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PLATE TECTONICS Chapters 7, 8, & 9 Test 2 material End

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LEGEND AZTEC INDIANS OF MEXICO SACRIFICED HUMANS TO KEEP AWAY EARTHQUAKES AND TO KEEP SUN ALIVE BY CUTTING OUT THE HEARTS OF THEIR VICTIMS AND THROWING THEM INTO VOLCANO

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LEGEND IN WESTERN AFRICA THOUGHT THE JUNGLE WAS THE HAIR OF A GIANT. ALL LIVING THINGS THAT CREPT OR CRAWLED IN THE JUNGLE WERE LIKE LICE IN THE GIANTS HAIR. EARTHQUAKES WERE EXPLAINED AS THE GIANT SHAKING HIS HEAD TO GET RID OF THE LICE

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LEGEND IN POLYNESIA TWO GODDESSES WERE FIGHTING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE PACIFIC. WHEREVER AN EARTHQUAKE OR VOLCANO OCCURRED, THIS WAS A BATTLE SITE. WHEN A GODDESS WAS SPURNED BY A LOVER SHE THREW A TANTRUM AND LAVA FLOWED

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LEGEND VULCAN WAS THE ROMAN GOD WHO HAD A FORGE AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH TO MAKE WEAPONS FOR THE GODS. WHENEVER HIS FORGE WAS WORKING LAVA SPEWED FORTH AT THE SURFACE.

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LEGEND IN ICELAND VIKING LEGEND TALKS OF ODIN & FRIGGA AND THEIR BELOVED SON BALDER. THE GOD OF MISCHIEF, LOKI, CONSPIRED TO HAVE BALDER KILLED.

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FAMOUS VOLCANOES IN HISTORY MOUNT VESUVIUS MOUNT PELEE - WITH GLOWING CLOUD (NUEE ARDENTE) PARICUTIN KRAKATOA

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VESUVIUS

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MT PELEE

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PARICUTIN

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Volcanoes Birth of Paricutin

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FAMOUS EARTHQUAKES GREAT ALASKA QUAKE OF 1964 GREAT CHINA QUAKE NEW MADRID QUAKES OF 1811-1812 MISSISSIPPI RIVER STOOD UP ON END CHURCH BELLS RANG IN BOSTON http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y- 62Ti5_6s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y- 62Ti5_6s Pakistan quake of 2006

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DR. IBEN BROWNING 1990 PREDICTED A 50% CHANCE OF EARTHQUAKE OF 6.5 - 7.5 IN NEW MADRID BETWEEN DEC. 1-5, 1990 CLAIMED A GREAT TIDAL STRAIN WOULD ALSO STRAIN THE SUBSURFACE RECEIVED NOTORIETY FOR PREDICTING SF QUAKE OF 1989

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ARGUMENTS AGAINST DR. BROWNINGS THEORY NO FIRM SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR HIS THEORY WAS A BIOLOGIST SPECIALIZING IN CLIMATOLOGY AND WAS NOT A GEOLOGIST OR SEISMOLOGIST ERRONOUS CLAIM TO FAME FOR PREDICTING SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE OF 1989

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TRANSCRIPTS REVEALED BROWNING PREDICTED AN EARTHQUAKE OF 6.0+ WOULD OCCUR SOMETIME ON OR AROUND OCT 16TH (ACTUAL QUAKE WAS 17TH) SOMEWHERE IN WORLD. THESE QUAKES HAPPEN EVERY 3 DAYS SO NOT MUCH OF A FORECAST

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THE ONLY GEOLOGIST IN THE NATION SUPPORTING HIM HAD SHAKEY REPUTATION. HAD FLOWN OVER THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA USING A PSYCHIC TRYING TO LOCATE AREAS WHERE AN EARTHQUAKE WOULD STRIKE

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ALFRED WEGENER THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT & PLATE TECTONICS PANGAEA LAURASIA GONDWANA GLOSSOPTERIS

