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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109 (2007) 60–71

Plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes inPorto Alegre, South Brazil

Michele Luciane Dickel a, Stela Maris Kuze Rates b, Mara Rejane Ritter a,∗a Depto. de Botanica, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Predio 43433,

Campus do Vale, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazilb Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Fedral do rio Grande do sul. Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Received 28 November 2005; received in revised form 20 June 2006; accepted 2 July 2006Available online 15 July 2006

bstract

In this study, 14 herbalists (herb sellers) were interviewed about popular use of plants with weight loss purpose in Porto Alegre, a Southrazil city. For all identified species, scientific data were reviewed aiming to establish a correlation between popular use and biological properties.eventy-eight samples were reported as having weigh loss properties. These samples come from 23 species and Asteraceae encompasses the greatestumber of representatives. The greatest number of herbalist’s citations was Baccharis articulata. The majority of plants have traditional use inrazil but none is explicitly cited for loosing weight purposes. The pharmacological data are mainly from animal and in vitro studies and do not

traight related to obesity. Only Ilex paraguariensis presents clinical data of efficacy in the treatment of obesity. Seven species present pre-clinicalata that indicate a potential role in the control of certain conditions which are associated with obesity, such as hyperlipidemia (Campomanesia

anthocarpa, Cuphea carthagenensis, Cynara scolymus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Ilex paraguariensis) and high levels of blood glucose (Achyroclineatureioides, Baccharis trimera, Campomanesia xanthocarpa). In conclusion, scientific data found are insufficient to guarantee the efficacy andafety of these plants for treating obesity. However, some of them present activities which could be useful to treat certain obesity comorbiditiesnd deserve further studies.

2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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eywords: Obesity; Weight loss plants; Porto Alegre

. Introduction

Obesity is recognized as a social problem and has becomehe focus of attention by public and health institutions sincet is associated with serious health risks and increased mortal-ty. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and glu-ose intolerance are known as cardiac risk factors that clus-er in obese individuals. It seems that approximately 200,000ndividuals around the world die every year in consequencef obesity comorbities (Consenso Latino sobre Obesidade,004).Successful obesity treatment plans incorporate diet, exer-ise, behavior modification with or without pharmacologic ther-

py, and/or surgery. Many therapeutic agents are available for theanagement of obesity, but adverse effects have been reportedith almost all of them (Wells et al., 2003).

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 51 33167571; fax: +55 51 33167755.E-mail address: mrritter@terra.com.br (M.R. Ritter).

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378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.oi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.003

In the USA, herbal and food supplements are also employedo promote weight loss. The Food and Drug Administrationoes not strictly regulate these products, so the ingredientsay not be active and safe (Wells et al., 2003). However, inany developed countries certain traditional or complementary

nd alternative medicines are becoming more and more popu-ar. These approaches include pharmacological therapies, suchs herbal medicines. The world market of herbal medicinesased on traditional knowledge is estimated at US$ 60 thou-and million (WHO, 2003). In fact, the use of medicinal plantsontributes significantly to primary health care, especially ineveloping countries (WHO, 2003). Furthermore, the role ofedicinal plants and traditional medicine for developing new

rugs is incontestable (Rates, 2001).Moro and Basile (2000) have reviewed the use of plants

hat are claimed to be useful in the treatment of obesity allver the world and have concluded that some of them coulde useful when associated to diet therapy, but many others areneffective. Materials that may have applications in modulating

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hysiological processes by influencing gut motility, food intakend energy balance are some of the herbal preparation knownn the non-western cultures (Pittler et al., 2005).

Several ethnobotanical studies showed that plants are pop-larly used for loosing weight in South Brazil (Kubo, 1997;arlet, 2000; Marodin, 2000; Possamai, 2000; Ritter et al., 2002;ebold, 2003; Vendruscolo, 2004). However, their efficacy andafety in obesity treatment are not established.

In this study, we have done a survey of use of plants witheight loss purpose by Porto Alegre population and reviewed

he scientific data, aiming a correlation between popular use andiological properties.

