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Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & Biogeography

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Plate Tectonics,

Galapagos &

Biogeography

Continental Drift

Define….

Alfred Wegener

Page 4: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Pangaea: 250 million yrs ago

Page 5: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 6: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Harry Hess

RidgesTrenches

Page 7: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Sea Floor Spreading & Subduction

Plate Tectonics

Define…

Lithosphere

Theory of massive crustal

rearrangement based on

the movement of continent-

sized lithospheric plates.

Page 9: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 10: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Plate Boundaries

• Divergent Boundaries

• Convergent Boundaries

• Transform Boundaries

Page 11: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Divergent Boundaries

Page 12: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Convergent Boundaries:

oceanic – continental

Nazca

Plate

South

American

Plate

Andes Mts

Page 15: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Convergent Boundaries:

oceanic – oceanic

Page 16: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Aleutian Islands

Pacific

Plate

North

American

Plate

Convergent Boundaries:

continental - continental

Page 18: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 19: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Transform Boundaries

Hot Spots – Mantle Plumes

Define….

Page 23: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Location of Hot Spots

Page 24: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Hawaii…On Plate Boundary?

Page 25: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 26: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Hot SpotPlate

Movement

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minsurface/1350/45N180W.jpg

Page 27: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Galapagos – Hot Spot

Page 28: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Hot SpotPlate

Movement Espaňola

Oldest Galapagos Island

rock is 3.25 million yrs old

Moving Southeast 7cm a yr

Oldest islands believed

to be no more than 5

million years old

Oldest rock on

Fernandina and Isabela

< 700,000 yrs old

Page 29: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 30: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Cocos Ridge produced by

hot spot > 5 mil yrs ago,

when spreading center was

over hot spot.

Carnegie Ridge

seamounts produced

by hot spot

Page 31: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 32: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

600 mi. from Mainland

Page 33: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Is it Wet or Dry Here?

Page 34: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Page 35: Plate Tectonics, Galapagos & BiogeographyPlate Tectonics Define… Lithosphere Theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates

Endemic- Found only in a

particular location

Indigenous or Native – Present

only by natural processes

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