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WHAT WAS EFFECT OF CONTINENTAL MOVEMENT? NEW CLIMATES ALONG COASTS NEW MOUNTAIN RANGES NEW DESERTS DRIFTING OF THE POLES PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE SIMILARITIES IN AREAS ONCE UNITED

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SEA FLOOR SPREADING WEGENERS HYPOTHESIS WAS NOT READILY ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT FAILED TO PROVIDE MECHANISM FOR MOVEMENT ARTHUR HOLMES, GEOLOGIST THOUGHT THE SEA FLOORS WERE DRAGGING ALONG THE CONTINENTS WHICH RESTED ON TOP OF THEM

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Seafloor spreading

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THOUGHT CONVECTION PROCESS BEGAN BELOW EARTHS SURFACE WHICH PUSHED MATERIAL UPWARD TO FORM RIDGE SYSTEMS ON OCEAN FLOOR. MATERIAL WIDENS THE OCEANS BY 1 OR 2 INCHES PER YEAR

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WHAT DID HOLMES FIND ON OCEANIC RIDGES? EQUAL DISTANCE EQUAL AGE EQUAL THICKNESS EQUAL MAGNETIC DIRECTION WHAT DOES THIS SUGGEST?

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PLATE BOUNDARIES DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM

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DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES FOUND NEAR SPREADING CENTERS & AT THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE SYSTEMS RIFT VALLEYS GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA

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divergent

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Rift valley

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East africa rift

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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES OCEAN & CONTINENT OCEAN & OCEAN CONTINENT & CONTINENT

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convergent

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Continent to continent

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Ocean to ocean

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TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES SAN ANDREAS FAULT MOVING TO NORTH/NORTHWEST AT A RATE OF 35 MILLIMETERS PER YEAR

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transform

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EARTHQUAKE VIBRATION OF THE EARTH PRODUCED BY THE RAPID RELEASE OF ENERGY ALONG FAULTS THIS ENERGY RADIATES OUTWARD FROM THE SOURCE OF THE QUAKE KNOWN AS THE FOCUS

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focus

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Elastic rebound

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EPICENTER THE AREA ON THE EARTHS SURFACE IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE FOCUS IT IS NOT THE SOURCE OF THE QUAKE

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FAULTS PRODUCED BY THE NEVER ENDING MOVEMENT OF THE EARTHS CRUST FIND FAULTS AND EARTHQUAKES NEAR PLATE BOUNDARIES

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OTHER QUAKES FORESHOCKS - QUAKES THAT PRECEDE THE MAIN EARTHQUAKE AFTERSHOCKS - QUAKES THAT FOLLOW THE MAIN EARTHQUAKE

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EARTHQUAKE RECORDINGS SEISMOLOGY SEISMOGRAPH SEISMOGRAM RICHTER SCALE - LOGARITHMIC SCALE USED TO MEASURE THE ENERGY AND THE WAVE AMPLITUDE OF THE EARTHQUAKE

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seismograph

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seismogram

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. ONE MILLION EARTHQUAKES OCCUR EVERY YEAR 6.0 OCCURS EVERY THREE DAYS ABOVE 8.0 ONCE EVERY 5/10 YEARS BELOW 2.5 ARE NOT FELT BUT CAN BE MEASURED

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RICHTER SCALE INCREMENTS AN INCREASE OF 1.0 = A 10 TIMES INCREASE IN WAVE AMPLITUDE AND A 31.5 TIMES INCREASE IN ENERGY AN INCREASE OF 2.0 = A 100 TIMES INCREASE IN AMPLITUDE AND A 992.25 INCREASE IN ENERGY (31.5 X 31.5)

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EARTHQUAKE WAVES SURFACE WAVES - TRAVEL ALONG EARTHS OUTER LAYER BODY WAVES - TRAVEL THROUGH EARTHS INTERIOR PRIMARY WAVES [P WAVES] - COMPRESS & EXPAND ROCKS IN THE DIRECTION WAVE TRAVELS SECONDARY WAVES [S WAVES] - SHAKE THE PARTICLES AT RIGHT ANGLES TO DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