. Material and methods

This study was carried out in Porto Alegre city (Rio Grandeo Sul, Brazil) from July 2003 to July 2004. Fourteen herbal-sts (herb sellers) were randomly chosen taking into accounthe easiness of contact and asked about loosing weight plantsy interview. All herbalists were informed about the aim ofhe study. Each one was visited four times, with interval of 3

onths, in order to obtain a material representative of planteasonal variation. All plants indicated by the herbalists wereurchased and identified, at Botanical Department of Federalniversity of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), according to: Reitz

t al., 1978; Lombardo, 1982–1984; Reitz et al., 1983; Sehnem,984; Zachia, 1994; Barroso and Bueno, 2002. When the plantaterial was in appropriate conditions a voucher speciment was

eposited in the Herbarium ICN-UFRGS.For all the identified species, the scientific data were reviewed

n the data basis MEDLINE, 2004; Science Direct, 2004;ILACS, 2004; SCIELO, 2004 and SCIRUS, 2004 without lim-

ting period. Classical Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy textooks also were reviewed. The traditional use was reviewed onecognized ethnobotanical references about Brazilian Flora. Thexpressions to describe the folk use found in the ethnobotani-al literature were cited as originally as possible. The eventualccurrence of patent registers was investigated in the Unitedtates Patent Trademark Office (USPTO, 2004), National Insti-

ute of Intellectual Property (INPI, 2004) and European Patentffice (EPO, 2004).This study was conducted according to Resolution 196/96

National Health Council) and approved by the UFRGS Com-ission of Research Ethics (no. 2004309).

. Results and discussion

All the plants with weigh loss properties reported by theerbalists were acquired, comprising 78 samples. After theotanical identification, it was determined that they encom-ass 23 species. Twenty-two were full identified and one“porongaba”) was identified just at genus level (Abutilonp.; Malvaceae). Asteraceae encompasses the greatest number

f representatives (five species). The greatest number oferbalist’s citations also comes from Asteraceae: Baccharisrticulata (Lam.) Pers. followed by Cynara scolymus L. Thisact was already reported by other ethnobotanical studies

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armacology 109 (2007) 60–71 61

round the same region (Kubo, 1997; Garlet, 2000; Marodin,000; Possamai, 2000; Ritter et al., 2002; Sebold, 2003;endruscolo, 2004). Eighteen species are native to Brazilhile five are considered exotic: Cynara scolymus, Hibiscus

abdariffa L.; Senna alexandrina Mill.; Syzigium cumini (L.)keels; Tanacetum vulgare L. The vernacular names claimedor some species, such as “graviola” (Erythroxylum argentinum.E.Schulz), “porongaba” (Luehea divaricata Mart.) and

cha-verde” (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.), were unexpectedince they are not commonly related to these species in ouregion.

The traditional use, chemical and biological data for the partf plant reported by the herbalists are shown in Table 1. Noneeport was found for Croton gnaphalii Baill. and Sisyrinchiumaginatum Spreng. The majority of species have traditional usen Brazil, but none is explicitly cited for loosing weight purposes.

The pharmacological data are mainly from animal and in vitrotudies and not straight related to obesity. The chemical datahowed a great diversity through the different employed species:nthracenic compounds, methylxanthines, tropanic alkaloids,aponins and polysaccharides are some class of substances thatould be linked to weight loss purposes even indirectly, sincehey present laxative, stimulant and delayed gastric emptyingroperties, respectively. These properties were also found in tra-itional uses.

Only Ilex paraguariensis presents clinical data of efficacy inhe treatment of obesity (Andersen and Fogh, 2001). This effectould be related to the caffeine contents since this compoundas stimulant and lipolytic activity (Rates, 2003) or saponinontents. Saponins are reported to interfere with cholesteroletabolism and to delay the intestinal absorption of dietary

at via inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity (Hosttetmann andarston, 1995; Han et al., 2002, 2005). Ilex paraguariensis also

resents a genotoxic activity in vitro and epidemiological stud-es suggest that the habit of ingesting hot mate drinks over longeriod of time is linked to oesopharingeal cancer. However, thiseems to be related to thermal injury rather than to a pharmaco-ogical effect (Pittler et al., 2005).

Seven species present pre-clinical data that indicate a poten-ial role in the control of certain conditions which are associatedith obesity, such as hyperlipidemia (Campomanesia xantho-

arpa O. Berg, Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.,ynara scolymus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Ilex paraguariensis) andigh levels of blood glucose (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.)C., Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Campomanesia xantho-

arpa). Edible of Syzygium cumini are object of patent registersith hypoglyceamic claims.Other properties which could afford a sensation of loos-

ng weight, such as laxative and/or diuretic, were found forve species (Equisetum giganteum L., Hibiscus sabdariffa, Ilexaraguariensis, Senna corymbosa (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby,. alexandrina). However, these effects are not relevant for treat-ng obesity and even can be undesirable depending on clinical

ituations and therapeutic regimen (Wells et al., 2003; Viana andates, 2004). In relation to toxicity it seems that Tanacetum vul-are is the species most dangerous due to the thujone presence,neurotoxic compound (Blumenthal, 1998).

