plastics ban and its recycling
TRANSCRIPT
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Submitted By:
Krutik V. Patel
Fenil Bharwad
Subject
Research Methodology
Term Paper
Plastics ban and its recycling
Submitted to:
Mr. Sreekant Iyengar
21 January 2013
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The usage of plastic bag has causes both convenience and inconvenience in our daily lives. It
causes environmental hazards as most plastic bags are not bio-degradable. Hygiene and
wastage issue are also being alarmed as plastic bag can be seen littered all across the globe.
Usage of plastic bag for hot edible items not only causes such inconveniences but it may also
cause health hazards of the consumer. Plastic bag is commonly used to pack hot edible items
in hawker stall, food court and coffee shop. The danger arises when wrong type of plastic is
being used as chemical migration between plastic and food can be maximized by temperature
and content as there is direct contact between the hot edible items and the plastic itself.
According to green marketing concept, stakeholders such as the consumer play a key role in
the environmental and health consciousness. Business owner will have to align with
consumers opinion on green issue so that their business will not be affected. Therefore, this
study is being conducted in order to understand the consumer perception based on usage of
plastic carry bag. Factors influencing the perception and practice will also be identified so
that solutions can be given to raise public awareness and minimize usage.
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INTRODUCTION
In the coming years and into the 21st century, plastics gained further importance in life. Both
consumers and industrial users expand their demand for plastics, both in terms of quantity
and quality. The coming decade is a crucial period for the plastics industry in meeting this
demand. At the same time, the rapidly increasing waste burden of plastics has to be
minimized. At present, around 50 to 60 percent of waste plastics is left uncollected or is
dumped in an uncontrolled manner on land, in rivers or in the sea. This requires intense
efforts on the part of the waste management sectors as well as the plastics recycling industry.
The recycling sector can reduce the burden of solid waste by creating a market for recovered
materials and simultaneously narrowing the gap between the demand and supply of plastic
resources.
For several years, debate has wide spread about the plastic PVC Industry and pursues a ban;
industry aims to improve its environmental performance and believes there is no reason for
taking such measures against their material.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A variety of strategy books provide useful information needed to develop a business plan
strategy for an entrant in a mature market. Robert Grant, in his book published in 2005,
Contemporary Strategy Analysis, believes that strategy is about winning. Creating a
strategy is a key factor to a business success. His book, through a theoretical and practical
approach, offers tools for identifying factors that determine the success of a business. It
provides a useful framework for an industry analysis and 8 competitive advantage analyses.Grant also offers a valuable insight into diversification strategies and organizational models.
Besanko, Dranove, Shanley and Shaefer, in their book Economics of Strategy, published in
2007, provide steps to perform an industry analysis. The five force framework will be used to
do the industry analysis. Each of the five forces will create major threats to the business
profits.
In 2005, Canada stood out as an excellent nation in the recycling industry in comparison to
the US. It was focused on having a foundation of a producer responsibility model that forces
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packagers to pay for a fair amount of municipal recycling programs, which displayed much
innovation in the sector. Ontarios government has been building more of recycling costs
into the product and requires packaging companies to pay 50 percent of the price tag to
support recycling programs in 2005 (Toloken, 2005). From a 16 percent recycling rate in
2003, five years later, Ontario has managed to raise the rate to 38 percent (Gillespie, 2008).
However, the provinces goal three years ago was to reach 60 percent (Toloken, 2005). This
has proven to be more difficult than it seemed. (BIKAW).
