physalis spp)
• Dangerous but rarely eaten.
• Parts of Plant: tops and unripe fruit
• Poisonous Principle: solanine glycoalkaloids
• Animals Poisoned: cattle
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Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: roots
(most toxic), shoots, leaves, and berries
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, horses, hogs (roots), causes abortion in cows
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Pokeweed, Phytolaca americana
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Pokeweed
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Pokeweed Control
• Cimarron 0.25 to 0.33 oz/acre • 2,4-D 1 qt/acre • Grazon P+D 1 to 2 pts/acre • Weedmaster 1 to 2 pts/acre • Cimarron Max 1 pt + 0.25 oz
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Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: leaves,
twigs, bark, seeds • Poisonous Principle:
hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid), hydrogen cyanide is released in stomach when fresh leaves are eaten
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, horses, sheep, goats, dogs, birds
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Cherry Laurel (Prunus caroliniana)
71
Cherry bark
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Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: leaves
and rhizomes, fresh or dry
• Poisonous Principle: causes thiamine deficiency
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, horses, sheep, chickens, hogs
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Buttercup (Ranunculus spp)
• Minor importance • Parts of Plant: top
leaves and stems • Poisonous Principle:
irritant oil (protoanemonin)
• Milk of cows is bitter and reddish in color
• Animals Poisoned: cattle, other animals less frequent
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Treat in the seedling stage. Late winter to early spring.
1-2 pt/ac 2,4-D or... Grazon P+D Weedmaster Cimarron 0.25 to 0.33
oz/acre Cimarron Max 1 pt + 0.25
oz
Buttercup Control
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Buttercup
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Buttercup
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Buttercup
Hairy buttercup stem
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Castorbean (Ricinus communis)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: leaves
and seeds (contaminated grain)
• Poisonous Principle: alkaloids, hydrogen cyanide
• Animals Poisoned: horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and dogs
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Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: inner
bark, root sprouts, wilted leaves, and seeds
• Poisonous Principle: alkaloids and glycoside
• Animals Poisoned: all livestock 79
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Black Locust
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Black Locust
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Black Locust
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Black Locust
Black Locust
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Groundsel (Senecio)
• Contains alkaloids. • Suspected of poisoning cattle and
horses.
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Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania hederacea)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: seeds • Poisonous Principle:
saponin • Animals Poisoned:
cattle
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Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
• Plant Parts: ripe berries, green berries and leaves.
• Poisonous Principle: toxic alkaloid solanine.
• Animals Poisoned: all livestock 86
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Horsenettle
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horsenettle
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• Apply at mid-bloom through fruiting
• Best – Grazon P+D at 3.0 pts./acre or Grazonext at 2.6 pts/ac
• Fair – WeedMaster at 4.0 pt./acre or 2,4-D at 3 pts/ac
• Add a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v.
Horsenettle Control
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Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: leaves and
especially unripe green fruit
• Poisonous Principle: solanine glycoalkaloids, causes death from respiratory paralysis
• Animals Poisoned: livestock and pets
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Black nightshade, Solanum nigrum
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Black nightshade, Solanum nigrum
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Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
May cause poisoning due to nitrate accumulation related to environmental conditions. Much more likely in hay versus fresh forage.
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Johnsongrass
White midrib
Big ligule
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Johnsongrass Control
Outrider • Rate 1.33 oz per acre
• No injury to bermudagrass
• 14 day grazing/haying restriction
• About $15/acre
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Outrider (sulfosulfuron) Use
• Add 0.25% surfactant
• Apply to 18 to 24 inch johnsongrass
• Aim for spraying after the johnsongrass re-grows after the first cutting – early June.
• Johnsongrass must be actively growing. Warm temperatures, good moisture required.
• Do not spray big, tough, full seed head, drought stressed johnsongrass.
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Outrider treated plot Untreated
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Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
• Toxic Principle: phenolic compound urushiol
• Mucous and membrane irritant
• No effect on livestock.
• Breathing smoke may cause irritation.
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Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans
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Poison ivy
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Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans
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Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans
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Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans
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Poison ivy,
Toxicodendron
radicans
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Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)
• Dangerous • Parts of Plant: seeds and
very young seedlings • Poisonous Principle:
Diterpenoid glycoside (animals can develop a tolerance)
• Animals Poisoned: swine, cattle, and sheep. Death occurs in 12 to 24 hours
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Cocklebur
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Cocklebur
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Common Milkweed Asclepias syriaca
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Milkweed (Asclepias)
• Cardiac failure due to physiologic effects
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Common Milkweed Control
Grazon P+D 2-3 pts/acre
Surmount 3 pts/ac