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Table 1Chemical and biological data about plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Family/species/vernacularnamea/number of herbseller’s citations

Partsa Chemical data Biological propertiesb Traditional use

AnnonaceaeRollinia sylvatica (A.St.-Hil.) Martius graviolareported by 10 herb sellers

LEa,c Alkaloids (Sette et al., 2000); acetogenin(sylvaticin) (Mikolajczak et al., 1990)

Citotoxic in vitro (human tumor cells) (Mikolajczaket al., 1990)

Angina (Caminhoa, 1877; Pio Correa, 1926),dysentery (Moreira, 1871), bechic, febrifuge, ulcer,colica (Pio Correa, 1926), antidiarrheic (Moreira,1871)

AsteraceaeAchyrocline satureioides(Lam.) DC. marcelareported by 1 herb sellers

FLa, APa,LEc, BRc

Flavonoids (Ferraro et al., 1981; Gugliucci andMenini, 2002; Kadarian et al., 2002; de Souza et al.,2002); terpenoids, carotenoids, coumarins, esterols(Lorenzo et al., 2000; Gugliucci and Menini, 2002);sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes (Lorenzo et al.,2000; Gugliucci and Menini, 2002); dibenzofuran(achyrofuran) (Carney et al., 2002); phenylpyronederived compounds (Simoes et al., 1998); thiophenederived compounds (Macedo et al., 1997); caffeic,chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids(Desmarchelier et al., 1998; Kadarian et al., 2002)

Anti-hyperglicemic in mice (Carney et al., 2002);antioxidative in vitro (Desmarchelier et al., 1998);citotoxic against human hepatocellular carcinoma,in vitro (Ruffa et al., 2002); mutagenic andgenotoxic, in vitro (Salmonella) (Vargas et al.,1990); hepatoprotective in mice (Kadarian et al.,2002); antispasmodic, anti-inflamatory andanalgesic in mice (Langeloh and Schenkel, 1985;Simoes et al., 1988); antibacterial (Simoes et al.,1998); guinea pigs smooth muscle relaxationactivity (Hnatyszyn et al., 2004)

Amarum, aromatic, excitant, gastritis (D’avila, 1910),digestive (D’avila, 1910; Hoehne, 1939),antidiarrheic (Hoehne, 1939)

Baccharis articulata(Lam.) Pers. carqueja,carquejinha,carqueja-branca reportedby 13 herb sellers

APa,c Volatile compounds (terpenes) (Zunino et al., 2004);diterpenes (Dai et al., 1993); flavonoids and otherphenolic compounds (Oliveira et al., 2003)

Antiviral in vitro (Zanon et al., 1999); antioxidativein vitro (Oliveira et al., 2003)

Tonic (Moreira, 1871; Oliveira, 1883; D’avila, 1910),febrifuge (Moreira, 1871; Oliveira, 1883; D’avila,1910; Hoehne, 1939; Pio Correa, 1931), digestive (deOliveira, 1854; Hoehne, 1939; Pio Correa, 1931),diuretic (Moreira, 1871; Pio Correa, 1931), anemiaand weakness (de Oliveira, 1854; Pio Correa, 1931),anthelmintic (Dutra, 1887)

Baccharis trimera (Less.)DC. carqueja,carqueja-amarga reportedby 3 herb sellers

APa,c Volatile compounds (terpenes) (Sousa et al., 1991);diterpenes (Torres et al., 2000); diterpenic lactones(Sousa et al., 1991); flavonoids (Sousa et al., 1991;Gene et al., 1996; Torres et al., 2000); saponins(Gene et al., 1996)

Anti-inflamatory and analgesic in mice (Gene et al.,1996); relaxation of smooth muscle of mice portalvein (Torres et al., 2000); guinea pigs smoothmuscle relaxation (Hnatyszyn et al., 2003);hypogliceamic (Simoes et al., 1998); inhibition ofgastric secretion in mice (Torres et al., 2000);antimicrobial in vitro (Avancini et al., 2000)

