plate tectonics1 the earths’ interior plate tectonics2 earth facts
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Plate Tectonics 1
The Earths’ Interior
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Plate Tectonics 2
Earth Facts
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Plate Tectonics 3
Happy the man whose lot it is to knowthe secrets of the earth. He hastens not
to work his fellows' hurt by unjust deeds,but with rapt admiration contemplateimmortal Nature's ageless harmony,
and how and when her order came to be.Such spirits have no place for thoughts of
shame.- Euripides (484-406 B.C.)
Don’t copy this slide
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Plate Tectonics 4
Inside the Earth
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Plate Tectonics 5
Crust
• The exterior portion of the earth
• Lies above the Moho discontinuity
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Plate Tectonics 6
Crust• 3 types of solid rock – igneous,
sedimentary, & metamorphic• Oxygen & silicon• Oceanic crust 8 km thick: basalt• Continental crust 32km thick:
granite & basalt
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Plate Tectonics 7
Elements in the Crust• Oxygen 46.6% • Silicon 27.72% • Aluminum 8.13% • Iron 5.00% • Calcium 3.63% • Sodium 2.83% • Potassium 2.59% • Magnesium 2.09% • Titanium 0.40%
• Hydrogen 0.14%
Don’t Copy
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Plate Tectonics 8
Mantle• Layer between
the crust and the core
• Silicon, oxygen, iron & magnesium
• 870°-2200°c• 2900 km thick
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Plate Tectonics 9
Lithosphere
• Thin outer shell of the earth
• Consisting of the crust and the rigid upper mantle
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Plate Tectonics 10
Lithosphere
• Rigid layer• Broken up
into 7 major lithospheric plates
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Plate Tectonics 11
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Plate Tectonics 12
Asthenosphere
• Zone of the mantle beneath the lithosphere
• Consists of slowly flowing solid rock
• Plasticity: when solid rock flows
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Plate Tectonics 13
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Plate Tectonics 14
Moho
• The Mohorovicic discontinuity• Croatian scientist found
increased speed of seismic waves
• Boundary between the mantle and the earth’s crust
• Reveals increase in density
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Plate Tectonics 15
Seismic Waves
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Plate Tectonics 16
Shadow Zones
• Location on the earth’s surface where no seismic waves or only P waves can be detected.
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Plate Tectonics 17
Core• Central portion of earth• Below the mantle• Depth of about 2,900 kilometers
(1,800 miles)• Consisting of iron and nickel• Liquid outer core and a solid
inner core
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Plate Tectonics 18
Magnetosphere
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Plate Tectonics 19
Magnetosphere
• Region of space that is affected by the Earth’s magnetic field
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Plate Tectonics 20
The Dynamic EarthPlate Tectonics
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Plate Tectonics 21
Theory of Continental Drift
• 1900’s Alfred Wegener proposed that the earth used to be one giant landmass that split to form today’s continents
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Plate Tectonics 22
Continental Drift
• Pangaea –“all lands” –a single
landmass–origin of all
the continents
• Panthalassa –“all seas” –giant ocean
that must have surrounded Pangaea.
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Plate Tectonics 23
Wegener's Evidence for Continental Drift
• The shape of continents suggests they once fit together –Noticed first in 1858 as soon
as good maps were being made
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Plate Tectonics 24
Wegener's Evidence for Continental Drift
• Fossils – The glossopterus flora and fauna are now found in widely separated continents in the southern Hemisphere.
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Plate Tectonics 25
Fossil Evidence• Fossils
support Wegener’s theory
• Glossopteris• Mesosaurus• Lystrosaurus• Cynognathus
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Plate Tectonics 26
Wegener's Evidence for Continental Drift
• Paleoclimate evidence• Distribution of Paleozoic
–Coral reefs–Coal beds–Deserts
• 250-300 million years ago
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Plate Tectonics 27
Wegener's Evidence for Continental Drift
• Rock types and mountain ranges can be traced across now widely separated continents.
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Plate Tectonics 28
Rock Evidence
• Glacial deposits
• Folded mountains
• Coal deposits
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Plate Tectonics 29
Wegener's Evidence for Continental Drift
• Evidence of ancient glaciers in all of the southern continents
• Do you think all of this satisfied the critics?
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Plate Tectonics 30
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Plate Tectonics 31
Where is the Force?
• What makes the plates move?
• The answer is on the ocean floor
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Plate Tectonics 32
Mid-ocean Ridge
• System of undersea mountain ranges
• Wind around the earth• 65,000 km• Ocean rocks much younger
than continental rocks
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Plate Tectonics 33
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• Undersea mountain range • Steep, narrow valley down
the center
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Plate Tectonics 34
Seafloor Spreading
• Movement of the ocean floor away from either side of a mid-ocean ridge
• Caused by convection currents
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Plate Tectonics 35
Seafloor Spreading
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Plate Tectonics 36
Convection Cells
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Plate Tectonics 37
Uneven heating causes movement in fluids
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Plate Tectonics 38
Paleomagnetism of the Ocean Floor
• Magnetic fossil record of the alternating magnetic field of the ocean floor.
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Plate Tectonics 39
Plate Tectonics
• Theory that the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on the asthenosphere
• Plates possibly moved by convection currents
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Plate Tectonics 40
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Plate Tectonics 41
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Plate Tectonics 42
Types of Crust
• Oceanic crust–Material that makes up the
ocean floor• Continental crust
–Material that makes up landmasses
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Plate Tectonics 43
Divergent Boundary
• Formed by two lithospheric plates that are moving apart
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Plate Tectonics 44
Rift Valley
• Steep, narrow valley • Formed as lithospheric
plates separate
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Plate Tectonics 45
Convergent Boundary
• Border formed by the collision of two lithospheric plates
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Plate Tectonics 46
Continental vs. Continental
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Plate Tectonics 49
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Plate Tectonics 50
Oceanic vs Continental
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Plate Tectonics 51
Subduction Zone
• Region where one lithospheric plate moves under another.
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Plate Tectonics 52
Ocean Trench
• Formed when one oceanic crust is subducted under another oceanic crust
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Plate Tectonics 53
Oceanic vs Oceanic
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Plate Tectonics 54
Island arc
• Chain of volcanic islands• Formed by subduction at
ocean trenches
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Plate Tectonics 56
Transform Fault Boundary
• Formed by two lithospheric plates that slide past each other
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Plate Tectonics 58
Theory of Suspect Terrains
• – theory that continents are a patchwork of pieces of land that have individual geologic histories
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Plate Tectonics 59
The earth was made so various,that the mind of solitary man,
studious of changeand pleased with novelty,
might be indulged.
- Cowper, English poet
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Plate Tectonics 61
Crust
• Asthenosphere
–Lithosphere
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Plate Tectonics 62
Continental Drift
• Hypothesis stating that the continents once formed a single landmass
• Broke up and drifted to their present location
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Plate Tectonics 63
The Earths’ Interior