plate tectonics a summary review geol 1033 lecture ppt file 103-19) (lesson 21)
TRANSCRIPT
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PLATE TECTONICS
A Summary & ReviewGEOL 1033
Lecture ppt file 103-19)(Lesson 21)
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PANGAEA - about 250 Ma ago• CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY:• Wegener, 1915
• Pangaea:
– Laurasia
– Gondwanaland
• evidence:
– geographic fits, similar rocks, similar ages, similar structures, similar fossils, similar climates, similar ancient
environments
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Bullard's STATISTICAL CONTINENTAL FIT
• 95% fit is excellent
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basins
structures
ages
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DISTRIBUTION OF CONTINENTAL FOSSILS• Glossopteris flora of southern hemisphere• Reptile fossils of the southern hemisphere
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ANCIENT GLACIATIONS• Glacial deposits of southern hemisphere match
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WEGENER'S BREAKUP OF PANGAEA• Pangaea began to rift & drift apart about 200 Ma ago
Note India
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OCEANOGRAPHY of 1960’s• supported continental
evidence for drift theory:– Seafloor topography
– Deep-sea sediments
– Micropaleontology
– Paleooceanography
– Seafloor spreading
– Plate tectonics
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MODEL OF THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC• Seafloor topography became much better understood
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PALEOMAGNETISM OF THE OCEAN BASINS• Interpretation of magnetic polar reversals:
– Confirms seafloor spreading– Dates ocean basins
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TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES DISCOVERED
Active:British ColumbiaSouthern California
(Passive: Southern Margin of Grand Banks)
Leading edge continental margins
In addition to divergent and convergent zones.
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UNDERSTANDING OF THE TRENCH REGIONS OF THE WORLD
• Leading Edge Continental Margins
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Deep-Sea Trenches & their plate tectonic significance• Subduction zones
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OVERVIEW OF PLATE TECTONIC PROCESSES
• Converging zone Diverging zone
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Transform faults offseting oceanic ridge axis
oceanic ridge Diverging Zone
“ocean to ocean” Converging Zone
“ocean to continent” Converging Zone
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DRIVING MECHANISM for PLATE TECTONICS is THERMAL CONVECTION in EARTH'S INTERIOR
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FORMATION OF SEAMOUNTS & TABLEMOUNTS• Thermal contraction of lithosphere once seafloor
spreads away from heat source results in subsidence of older seafloor far from spreading ridge
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SUBSIDENCE OF SEAFLOOR WITH AGE• Topographic data plotted with theoretical models
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BASAL SEDIMENT AGES• Base of sediments above basalt increase in age away
from spreading ridge• Core studies confirmed seafloor spreading
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FUTURE OF SOUTH ATLANTIC• South America & Africa will continue to separate
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LITHOSPHERIC PLATE BOUNDARIES• 1) Spreading centers (=divergence zones)
– Ridges & rises of ocean floors– Shallow earthquakes– Volcanism– New lithosphere formation– 2 kinds: Oceanic & continental
• 2) Transform faults– Lateral translation & shear– Two kinds: active & passive– Some volcanism (active vs. passive)– Shallow earthquakes (active vs. passive)
• 3) Converging zones– Shallow to deep earthquakes– Subduction & trenches– Volcanism & magmatic arcs (volcanic island arcs & volcanic mountain belts)– Mountain-building– Metamorphism– Plate collisions (3 kinds)
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2 KINDS OF Diverging Zones
• Oceanic– New
• Gulf of Aden• Red Sea rift• Gulf of California
– Mature• Mid-Atlantic Ridge• East pacific rise• Juan de Fuca Ridge• Carlsburg Ridge
• Continental– East African Rift Valley system– Mesozoic (Triassic-Jurassic) basins of eastern North America
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3 KINDS OF PLATE COLLISIONS
• 3 kinds of lithospheric plate collisions– a) Oceanic to oceanic (western Pacific examples)– b) Oceanic to continental (eastern Pacific examples)– c) Continental to continental (India colliding with southern Asia)
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PLATE TECTONIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINENTAL MARGINS
• 1) TRAILING EDGE = divergent = passive = aseismic = Atlantic
• 2) LEADING EDGE = convergent = active = seismic = Pacific
• 3) TRANSFORM FAULT = translational– Occur along:
• trailing edge continental margins and • leading edge continental margins
– There are two kinds:• active• passive
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Leading Edge Continental MarginTrailing Edge Continental Margin
“head”“tail”
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DISTRIBUTION OF PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS
Trailing Edge Continental Margins
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FEATURES OF PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS
sediments
sediments
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Eastern North America is atrailing edge continental margin
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WESTERN CANADA HAS A COLLISION/TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
Northern British Columbia:Active transform fault
Southern British Columbia: Leading edge continental margin
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READING ASSIGNMENTS - Revised 26 Oct., 2003• 7th Edition, 2003, Sverdrup & others, pages correspond to lesson topics in the Study Guide:
– Lesson 1 page 2– Lesson 2 p. 29-38, 45-51– Lesson 8 p. 54-59 (Q7 assigned)– Lesson 3 p. 38-42 (E3 assigned)– Lesson 4 p. 2-21, 24-26 (Q3 assigned)– Lesson 5 p. 40-45; 3(bottom+fig)-4(fig); 259(bottom)-260(top) (Q4 assigned)– Lesson 6 p. 42-45, 87-89, 364(gases)– Lesson 7 p. 99-101(top),108-109,143-144(sound),120(bottom)-124 (Q6 assigned)– Lesson 9 p. 62-63, 101(bathymetry)-112(fig)– Lesson 10 p. “ “ “ “ – Lesson 11 p. “ “ “ “ (Q9 assigned)– Lesson 12 p. “ “ “ “ , 107(fig+bottom)-110(top), 464-465– Lesson 13 p. “ “ “ “– Lesson 14 p. 112(sediments)-127 (Q11 assigned)– Lesson 15 p. 393-413– Lesson 37 p. 393-413, 374-379 (Q27 assigned)– Lesson 16 p. 53-61, 65 (E9 assigned)– Lesson 17 p. 64(fig), 66, 73-75, 127(Min Dep), 87, 90-96, 468-469– Lesson 18 p. 71-79, 81(hot spots)-83– Lesson 19 p. 64-71– Lesson 20 “ “ “– Lesson 21 p. 83-86, 95-96 (Q13 assigned)
• 6th edition, (2000), or 5th edition, (1997) may be used. Ask for handout for pages to be studied.
Tes
t #1
Tes
t #2