Final demand for plastics is growing rapidly. The domestic primary plastics industry is unable
to meet this demand, as a result of which China is highly dependent on imports of plastics. At
the same time, waste management in Chinese cities is incapable of dealing effectively with
plastics waste. This effect is exacerbated by the fact that less waste plastics are formally
recovered because government involvement is less. (Beukering, May 1999)
In China, two types of recyclers are distinguished: the ones using domestic waste plastics and
the ones using imported waste plastics. The two types have different characteristics. Labour
productivity of the importing recycler is higher due to better Quality inputs, scale of operation
as well as the higher capital intensity of production. (Beukering, May 1999)
Case Study:
Mumbais Experience with the Recycled Plastic Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
The Recycled Plastic Manufacture and Usage Rule of 1999 was the first central government
rule on plastic waste in India. It was passed to control the packaging of food products in
recycled plastics and to manage the littering problem. The objective of the Rule was
supposedly to protect human health from the risk of coloured plastic bags and to minimize
the littering problem by encouraging reuse and recycling of polybags. The Rule was based on
the recommendations of the Plastic Waste Management Task Force.
There were three main specifications in the Rule:
The use of recycled and virgin coloured polybags for non-food applications wasallowed but for packaging food items was discouraged
All carry bags of size less than 20 microns were banned The guidelines for the recycling of plastics were made mandatory
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The impact of the Recycling Rule on the city of Mumbai can be understood fully by
examining the table 4 below. The table presents the effectiveness of the Rule in handling key
issues of concern of polybags. It is pretty evident that various critical issues were not be
addressed by the Rule despite its effective enforcement. (Ministry Of Environment and
Forests, 1997)
Table: Impact of Recycling Rule in Mumbai City
Critical IssuesHas the Union legislation managed to
address the following problems
Choked Drains No
Choked Soil No
Dying Animals No
Decreased health risk to the
citizens by dyes and pigmentsNo
Improve collection and disposal of polybags No
Improve recycling practices No
Encouraging substitutes to
PolybagsNo
Increase awareness of the
Citizens
Yes to a limited extent to move
from coloured plastic bags to
colourless plastic bags
Increased reuse of the polybags
by the citizensNo
Source: Analyzing Plastic Waste Management in IndiaCase study of Polybags and PET
bottles, Narayan, P. (2001) (P, 2001)
BACKGROUND READING
Plastics are significant and make a positive contribution with regards to packaging in various
ways. Plastic bottles, plastic tubs, and plastic bags all have the potential to be recycled;
however, what can or cannot be recycled depends on the municipalities. There are people,
who are of the belief that recycling uses more energy than it saves. This was stated by a
columnist, John Tierney, who had posted in a New York Times Magazine an article stating
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that recycling is garbage. Mandatory recycling programs, he wrote, offer mainly
short-term benefits to a few groups - politicians, environmental organizations and waste
handling corporations - while diverting money from genuine social and environmental
problems. Recycling may be the most wasteful activity in modern America The
environmental groups were quick to point out the benefits of recycling, especially on the
assertions that recycling was doubling energy consumption and pollution, while costing
taxpayers more money than disposing of plain old garbage. Municipal recycling programs
they asserted do reduce pollution and the use of virgin resources, while decreasing the sheer
amount of garbage and the need for landfill space. (BIKAW)
Plastic waste is a major environmental and public health problem in India, particularly in the
urban areas. Plastic shopping or carrier bags are one of the main sources of plastic waste in
our country. Plastic bag wastes blocks drains and gutters, and are a threat to aquatic life when
they find their way to water bodies, and can cause livestock deaths when the livestock
consume them. Furthermore, when filled with rainwater, plastic bags become breeding
grounds for mosquitoes, which cause malaria. In addition, plastics take many years to
degrade and hence pose a disposal challenge.
We have become so familiar to the everywhere presence of plastic that it is difficult to
imagine life when woods and metals were the primary materials used for consumer products.
Plastic has become prevalent because it is inexpensive and it can be engineered with a wide
range of properties. Plastics are strong but lightweight, resistant when degraded by chemicals,
sunlight, and bacteria, and are thermally and electrically insulating. Plastics have become a
critical material in the modern economy; the annual volume of plastics produced exceeds that
volume of steel. The world's annual consumption of plastic materials has increased from
around 5 million tonnes in the 1950s to nearly 100 million tonnes today.
AIM / OBJECTIVES
The main research problem is to study the impact of ban on plastics on its usage, environment
and recycling industries.
