TAXONOMYPLANT STRUCTURE

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 11. Pest Biology

Classifying & Naming Living Things

Pest Biology

What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the science of naming living

things Taxonomy involves using Latin names and

sometimes Greek words in naming organisms

Each known organism is given a two part scientific name

Common names for organisms are used by non-scientists. These names can vary from one place to another

What is Taxonomy? The modern classification system involves

organizing all living organisms into seven different groups.

The Kingdom is the first group into which organisms are classified

The categories become more specific with each move to the next category

The Phylum is more specific than the Kingdom

What is Taxonomy? The Phylum is followed by Class,

Order, Family, Genus, and Species

The Species is the most specific name for each organism

Further Division of a Species A Variety is a group of related organisms

in a species (The difference is not enough to merit another species name)

A Cultivar (cultivated variety) is a plant selection cultivated by people, that will retain its features when reproduced

A Breed describes animals of the same species that have definite identifying characteristics and a common origin

Why is the classification system important?

People around the world use the same name for each organism

Relationships between organisms are evident in their names

Differences between organisms are obvious from their names

The 7 Categories: Kingdom Phylum (or Division) Class Order Family Genus Species

The 5 Kingdoms Monera: One celled organisms, including

bacteria Protista: One celled, or collections of cells,

that may look like plants, including algae Fungi: Tiny yeasts to large mushrooms Plantae: Includes over 350,000 organisms,

made of many cells, and capable of making their own food through photosynthesis

Animalia: Made up of many one celled organisms that can move about and get their food by eating (ingestion)

Example: Cabbage Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering) Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Order: Capparales (of Capers) Family: Brassicaceae (Mustard family) Genus Brassica L. Species: Brassica oleracea Variety: capitata Cultivar: ‘Savoy King’

Name: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, ‘Savoy King’ (Genus) (species) (variety) (cultivar)

PLANTS & NON-PLANTS

Chapter 11, Pest Biology

What is Not a Plant?Pest Biology

Fungi Are plant-like Don’t photosynthesize

(are not autotrophic) Have different

structures, biochemical pathways, than plants

Include molds, yeasts, and organisms that produce “mushrooms”

Cause many plant diseases

Lichens Are actually a

type of fungi Enjoy mutually

beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with alga

What is a plant?Plants

Plants:Any of various photosynthetic, eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms of the Kingdom Plantae.Photosynthetic: convert light to chemical energy in the form of a sugar moleculeEukaryotic: cells contain a nucleusMulti-cellular: organisms having more than one cell

Major parts of a plant, and their functions

Pest Biology

Leaves – Photosynthesis, store food, transpiration

Leaf Venation Patterns - ParallelVeins of a leaf where the secondary veins run parallel to each other off of a central, perpendicular primary vein.

Leaf Venation Patterns - NettedPalmate Venation:

Veins radiating outward from the base of the leaf like fingers spread out from the palm of a hand.

Pinnate Venation:

Net-veined (as opposed to parallel veined) leaves with a prominent mid-rib with roughy parallel branches on both sides.

Leaf TypesSimple leaf :The blade is completely undivided; leaves may also be formed of lobes where the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein.

Leaf Types – Palmately lobed

Leaf Types – Compound PalmateLeaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.

Leaf Types –Compound Pinnate

Leaflets are attached along an extension of the petiole called a rachis

Leaf Arrangement - whorled

Leaf Arrangement - Opposite

Leaf Arrangement - Alternate

Stems –Conduct water and manufactured food

May be vertical or horizontal May be modified to store water

and food Several important types

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Internode

Axillary bud

Node

PetioleLeaf blade

Vascular tissue

Roots Roots are part of the plant that grow

into the soil or other media, anchoring the plant and providing it with water and minerals while storing food.

Root systems vary widely depending on the plant species. Overall, roots may be divided into two major types.

Fibrous RootsFibrous root systems are made of many small roots, and spread throughout the soil.

(Monocots)

Tap Roots

A taproot system is made up of one primary root with a number of small, secondary roots. (Dicots)

Flower

Modified Stems Rhizomes Tubers Tendrils Stolons Bulbs Corms

Rhizomes

Underground stem that grows horizontally. It may grow adventitious roots and stems to develop a separate plantExample: German Iris

TuberAn enlarged part of a stem that grows underground. It can develop into a separate plant

Example: Potatoes and yams

TendrilTendrils are threadlike, leafless growths on stems. They attach themselves to other stems and objects, supporting the plant. Tendrils typically grow in a spiral shape.

StolonA stolon is an aboveground stem that grows horizontally, and propagates new plants. Strawberries are well known as plants that multiply using stolons.

BulbsBulbs are underground food storage organs, consisting of flattened, fleshy stem-like leaves with roots on the lower side. Examples include onions, and tulips.

CormA corm is a food storage organ at the end of a vertical stem that grows underground. It is an enlarged or swollen stem base. Example: Crocus, Gladiolus

Two Major Plant Groups:Angiosperms & Gymnosperms

Plant Biology

Angiosperms (“Flowering Plants”) Mature seed is surrounded by the ovule

(think of an apple) Many angiosperms are deciduous; broad

leaved trees and woody shrubs, they drop their leaves in autumn

Are subdivided into two (2) groups:Monocotyledonous (one seed leaf)Dicotyledonous (two seed leaves)

MonocotsAngiosperms: Monocots & Dicots

DicotsAngiosperms: Monocots & Dicots

Gymnosperms & othernon-flowering plants

Plant Biology

Gymnosperms Seeds are not surrounded by an

ovule (gymnosperm means “naked seed”)

Includes cone bearing trees that usually have needles which persist year-round

Mosses Primitive, non-vascular plants lacking vascular

tissue, which limits their size

Ferns

Plant Life Cycles

Monocarpic Polycarpic

Flower once in their life Generally, live only 1

(annual) or 2 (biennial) years

Die after flowering and fruiting

Life may be prolonged if plant is prevented from setting seed; varies with species

Examples: Rice, wheat, carrot, bamboo

Flower every year in a particular season

Are perennial; live more than 2 years

Do not die after flowering and fruiting

Examples: Apple, Mango, Grape, Spruce, Maple

Plant Types

Woody Herbaceous

Stems & roots increase in diameter each year

Tissue is strong and tough

Cells have extra reinforcement from a secondary cell wall that contains lignin

Perennial; live year after year

Herbaceous; stems remain somewhat soft and flexible

Typically short lived; annual or biennial

Do not develop a secondary cell wall containing lignin

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