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ABSTRACT

Introduction. Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is a rare condition consisting of plasma cell infiltrate of the mucous membranes that usually involves the genital epithelium. Less frequently lesions are present in the mouth or upper respiratory tract. The etiology of PCM remains unknown. The lesions may occur in the unchanged epithelium (idiopathic, isolated PCM), on the base of inflammatory skin diseases (lichen planus, lichen sclerosus) or cancer (squamous cell carcinoma).Objective. To present a case and draw attention to PCM as a differen-tial diagnosis of lesions within the oral mucous membrane.Case report. We present a patient with painful erosions and erythema-tous patches located within the mucous membrane of the palate and cheeks lasting more than 5 months. The diagnosis was based on clinical and histopathological examination.Conclusions. The course of PCM includes periods of exacerbations and remissions. Treatment with antibiotics, antifungal agents, local and sys-temic corticosteroids, isotretinoin or destructive methods usually pro-vides symptomatic relief but does not lead to lesions regression.

STRESZCZENIE

Wprowadzenie. Plazmocytowe zapalenie błon śluzowych (ang. plasma cell mucositis – PCM) jest rzadką jednostką chorobową charakteryzują-cą się naciekiem plazmocytarnym, najczęściej obejmującym nabłonek zewnętrznych narządów płciowych. Znacznie rzadziej zmiany lokali-zują się w obrębie jamy ustnej i górnych dróg oddechowych. Etiologia PCM jest nieznana. Zmiany mogą powstać w nabłonku niezmienionym (idiopatyczne, izolowane PCM), jak również na podłożu innych der-matoz zapalnych (liszaj płaski, liszaj twardzinowy) bądź chorób nowo-tworowych (rak kolczystokomórkowy).Cel pracy. Przedstawienie przypadku PCM i zwrócenie uwagi na ko-nieczność uwzględniania tej jednostki chorobowej w diagnostyce róż-nicowej zmian zlokalizowanych w obrębie błon śluzowych jamy ustnej. Opis przypadku. Prezentujemy przypadek pacjentki ze zmianami w obrębie błon śluzowych policzków i podniebienia w postaci nawra-cających od 5 miesięcy nadżerek, zmian rumieniowych i ognisk zbie-lenia z towarzyszącą bolesnością. Rozpoznanie choroby ustalono na podstawie obrazu klinicznego i wyniku badania histopatologicznego.

Plasma cell mucositis – a rare differential diagnosis for ulceration of oral mucosa

Plazmocytarne zapalenie błon śluzowych – rzadka diagnostyka różnicowa zmian w obrębie błon śluzowych jamy ustnej

Izabela Błażewicz, Wioletta Barańska-Rybak, Marta Stawczyk-Macieja, Andriy Petranyuk, Roman Nowicki

Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

Przegl Dermatol 2015, 102, 520–523DOI: 10.5114/dr.2015.55699

KEY WORDS: mucous membrane plasmacytosis, plasma cell gingivitis, erosions of the oral cavity.

SŁOWA KLUCZOWE:plazmocytarne zapalenie błon śluzowych, plazmocytarne zapalenie dziąseł, nadżerki w obrębie jamy ustnej.

ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE:Izabela BłażewiczDepartment of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyMedical University of Gdansk7 Dębinki St80-211 Gdanskphone: +48 791 002 315e-mail: izabela.blazewicz@wp.pl

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Wnioski. Leczenie zmian z użyciem antybiotyków, leków przeciw-grzybiczych, glikokortykosteroidów miejscowych i systemowych, izo-tretynoiny lub metod destrukcyjnych przynosi zwykle krótkotrwałą poprawę.

INTRODUCTION

Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is a rare, benign, idiopathic condition of the mucous membranes, which can involve the genital epithelium, oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Zoon was the first to de-scribe infiltration of mucous membranes by plasma cells [1]. In 1952 this reported condition was named ‘chronic circumscribed benign balanoposthitis with plasmacytes’. The lesions in all of the described cases were localized on the glans penis. So far plasmacytic infiltration of mucous membranes has been presen-ted under various names related to the area where accumulation of plasma cells was found. In the sto-matological literature there are many descriptions of cases with changes located on gingiva reported as atypical gingivostomatitis [2], idiopathic gingivo-stomatitis [3] or allergic gingivostomatitis [4]. The-se cases are considered as a part of the spectrum of plasma cell orificial mucositis. In 1960, Schuermann proposed the designation ‘plasmacytosis circumori-ficialis’ to standardize the nomenclature [5]. Finally in 1986, White et al. suggested the term ‘plasma-cell orificial mucositis’ [6].

OBJECTIVE

To present a case of PCM and draw attention to PCM as a differential diagnosis of erosions and ulce-rations of the oral mucous membrane.

CASE REPORT

A 74-year-old woman, who suffered from arterial hypertension, diabetes type 2 and coronary heart di-sease, was admitted to the Dermatology Department due to erosions located on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity associated with chronic pain, dif-ficulty with swallowing and mouth opening. The lesions appeared 5 months prior to hospitalization and according to the patient were connected with tooth extraction. The patient denied using chewing gum, herbal toothpaste or strong spices. The changes had been treated previously with topical antifungal agents, topical corticosteroid and topical and oral an-tibiotics without improvement.

Examination revealed swollen gingiva and lips. On the palate and the inner surface of the cheeks ero-sions and erythematous and edematous faintly de-marcated lesions not bleeding on provocation were present (Figure 1). The changes were tender on pal-pation.