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pwave

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swave

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FINDING EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS P WAVES ARRIVE AHEAD OF S WAVES. THE GREATER THE DISTANCE AWAY FROM EPICENTER THE LONGER THE TIME SPAN FROM P WAVE TO S WAVE. USE TRAVEL TIME GRAPHS FROM 3 OR MORE DIFFERENT STATIONS [TRIANGULATION] & THE INTERSECTING POINT IS THE EPICENTER

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Finding epi

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Epi circles

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MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE ASSESSES DAMAGE FROM A QUAKE AT A SPECIFIC LOCATION I - NOT FELT II - FELT ONLY ON UPPER FLOORS VI - HEAVY FURNITURE MOVED X - MOST FRAME STRUCTURES DESTROYED XII - DAMAGE TOTAL

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PRECURSORS PHENOMENA THAT PRECEDE & THUS PROVIDE A WARNING OF A FORTHCOMING EARTHQUAKE UPLIFT, SUBSIDENCE, AND STRAIN IN THE ROCKS NEAR ACTIVE FAULTS PECULIAR BEHAVIOR

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EARTHS INTERIOR STRUCTURE CORE - SOLID INNER MADE UP OF IRON AND LIQUID OUTER CORE MANTLE - LOWER IS A MIXTURE OF IRON, MAGNESIUM, AND SILICATES. UPPER MANTLE IS RIGID. UPPERMOST MANTLE IS WHERE THE LITHOSPHERE BEGINS CRUST - SOLID EARTH SURFACE

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Earth structure

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MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY [MOHO] THE BOUNDARY SEPARATING THE CRUST FROM THE MANTLE, DISCERNIBLE BY AN INCREASE IN SEISMIC VELOCITY

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LITHOSPHERE THE OUTERMOST RIGID UNIT [CRUST & UPPERMOST MANTLE] OF THE EARTH AVERAGING ABOUT 100 KILOMETERS [62 MILES] IN THICKNESS. THICKER OVER THE CONTINENTS & THINNER OVER THE OCEAN BASINS

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ASTHENOSPHERE BENEATH THE LITHOSPHERE TO A DEPTH OF ABOUT 660 KILOMETERS [410 MILES]. TOP PART HAS MELTED ALLOWING LITHOSPHERE TO EFFECTIVELY DETACH FROM THE ASTHENOSPHERE BELOW IMPORTANT FOR PLATE TECTONICS THEORY

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asthenosphere

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CRUSTAL DEFORMATION FOLDING - THE COMPRESSION OF ROCK SYNCLINES ARE DOWNFOLDS OF ROCK ANTICLINES ARE UPFOLDS OF ROCK

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folding

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FAULTING FRACTURES IN ROCK INVOLVING DISPLACEMENT OF ROCK ON ONE SIDE WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHER A JOINT IS A FRACTURE WITHOUT DISPLACEMENT

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NORMAL FAULT STRESSES PULL CRUSTAL ROCK APART CREATING MORE HORIZONTAL SPACE

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Normal fault

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REVERSE FAULT ONE BLOCK RIDING OVER THE OTHER COMPRESSING IT INTO SMALLER HORIZONTAL SPACE

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Reverse fault

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STRIKE SLIP FAULT HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT SUCH AS IN A TRANSFORM FAULT

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Strike slip

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CRUSTAL DEFORMATION FEATURES GRABEN - SUNKEN BLOCKS BETWEEN USUALLY PARALLEL NORMAL FAULTS AS IN A RIFT VALLEY HORST - A BLOCK RAISED BETWEEN REVERSE FAULTS

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Graben and horst

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HORST

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GRABEN

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VOLCANOES LAVA MAGMA PYROCLASTICS LAPILLI - WALNUT- SIZED CINDERS - PEA- SIZED BLOCK