Tonic (Moreira, 1871; Oliveira, 1883; D’avila, 1910),febrifuge (Moreira, 1871; Oliveira, 1883; D’avila,1910; Hoehne, 1939; Pio Correa, 1931), digestive (deOliveira, 1854; Hoehne, 1939), Pio Correa (1931),diuretic (Moreira, 1871; Pio Correa, 1931), anemiaand weakness (de Oliveira, 1854; Pio Correa, 1931),anthelmintic (Dutra, 1887) antidiarrheic (Moreira,1871)

Cynara scolymus L.alcachofra reported by 11herb sellers

LEa,c, ROc Flavonoids (Adzet et al., 1987; Gebhardt, 2001;Fritsche et al., 2002; Hausler et al., 2002;Sanchez-Rabaneda et al., 2003; Shimoda et al.,2003); beta-glucosidase (Gebhardt, 2001); cynarin(Fritsche et al., 2002; Shimoda et al., 2003);sesquiterpenes (Noldin et al., 2003), triterpenoids(Noldin et al., 2003); cynarotriol (Sousa et al.,1991); chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid (Noldin et al.,2003), quinic acid, gliceric acid, citric acid (Adzet etal., 1987; Fritsche et al., 2002; Jimenez-Escrig et al.,2003; Sanchez-Rabaneda et al., 2003; Shimoda etal., 2003)

Antihyperlipidemic activity in mice (Shimoda et al.,2003); anticholestatic activity in hepatocyte culture(Gebhardt, 1997; Shimoda et al., 2003); cholereticeffect in mice (Saenz Rodriguez et al., 2002;Shimoda et al., 2003); hepatoprotective andhypolipidemic effect (Adzet et al., 1987; Gebhardt,2002); potentially allergenic to humans due to thepresence of sesquiterpenic lactones (cynaropicrin)(Blumenthal et al., 2000); antiemetic, spasmolyticand carminative effects (Blumenthal et al., 2000);bowel irritability reducer in humans (Walker et al.,2001)

Diuretic, febrifuge, hydrops (Pio Correa, 1926)

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Tanacetum vulgare L.catinga-de-mulata reportedby 1 herb sellers

LEa, La,n.i.c

Volatile compounds (beta-thujone) (Tetenyi et al.,1975; Hethelyi et al., 1987; Chiasson et al., 2001;Keskitalo et al., 2001; Umlauf et al., 2004);monoterpenes (Umlauf et al., 2004) (geraniol, nerol,camphor, artemisia cetone) (Banthorpe and Mann,1972; Banthorpe et al., 1976; Croteau and Shaskus,1985; Keskitalo et al., 2001); triterpenes (Banthorpeet al., 1976); diterpenes (beta-sitosterol,isofucosterol) (Umlauf et al., 2004); sesquiterpenes(Ognyanovc et al., 1983; Tournier et al., 1999);sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide,germachronolides (Grabarczyk et al., 1973;Appendino et al., 1982, 1983; Chandra et al.,1987a,b); tanavulgarol (Chandra et al., 1987a,b);piperidone, umbellulone (Duke, 1985); sterols andtriterpenes (Wikomirski and Kucharska, 1992);lipophilic flavonoids (Williams et al., 1999);flavoproteins (Banthorpe and Mann, 1972;Banthorpe et al., 1976); organic acids (citric,tartaric, gallic) (Duke, 1985); mucilages (Duke,1985); resines (Duke, 1985); tannins (Duke, 1985);carotenoids (Banthorpe and Mann, 1972); pecticpolysaccharides (tanacetan) (Polle et al., 2002;Pollea et al., 2002); thiophene (Tosi et al., 1991)

Acaricidal properties (Chiasson et al., 2001);convulsant (thujone) (Foster and Tyler, 1999); highdoses cause intoxication, vomit, abdominal pain,gastroenteritis, kidney and liver injury, conscienceloss, cardiac arrithmia, uterine hemorragy andabortion (Blumenthal, 1998; Robbers and Tyler,1999); doses between 15 and 30 g of thujone arelethal to humans (Blumenthal, 1998); antihelminthic(Duke, 1985); dermatitis (Duke, 1985);antiulcerogenic activity in mice (Tournier et al.,1999); anti-inflamatory activity in vivo (Schinella etal., 1998); anti-bacterial activity in vitro (Holetz etal., 2002)

Anthelmintic, emmenagogue (Pio Correa, 1931),aromatic, amarum, tonic, stimulant, abortive (PioCorrea, 1931).