The objectives of plastic recycling are summarised below:
1. To determine the type, nature and estimated volumes of waste to be generated
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2. To identify any environmental impacts from the generation of waste at the site3. To categorise waste material for disposal considerations i.e. public filling areas /
landfill.
TECHNICAL DETAILS
Plastics are organic polymeric materials consisting of giant organic molecules. Plastic
materials can be formed into shapes by one of a variety of processes, such as extrusion,
moulding, casting or spinning. Modern plastics (or polymers) possess a number of extremely
desirable characteristics; high strength to weight ratio, excellent thermal properties, electrical
insulation, resistance to acids, alkalis and solvents, etc.
These polymers are made of a series of repeating units known as monomers. The structure
and degree of polymerization of a given polymer determine its characteristics. Linear
polymers (a single linear chain of monomers) and branched polymers (linear with side
chains) are thermoplastic, which are they softening when heated. Cross-linked polymers (two
or more chains joined by side chains) are thermosetting, that is, they harden when heated.
Thermoplastics make up 80% of the plastics produced today. (Development)
polypropylene (PP) used in food containers, battery cases, bottle crates, automotiveparts and fibres
high density polyethylene (HDPE) used in piping, automotive fuel tanks, bottles,toys
low density polyethylene (LDPE) used in plastic bags, cling film, flexible; containers polyethylene terephthalate (PET) used in bottles, carpets and food packaging;
Source: (Development)
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Types of Plastics
Source: (XIV-Environment-E-Plastic recycling)
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Why recycling plastic?
In western countries, plastic consumption has grown at a tremendous rate over the
past two or three decades. In the consumer societies of Europe and America, scarce
petroleum resources are used for producing an enormous variety of plastics for an even wider
variety of products. Many of the applications are for products with a life-cycle of less than
one year and then the vast majority of these plastics are then discarded. In most instances
reclamation of this plastic waste is simply not economically practical.
In industry (the automotive industry for example) there is a growing move towards
reuse and reprocessing of plastics for economic, as well as environmental reasons, with many
examples of companies developing technologies and strategies for recycling of plastics. Not
only is plastic made from a non-renewable resource, but it is generally non-biodegradable (or
the biodegradation process is very slow). This means that plastic litter is often the most
objectionable kind of litter and will be visible for weeks or months, and waste will sit in
landfill sites for years.
Although there is also a rapid growth in plastics consumption in the developing world,
plastics consumption per capita in developing countries is much lower than in theindustrialized countries. These plastics are, however, often produced from expensive
imported raw materials. There is a much wider scope for recycling in developing countries
due to several factors
Innovative use of scrap machinery often leads to low entry costs for processing Labour costs are lower. In many countries there is an existing culture of reuse and recycling, with the associated
system of collection, sorting, cleaning and reuse of waste or used materials. Low cost raw materials give an edge in the competitive manufacturing world Transportation costs are often lower, with hand or ox carts often being used
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Plastics Recycling Process (Plastics Recycling)
The recycling of plastics is carried out in a five step process.
Step 1- Plastics collection
This is done through roadside collections, special recycling bins and directly from industries
that use a lot of plastic.
Step 2 - Manual sorting
At this stage nails and stones are removed, and the plastic is sorted into three types: PET,
HDPE and 'other'.
Step 3 - Chipping
The sorted plastic is cut into small pieces ready to be melted down.
Step 4 - Washing
This stage removes contaminants such as paper labels, dirt and remnants of the product
originally contained in the plastic.
Step 5 - Pelleting
The plastic is then melted down and extruded into small pellets ready for reuse.