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LAPILLI

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FACTORS DETERMINING TYPE OF ERUPTION MAGMAS COMPOSITION TEMPERATURE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED GASES THESE FACTORS AFFECT THE MAGMAS VISCOSITY OR THICKNESS. MORE VISCOUS LAVA EQUALS MORE VIOLENT ERUPTION

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WHERE DO WE FIND VOLCANOES? SUBDUCTION BOUNDARIES SEA FLOOR SPREADING CENTERS HOT SPOTS LOIHI

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loihi

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TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS EFFUSIVE ERRUPTIONS ARE GENTLE USUALLY CONSISTING OF LAVA. THEY PRODUCE SHIELD VOLCANOES WHICH ARE VERY BROAD GENTLY SLOPING CRATERS SUCH AS WE HAVE IN HAWAII

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Shield volcano

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. EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS CAN PRODUCE TWO TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES. IF THE MATERIAL IS SOLELY PYROCLASTICS, A CINDER CONE IS PRODUCED. THIS IS A SMALL STEEPLY SLOPED CRATER

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Cinder cone

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IF THE ERUPTION ALTERNATES BETWEEN PRODUCING LAVA AND PYROCLASTICS, A COMPOSITE CONE OR STRATO VOLCANO IS PRODUCED. IN THESE THERE ARE ALTERNATING LAYERS OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC

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Composite cone

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LAVA TYPES PAHOEHOE - HOTTEST (2000 DEGREES F) AND HAS SMOOTH AND ROPEY TEXTURE AA - COOLER (1800 DEGREES F) AND IS JAGGED AND BLOCKY CLINKERS - 1600 DEGREES F, GETS ITS NAME FROM ITS SOUND

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pahoehoe

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aa

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VOLCANIC FEATURES CALDERA (KETTLE) - BASIN SHAPED DEPRESSION - VALLE GRANDE IN NEW MEXICO OR CRATER LAKE, OREGON PACIFIC RING OF FIRE NUEE ARDENTE MT PELEE

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Valle grande

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.

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PLUG DOMES VOLCANIC NECKS - SHIPROCK, NM DIKE RIDGE SILL LACCOLITH - A MASSIVE IGNEOUS BODY INTRUDED BETWEEN PRE-EXISTING STRATA BATHOLITH EROSION EXPOSED MASS LAHAR - MUDFLOWS

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IGNEOUS LANDFORMS

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Plug dome

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Ship rock

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SILL

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batholith

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TEST 2 REVIEW How will you do?

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Fossils can be all but which of the following? A. Indirect Evidence B. Actual Remains C. Sedimentation D. Imprint Correct Response C. Sedimentation

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2. Which statement is true about the Earths crust? A. Continental rocks are heavier than ocean rocks B. Granite is a type of ocean rock C. Basalt is heavier than Granite D. Continental rocks are called sima Correct response C. basalt is heavier than granite

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3. Smaller-sized crystals are found in what type of rock? A. Intrusive B. Extrusive C. Silicates D. None of these Correct response B. extrusive

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4. Before it was a gneiss rock what was it? A. marble B. sandstone C. mica D. granite Correct response? D. granite

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5. The San Andreas fault is what type of boundary? A. divergent B. convergent C. transform D. Spreading center Correct response? C. transform

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6. Pahoehoe is? A. a jagged and blocky type of lava B. cooler than aa C. smooth and ropey textured lava D. the name of the new Hawaiian Island Correct response C. smooth and ropey textured lava

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7. Valle Grande & Crater Lake are examples of: A. calderas B. plug domes C. dike ridges D. laccoliths Correct response? A. calderas

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8. Iben Browning was famous for? A. his work in plate tectonics B. his work as a seismologist C. his faulty New Madrid prediction D. A & B are true Correct response? C. his faulty NM prediction

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POSITIVE ASPECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY PRODUCES EXCELLENT AGRICULTURAL SOILS HELPS TO FORM METALLIC ORES PRODUCES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ADDS GASES TO OUR ATMOSPHERE ADDS CONDENSATION SURFACES