AquifoliaceaeIlex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. cha-verde reportedby 2 herb sellers

LEa,c Phenolic compounds (chlorogenic and caffeic acids3,4-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic e4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids) (Clifford andRamirez-Martinez, 1990; Filip et al., 2000;Schinella et al., 2000; Filip et al., 2001); flavonoids(Gugliucci, 1996; Filip et al., 2000; Schinella et al.,2000; Filip et al., 2001); caffeine, theobromine,theophylline (Clifford and Ramirez-Martinez, 1990;Saldana et al., 1999; Athayde et al., 2000; Coelho etal., 2001); trigonelline, choline (Sousa et al., 1991);saponins (Gosmann et al., 1995; Kraemer et al.,1996; Schenkel et al., 1996; Schenkel et al., 1997;Martinet et al., 1999); tannins (Sousa et al., 1991);volatile compounds (Bisset, 1994); thiamin (Rombi,1991); mineral salts (Simoes et al., 1998)

Antioxidative effect in vitro (human LDL)(Gugliucci, 1996; Schinella et al., 2000; Bracesco etal., 2003); mutagenic and genotoxic in prokaryotes(in vitro) (Leitao and Braga, 1994); weight loss anddelayed gastric emptying in overweight patients(Andersen and Fogh, 2001); diuretic, analeptic,glycogenolytic, lipolytic (Blumenthal et al., 2000);stimulant effects (insomnia and cardiac arrhythmia)(Carlini, 2003); increases the glucose, cholesteroland gastric acidity levels (British HerbalPharmacopoeia, 1996; Foster and Tyler, 1999);vasodilator and diuretic (Sousa et al., 1991)

Excitant, tonic (D’avila, 1910; Pio Correa, 1931),stomachic (D’avila, 1910), diuretic (de Oliveira,1854; Moreira, 1871; D’avila, 1910; Pio Correa,1931), digestive, diaphoretic (Pio Correa, 1931),sudorific (Moreira, 1871)

EquisetaceaeEquisetum giganteum L.cavalinha reported by 1herb sellers

APa,c Thiamin (Meyer, 1989) Diuretic activity in mice (Perez Gutierrez et al.,1985)

Diuretic, diarrheic (D’avila, 1910), abortive(D’avila, 1910; Pio Correa, 1931)

ErythroxylaceaeErythroxylum argentinumO.E. Schulz graviolareported by 1 herb sellers

LEa,c Tropanic alkaloids (Chaves et al., 1988; Zuanazzi etal., 2001); flavonoids (Chaves et al., 1988)

Anesthetic activity in guinea pigs and stimulant likeeffect in mice (Zuanazzi et al., 2000);anti-inflammatory activities in mice (Chaves et al.,1988)

Stomachic (Pio Correa, 1978), purgative (Moreira,1871)

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Table 1 (Continued )

Family/species/vernacularnamea/number of herbseller’s citations

Partsa Chemical data Biological propertiesb Traditional use

EuphorbiaceaeCroton gnaphalii Baill.erva-da-graca reported by 2herb sellers

APa Not found Not found Not found

FabaceaeSenna alexandrina Mill.sene reported by 1 herbsellers

LEa,c Peroxidase (Arrieta-Baez et al., 2002);anthraquinones (Robbers and Tyler, 1999);sennosides A, B, C, D (Robbers and Tyler, 1999;Blumenthal et al., 2000); naphthalene glycosides(Franz, 1993); palmidin A (Bruneton, 1991);flavonoids (Kaempferol) (Blumenthal et al., 2000);mucilages (Gylleenhaal and Soerjato, 1989;Blumenthal et al., 2000)

Antihepatome activity in vitro (Lin et al., 2002);anti-inflammatory effect in mice (Cuellar et al.,2001); laxative effect in humans (Blumenthal et al.,2000); the abuse may cause irritation of theintestinal mucosa and electrolytic balancedisturbances that causes muscular weakness andmay cause heart disorders (Foster and Tyler, 1999);high doses may cause nephroses (Matos, 1998),albuminuria and hematuria (Blumenthal et al.,2000); anti-bacterial in vitro (Duke, 1985;Gylleenhaal and Soerjato, 1989); mutagenic in vitro,but not in vivo (Blumenthal et al., 2000)

Purgative (Pio Correa, 1978)