LAW Source: (Forests, 2011)
In exercise of the powers conferred under Rule 4(b) of The Plastic Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules 2011, framed under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Municipality
shall act as Prescribed Authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating to
the use, collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of the plastic waste, under his
jurisdiction and following the Rules the Bye-Laws are as follows:
1. During the course of manufacture, stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags and
sachets, the following conditions shall be fulfilled, namely:-
(a) Carry bags shall either be in natural shade (Colourless) which is without any added
pigments or made using only those pigments and colourants which are in conformity with
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Indian standard: IS : 9833: 1981 titled as List of pigments and colourants for use in plastics in
contact with foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water, as amended from time to time.
(b) No person shall use carry bags made of recycled plastics or compostable plastics for
storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging food stuffs;
(c) No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell any carry bag made of virgin or
recycled or compostable plastic, which is less than 40 microns in thickness.
(d) Sachets using plastic material shall not be used for storing, packing or selling gutkha,
tobacco and pan masala;
(e) Recycled carry bags shall conform to the Indian standard IS 14534:1998 titled as
Guidelines for Recycling of Plastic, as amended from time to time;
(f) Carry bags made from compostable plastics shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS/ISO
17088:2008 titled as specifications for Compostable plastics, as amended from time to time;
(g) Plastic material, in any form, shall not be used in any package for packing gutkha, pan
masala and tobacco in all forms.
3. In respect of Marking or Labelling it shall be ensured that: -
(a) each plastic carry bag and multilayered plastic pouch or sachet shall have the following
information printed in English or in local language, namely:-
(i) Name, registration number of manufacturer and thickness in case of carry bag.
(b) each recycled carry bag shall bear a label or a mark recycled and shall conform to theIndian Standard : IS 14534: 1998 titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics , as amended
from time to time;
4. For the purpose of Registration of Manufacturers and Recyclers it shall be ensured that: -
(a) any person recycling or proposing to recycle carry bags or multilayered plastic pouch or
sachet or any plastic waste shall apply to the SPCB or PCC for grant of registration or
renewal of registration for the recycling unit using Form 2 appended to these rules;
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(b) no person shall manufacture plastic carry bags, multilayered plastic pouch or sachet or
recycle plastic carry bags or multilayered plastic pouch or sachet or any plastic waste without
obtaining registration certificate from the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee, as the case may be, prior to the commencement of its production;
5. Besides no carry bag shall be made available free of cost by retailers to consumers. The
minimum price for carry bags depending upon their quality and size which covers their
material and waste management costs in order to encourage their re-use so as to minimize
plastic waste generation. The price of the carry bag shall not be less than Re. 1.00 which shall
be realized from the customers.
6. For effective control of use of unauthorized carry bags, Pollution Cost will be realized inthe following manner as notified in Notification No. EN/355/1C-03/2008 dt. 18.02.2008
issued by Principal Secretary to the Government of West Bengal, Dept. of Environment and
Chairman, State Plastic Management Committee, this municipality shall realize the cost as
follows: -
a. In respect of shop owners Rs. 500.00
b. In respect of users Rs. 50.00
9. As per Section 340(f) of The West Bengal Municipal Act 1993 no person shall use sale
and distribute plastic within this municipal area or throw in public streets and tanks, whether
private or public and defile water of public and private tanks.
Source: (Forests, 2011)
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DATA INTERPRETATION
Customers Questionnaire responses
2. Why do you prefer to use the plastic product(s) especially plastic carry bags?
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Of the all respondents, the largest proportion of them (68%) used plastic bags in high
frequency as compared to others. These results revealed that majority of the respondents in
each category use plastic bags in their daily life. The results also indicated that usage of
plastic bags is high among residents.
Of all respondents, only 16%, 10% of them used burying and burning, respectively, as
means of post-use disposal of plastic bags. Most of these respondents 61% used open
dumping. It is a fact that burning can help to get rid of plastic bag wastes or to reduce the
volumes of these wastes in the environment. However, this burning should not be encouraged
for several reasons such as greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change and
release of toxic organic compounds into the environment that cause different health
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risks, such as respiratory health problems. Thus, the public should be educated or informed
regarding the impact of burning of plastic bag wastes. Burying was mentioned as one of the
commonly used disposal practice for disposing of plastic bag wastes. However, this method
should not be considered as an alternative means to avoid problems associated with plastic
bags. This is because the plastic wastes have potentials to leach their chemical
components and toxins into soil and water sources, which can be passed to humans,
resulting in serious health hazards.