The differential diagnosis included pemphigus vulgaris, cicatricial pemphigoid, lichen planus, fun-gal infection and contact dermatitis. Pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies as well as antinuclear anti-bodies were negative. Absence of fungal hyphae on microscopic examination and no growth on culture excluded fungal infection. Serum protein electropho-resis was within normal limits. Patch tests with con-tact allergens were performed, but they did not iden-

Figure 1 A, B. Clinical appearance before treatmentRycina 1 A, B. Obraz kliniczny przed leczeniem

A B

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tify potential allergens. The biopsy was taken from the buccal mucosa. The direct immunofluorescence examination was negative. Histopathologic exami-nation revealed plasma cell infiltrate with no cellular atypia. There was no histopathological evidence of blistering disease, lichen planus or chronic ulcerati-ve stomatitis (Figure 2). The diagnosis of plasma cell orificial mucositis was established based on clinical and histopathological data and also on the exclu-sion of other diseases. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids (prednisone in an initial dose of 40 mg/day), which provided relief. Unfortunately, while reducing the dose the lesions regressed. Based on literature reports, during the next hospitalizations the patient was treated with methylprednisolone (3 i.v. infusions in a dose of 0.5 g, a total dose of 1.5 g), but due to side effects (Cushing’s syndrome and atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion) we deci-ded to discontinue this therapy. Presently the patient is still undergoing treatment with oral prednisone in a dose of 15 mg/day and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment with partial recovery.

DISCUSSION

Plasma cell mucositis is a rare condition with less than 50 cases reported. The origin of the disease is unknown. The lesions may occur in the unchanged epithelium (idiopathic, isolated PCM) [7] as well as on the base of inflammatory skin diseases (lichen pla-nus, lichen sclerosus) or epidermal neoplasia (Bowen disease, squamous cell carcinoma) [8]. In many cases patients with PCM also had a history of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Sjo-gren syndrome and autoimmune hepatitis [9]. Our patient did not suffer from any autoimmune disease.

The clinical picture of the disease varies and is connected with localization of lesions. In the pre-

sent case, swollen lips and gums were observed. The mucous membranes are intensely erythematous with the surface described as cobblestone, wart-like, nodular or papillomatous [9, 10]. The most frequent symptoms include oral pain, difficulty with swal-lowing, mouth opening and persistent hoarseness. When lesions are localized on the larynx and trachea, dysphonia may occur. The above-mentioned symp-toms except dysphonia were present in our patient.

Plasma cell mucositis is a diagnosis of exclusion based mainly on histopathological examination. The differential diagnosis of plasma-cell orificial muco-sitis includes allergic or contact mucositis, pemphi-gus vulgaris, cicatricial pemphigoid, lichen planus, fungal infection, plasmoacanthoma and syphilis [11]. To exclude most of those diseases many diagnostic tests, as in the reported case, should be performed: mycological examination, serologic tests for syphilis, patch tests, histopathological and direct immunoflu-orescence (DIF) examinations, serum protein electro-phoresis, pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies as well as antinuclear antibodies.

In our case absence of fungal hyphae on micro-scopic examination, no growth on culture and no re-sponse to treatment with antifungal agents excluded fungal infection. The suspicion of blistering diseases was not confirmed. In histopathological and DIF examinations there was no evidence of pemphigus or pemphigoid. Also pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies were negative. We excluded allergic and contact dermatitis. Patch tests did not identify any allergen.

Microscopically in PCM, a dense subepithelial in-filtrate of plasma cells is described. In many cases, plasma cells are not predominant in the infiltrate. The presence of other inflammatory cells, especially leukocytes and lymphocytes, is common. Also Rus-sell bodies (immunoglobulin within cytoplasm of plasma cells) can be occasionally noted [11, 12]. The histopathological picture of PCM can mimic many diseases such as multiple myeloma, extramedullary plasmacytoma (EXM), or Waldenstrom’s macroglo-bulinemia. In both PCM and EXM there is a diffuse infiltrate of plasma cells in the dermis and subcuta-neous tissues. Tissue biopsy showing monoclonal plasma cell histology and presence of atypical pla-sma cells may arouse the suspicion of extramedulla-ry plasmacytoma. Plasma cell mucositis should also be distinguished from plasma cell gingivitis. Plasma cell gingivitis is a rare, benign condition, which is thought to be a hypersensitivity response. Many au-thors claim that it is an immunological reaction to al-lergens present in toothpaste, mint pastels, chewing gum, khat, food flavoring allergens and oral care products [13–15]. Our patient used dentures, but re-moval of them did not result in improvement.

Figure 2. Histopathological examination: plasma cell infiltration without cellular atypiaRycina 2. Obraz histopatologiczny – nacieki plazmocytowe bez atypii

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Treatment of PCM is based mainly on relieving symptoms. Many methods of treatment have been reported, including topical [13] systemic [10] and in-tralesional [6, 14] corticosteroids, and pulses of corti-costeroids [9]. In some reported cases application of corticosteroids resulted in partial [15, 16] or complete [13, 17] regression. Antibiotics [16] and antifungals [6, 18] have also been used to treat PCM. Some of the authors also used destructive therapy: electrocoagu-lation, surgical excision [12, 18], carbon dioxide laser and cryotherapy [19]. Topical tacrolimus has been reported to have a beneficial effect in treatment of a plasma cell infiltration of the lower lip [20, 21]. In most of the reported cases treatment resulted in sta-bilization of disease without regression.

CONCLUSIONS

Mucous membrane plasmacytosis is a diagnosis of exclusion, distinguished primarily on the histopa-thologic finding of a marked submucosal plasma-cell infiltrate, after conditions such as infection and pla-smacytoma have been eliminated. The best treatment for mucous membrane plasmacytosis is also unclear, with inconsistent data from trials with corticostero-ids, antibiotics, radiation, ablative therapy, and sur-gical excision. The PCM should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of erosions on the muco-us membrane.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 12 V 2015Accepted: 24 IX 2015