Senna corymbosa (Lam.)H.S. Irwin & Barneby senareported by 1 herb sellers

LEa,c Anthraquinones (Simoes et al., 1998) Laxative activity (Simoes et al., 1998); mutagenic inprokariotes (Salmonella) (Sa Ferreira et al., 1999)

Soft purgative (D’avila, 1910), laxative, cathartic(de Oliveira, 1854)

FlacourtiaceaeCasearia sylvestris Sw.cha-de-bugre,erva-de-bugre, guacatongareported by 12 herb sellers

LEa,c, BRa Diterpenes (Bolzani et al., 1999; Oberlies et al.,2002); triterpenes (Bolzani et al., 1999; Sertie et al.,2000); volatile compounds (terpenes), flavonoidsand alkaloids (Junges et al., 1985); caproic acid(Simoes et al., 1998); saponins (Simoes et al., 1998)

Citotoxic against tumor cells and antimycotic(Aspergillus niger) in vitro (Oberlies et al., 2002);genotoxic in vitro (mice HTC and V79 cell lines)(Maistro et al., 2004); antioxidative, citotoxic andantimicrobial in vitro (Mosaddik et al., 2004);inhibition of gastric secretion, and protection againstulcers in mice (Sertie et al., 2000), with low toxicitylevel (Basile et al., 1990); anti-inflamatory andanalgesic in mice (Ruppelt et al., 1991);neutralization of snake venom in vitro (Borges et al.,2001); wound healing activity in mice (Simoes etal., 1998); activity on rats uterine muscle (Silva etal., 1986)

Amarum, tonic (D’avila, 1910), depurative,antirheumatic, against snake venom effects (D’avila,1910; Pio Correa, 1952), stomachic, antiseptic,anaestethetic (Hoehne, 1939), antidiarrheic (PioCorrea, 1952), febrifuge, against skin illness(Hoehne, 1939; Pio Correa, 1952)

IridaceaeSisyrinchium vaginatumSpreng. canchalaguareported by 1 herb sellers

APa, RHc Not found Not found. Depurative, diaphoretic (D’avila, 1910; Pio Correa,1926)

LythraceaeCuphea carthagenensis(Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.sete-sangrias reported by 1herb sellers

APa,c Not found Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibition, in vitro(Castro Braga et al., 2000); vasorelaxative propertiesin vitro (aorta of mice) (Schuldt et al., 2000);reduction of cholesterol levels in mice (Biavatti etal., 2004)

Sıfilis, diaphoretic (D’avila, 1910; Hoehne, 1939;Pio Correa, 1974), laxative, diuretic (Pio Correa,1974), febrifuge (de Oliveira, 1854; Moreira, 1871)

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MalvaceaeHibiscus sabdariffa L.hibiscus reported by 1 herbsellers

DCa Anthocyanin (Jonadet et al., 1990); phenoliccompounds, protocatechuic acid (Lin et al., 2003);organic acids (tartaric, malic, citric and oxalic,hibiscic) (Dafallah and Al-Mustafa, 1996);mucilagens, pectins (Muller and Franz, 1992;Dafallah and Al-Mustafa, 1996; Brunold et al.,2004); flavonoids (Jonadet et al., 1990; Dafallah andAl-Mustafa, 1996; Mounnissamy et al., 2002)

Laxative and diuretic (Foster and Tyler, 1999);hypotensive effect in dogs (Foster and Tyler, 1999);hypotensive effect in humans (Haji Faraji and HajiTarkhani, 1999); antihypertensive andcardioprotective effect in vivo (Jonadet et al., 1990;Odigie et al., 2003); protecive effect againstoxidative stress in mice hepatocytes (Foster andTyler, 1999); erytrocytes protection against lipidicperoxidation in vitro (Suboh et al., 2004);antioxidative effect in vivo (Lin et al., 2003);induction of human keratinocytes proliferation invitro (Brunold et al., 2004); extended use and highdoses may cause liver injuries in mice (Akindahunsiand Olaleye, 2003); blockage of the adipogenesis invitro (Kim et al., 2003); serum lipids inhibition andantiatherosclerotic activity (Chen et al., 2003);potentially inhibitor of hepatic injuries induced bylipopolysaccharides in mice (Lin et al., 2003);hepatoprotective against toxicity induced by t-butylhydroperoxide, in mice (Tseng et al., 1996; Tseng etal., 1997; Wang et al., 2000); reduction ofhepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in mice (Aliet al., 2003); testicular toxicity inductor in rats(sub-chronic administration) (Orisakwe et al.,2004); apoptosis inductor in human leukemia cells,in vitro (Tseng et al., 2000); antimutagenic activityin vitro (Chewonarin et al., 1999); protective effectagainst mice skin cancer (in vitro) (Tseng et al.,1998); potential sedative effect in rodents (Amos etal., 2003); anti-inflamatory activities in mice(Mounnissamy et al., 2002)