Retailers Questionnaire responses
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ALTERNATIVES
Some states in India have introduced incremental regulations toward the control of plastic
bags. Himachal Pradesh, for example, banned bags made of non-biodegradable material of
thickness less than 70 microns and size less than 18 X 12 inches in 2003. Violations carry
fines of up to INR 100,000 or seven years in jail. Similarly, the states of Maharashtra, Punjab,
Kerala, Meghalaya and Goa have also prescribed norms regarding the thickness of plastic
bags varying between 30 and 50 microns. The Government of West Bengal has banned the
manufacture, use, storage and sale of plastic bags of thickness below 40 microns and size
lower than16 X 12 inches. The governments of Gujarat, Orissa and Goa have banned the use
of plastic bags in certain religious and tourist areas such as Ambaji, Dakor and Somnath in
Gujarat, the municipal area of Puri and Konark in Orissa, and the beaches in Goa.
More recently, Chandigarh in 2008, Rajasthan in 2010 and Haryana in 2011 have imposed a
complete ban on plastic bag use. Faced with a ban, shops in these states have responded
mainly in two ways. The sellers of high-value goods such as garments and electronics have
started providing their customers fiber-cloth bags free of charge. Those selling lower value
goods such as grocery stores have started a deposit-refund system where customers deposit
some amount for a cloth bag, which is refunded when they return the cloth bag. Some shops
are also offering 1% cash subsidies (on the value of purchases) for consumers using their own
bags.
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The Delhi High Court in August 2008 directed the state to raise the minimum thickness of
plastic carrier bags from 20 to 40 microns. Somewhat surprisingly, the Delhi State
government not only passed legislation to this effect fairly quickly but, in January 2009,
ordered a complete ban on the use of all plastic bags within market areas. De jure, anyone
found guilty of breaking the ban faces a maximum penalty of one hundred thousand rupees,
or five years imprisonment, or both. (Gupta, 2011)
Reusable Bags: A bag with handles that is specifically designed and manufacturedfor multiple reuse
Recyclable paper carry bags Cotton bags Jute bags
CONCLUSION
The use of plastic today is widespread and it minimizes the use of wood, metals etc., thus
reducing the stress on natural resources. If plastics are not used with carefulness, it causes
considerable environmental problems such as pollution and impacts on health and aesthetics.The management of plastic waste is difficult but an achievable possibility provided we
simplify the collection and separation of plastics from other waste materials and subject it to
recycling as far as possible. Along with this, considerable awareness has to be created to
reuse the plastic materials as far as possible, reduce its use wherever possible and replace it
with alternative materials such as clothes, jutes, paper etc.
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REFERENCES
Beukering, P. v. (May 1999).Plastics Recycling in China. China: Institute for Environmental
Studies.
BIKAW, J. R.PLASTIC RECYCLING : IS IT WORTH IT ? . ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY.
Development, T. S. (n.d.). RECYCLING PLASTICS.
Forests, M. o. (2011, February 4). Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) (Amendment)
Rules, 2011. New Delhi, New Delhi, India: Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Gupta, K. (2011). Consumer Responses to Incentives to Reduce Plastic Bag Use: Evidence
from a Field Experiment in Urban India. Kathmandu, Nepal: South Asian Network for
Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE).
Ministry Of Environment and Forests, G. o. (1997). The Report of the National Plastic Waste
Management Task Force.
P, N. (2001).Analzing Plastic Waste Management in India.
Plastics Recycling. (n.d.).XIV-Environment-E-Plastic recycling.