Not found

MelastomataceaeLeandra australis (Cham.)Cogn. pixirica reported by2 herb sellers

LEa, BRa Tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, saponins (Hassand Von Poser, 1990)

Not found Not found

MyrtaceaeCampomanesiaxanthocarpa O. Bergguabiroba reported by 3herb sellers

LEa,c,BAc, ROc

Flavonoids, saponins, tanins (Markman et al., 2004) Chronic treatment reduces weight gain in mice(Biavatti et al., 2004); hypogliceamic in mice(Biavatti et al., 2004); prevention of gastriculcerations, without toxic effects in mice (Markmanet al., 2004)

Aromatic (D’avila, 1910), adstringent (D’avila,1910; Pio Correa, 1952), antirheumatic (Moraes,1881), to regulate the intestinal flux, cistites,uretrites (D’avila, 1910), “catarrh bladder”,antidiarrheic (Pio Correa, 1952), hepatic disorders(Moraes, 1881)

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Table 1 (Continued )

Family/species/vernacularnamea/number of herbseller’s citations

Partsa Chemical data Biological propertiesb Traditional use

Syzygium cumini (L.)Skeels jambolao,joao-bolao reported by 1herb sellers

LEa,c,SEc, ROc

Volatile compounds (Shafi et al., 2002); polyphenols(Mahmound et al., 2001); myricetin (Timbola et al.,2002)

No antihyperglicemic effect in mice (Teixeira et al.,2000); anti-bacterial activity in vitro (Shafi et al.,2002); astringent (Blumenthal, 1998)

Diabetes (Pio Correa, 1978), dysentery and stomachacidity (Hoehne, 1939)

PiperaceaePiper mikanianum (Kunth)Steudel pariparobareported by 1 herb sellers

LEa,c, ROa Volatile compounds (safrol) (de Abreu et al., 2002) Not found Emmenagogue, acute and chronic metrorrhagias(D’avila, 1910), “stomach cramps”, “it neutralizessnake venom effects” (Hoehne, 1939), amenorrhea,leukorrhea, uterine hemorrhage (de Oliveira, 1854)

RhamnaceaeScutia buxifolia Reiss.coronilha reported by 2herb sellers

BAa, n.i.c Alkaloids (scutianine) (Tschesche et al., 1977;Morel et al., 1998); tannins, saponins (Simoes et al.,1998)

Hypotensive, cardiotonic and diuretic activities(Simoes et al., 1998)

Blood pressure problems, diuretic (Pio Correa,1931)

TiliaceaeLuehea divaricata Mart.porangaba, reported by 2herb sellers

LEa,c, BAc Triterpenes (Tanaka et al., 2003) Genotoxic in prokaryotes (Salmonella) (Vargas etal., 1991); mutagenic (Alice et al., 1991; Vargas etal., 1991); antimycotic activity in vitro (Zacchino etal., 1998)

Respiratory infection, laryngitis, bronchitis(D’avila, 1910), adstringent

AP: aerial portion, BA: bark, BR: branches, DC: dehydrate calyces, FL: flowers, LE: leaves, RH: rhizomes, RO: roots, SE: seeds, n.i.: not informed.a Indicated by the herb sellers.b Not strictly related to the chemical composition in the left column.c Traditional use.

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. Conclusions

In this study we have found an expressive number of vegetalpecies popularly used for weight loss purpose in Porto AlegreBrazil) confirming other reports about this popular use of plantsn South Brazil and around the world. The scientific data foundre not sufficient to guarantee the efficacy and safety of theselants for treating obesity. However, some of them present activ-ties that could be useful to treat certain obesity comorbiditiesnd deserve further studies.

cknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Renato Aquino Zachia, Danieluschel, Paulo Brack, Bruno Irgang, Roseli Lopes da Costaortoluzzi, Angelo Schneider, Mardiore Tanara Pinheiro dosantos and Marcos Sobral for the assistance with plant identifi-ation and Andresa Betti for the English revision.

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