XIV-Environment-E-Plastic recycling. (n.d.).
http://www.cwc.org/plastic/pl991rpt.pdfwww.cleanerproduction.net
Plastics Recycling Primer
http://www.cwc.org/plastic/pl991rpt.pdfhttp://www.cwc.org/plastic/pl991rpt.pdfhttp://www.cwc.org/plastic/pl991rpt.pdf -
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Customers Questionnaire on Plastic ban and its usage
Profiles of respondents
Name:_____________________________________________
Sex: Male ____ Female _____
Age: 40 years_____
Educational background
Illiterate ____ Primary education_____ Higher School education______ Graduation_______
Occupation: Student ______ Government employee ________Private business _________
Others (Please, specify) _______
1. Do you ask for plastic carry bags while shopping?Yes_______ No_______
2. How much you are willing to pay for plastic carry bags if they are charged?1 Rs. _______ 2 Rs.___________ 3 Rs.___________ 4 Rs.__________
3. Why do you prefer to use the plastic product(s) especially plastic carry bags?They are cheap _____ They are light in weight _____ They are easily available ____
Lack of alternative materials _______ Others (Please, specify) ___
4. How you do dispose the plastic bag waste of the plastic materials?Open dumping _________Burying __________ Burning _______ __
Others (Please, specify) ____
5. Do you think that plastic carry bag wastes cause problems?Yes _______ No _______ No idea ___________
6. Have you heard environmental impacts of plastic carry bag wastes on environment?
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Yes _______ No _______ No idea ___________
7. Should plastic bags have a reminder to reuse or recycle printed on them?Yes_______ No_______
8. Do you use in-store recycling bins for plastic bags?Yes_______ No_______
9. Should stores offer take back programs for plastic bags?Yes_______ No_______
10.Should municipalities be required to provide depot or collection services for plasticbags?
Yes_______ No_______
11.According to your opinion, should the utilization of plastic bags be continued ordiscontinued?
Should be continued ___________ Should be discontinued __________________
12.If your answer in question number 10 is should be discontinued, who is responsibleto do so?
Municipality _______ NGOs __________ Government ______ Environmental
agencies ___________The community itself _________Others (Please, specify)
___________________
13.If you say plastic bags should not be used, what alternatives can be used?Paper bags ___________ Fiber bags _________ ___________ Others (Please,
specify)
__________________
14.Additional comments (if any)________________________________________
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Retailers Questionnaire on Plastic ban and its usage
Profile of respondents
Name:_____________________________________________
Sex: Male ____ Female _____
Age: 40 years______
Educational background
Illiterate ____ Primary education_____ Higher School education______ Graduation_______
Occupation: Grocery shop________ Tea stall _________
Eatery lorry ________ others (Please, specify) _______
1. Are you giving plastic carry bags to customers?Yes_______ No_______
2. Why do you prefer to use the plastic product(s) especially plastic carry bags?They are cheap ____ They are light in weight _____ They are easily available ______
Lack of alternative materials _______ others (Please, specify) ______
3. Are you giving them plastic carry bags on single purchase of product?Yes_______ No_______
4.
Are you charging for the plastic carry bag?Yes_______ No_______
5. If yes, then how much?1 Rs.______ 2 Rs.______ others (Please, specify) _______
6. Do you think that plastic carry bag wastes cause problems?Yes _______ No _______ No idea ___________
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7. Have you heard environmental impacts of plastic carry bag wastes on environment?Yes _______ No _______ No idea ___________
8. Do you about ban by government on plastic carry bags?Yes _______ No _______ No idea ___________
9. According to your opinion, should the utilization of plastic carry bags be continued ordiscontinued?
Should be continued ___________ Should be discontinued __________________
10.If your answer in question number 9 is should be discontinued, who is responsibleto do so?
Municipality _______ NGOs __________ Government _________ Environmental
agencies __________ The community itself _______
Others (Please, specify) ___________________
11.If you say plastic carry bags should not be used, what alternatives can be used?Paper bags ___________ Fiber bags _________ Cloth bags ___________
Others (Please, specify)__________
12.Additional comments (if any) ________________________________________