plato’s republic book i-greek text with facing vocabulary and commentary

5/24/2018 Platos Republic Book I-Greek Text With Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

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Platos Republic I

Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary andCommentary

Geoffrey Steadman


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Platos Republic I

Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

First Edition

2011 by Geoffrey D. Steadman

Revised June 2011, February 2012, July 2012

All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may

not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by

Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the

public press), without written permission from the publisher.

The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a

Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms

of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org.

Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under thefollowing conditions:

(1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that

the author endorses your alterations to the work).

(2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes.

(3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting

work only under the same or similar license as this one.

The Greek text is the edition by John Burnet, first published by Oxford UniversityPress in 1903.

ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-4-1

ISBN-10: 0-9843065-4-4

Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Cover Design: David Steadman

Fonts: Times New Roman, SPIonic, GFS Porson

[email protected]


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Table of Contents

Pages

Preface to the Series..v-vi

The Dramatic Introduction to theRepublicBook I vii-ix

Characters .x

Outline of theRepublic................................................................................................ xi

Bibliography... xii

How to Use This Commentary.. xiii

Running Core Vocabulary Listxiv-xix

Abbreviations.. xxRegular Verb Synopsis.. 90-91

Synopses -miVerb .... 92-93

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List.. 94-99

Republic Book 1

The Descent into the Piraeus (327a-328c).2-5

Cephalus and Socrates (328c-331d) 5-15

Justice is telling the truth and paying what one owes

Polemarchus and Socrates (331d-336a).15-33

Justice is helping friends and harming enemies

Thrasymachus and Socrates (336a-354c) . 33-89

Justice is the advantage of the stronger


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v

Preface to the Series

The aim of this commentary is to make Platos Republic Book Ias accessible as

possible to intermediate level Greek readers so that they may experience the joy,

insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of greatest works in

classical antiquity in the original Greek.

Facing each of the 44 pages of the Greek text (Burnets Oxford Classical Text) is

a single page of commentary divided into halves. The top half includes all of the

corresponding vocabulary that occur five or fewer times in the dialogue, arranged

alphabetically in two columns. The bottom half is devoted to grammatical notes,

which are organized according to the Stephanus page numbers (see Abbreviations)

and likewise arranged in two columns. The advantage of this format is that it allows

me to include as much information as possible on a single page and at the same time

insure that the numerous commentary entries are distinct and accessible to readers.

To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a Running

Core Vocabulary List at the beginning of this commentary that includes all words

occurring six or more times arranged in the order in which they first occur in the

dialogue. An alphabetized form of this list can be found in the glossary. Together, this

book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have reviewed and mastered

the Running Core List, they will be able to rely solely on the Greek text and facing

commentary and not need to turn a page or consult outside dictionaries as they read.

The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and

so I have passed over detailed literary and philosophical explanations in favor of

short, concise, and frequent entries that focus exclusively on grammar and

morphology. The notes are intended to complement, not replace, an advanced level

commentary, and so I encourage readers to consult some of the additional readings

listed in the bibliography. Assuming that readers finish elementary Greek with

varying levels of ability, I draw attention to subjunctive and optative constructions,

identify unusual aorist and perfect forms, and in general explain aspects of the Greek

that they should have encountered in first year study but perhaps forgotten. As a rule,

I prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little.


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vi

Print on Demand Books

This volume is a self-published, print-on-demand (POD) book, and as such it

gives its author distinct freedoms and limitations that are not found in traditional

publications. After writing this commentary, I simply purchased an ISBN number (the

owner is de factothe publisher) and submitted a digital copy for printing. The most

significant limitation of a POD book is that it has not undergone extensive peer-

review or general editing. This is a serious shortcoming that should make readers

wary. Because there are so many vocabulary and commentary entries, there are sure

to be typographical and factual errors that an extra pair of eyes would have spotted

immediately. Until all of the mistakes have been identified and corrected, I hope the

reader will excuse the occasional error.

The benefits of POD, however, outweigh the costs. This commentary and others

in the series simply would not exist without POD. Since there is no traditional

publisher acting as a middle man, there is no one to deny publication of this work

because it may not be profitablefor the publisher. In addition, since the production

costs are so low and there is no standing inventory of unsold books, I am able to offer

this book at a low price. Finally, since this book is no more than a .pdf file waiting to

be printed, I am able to make corrections and place a revised edition of a POD book

for sale as often as I want. In this regard, we should liken PODs to software instead of

traditional typeset books. Although the first edition of a POD may not be as polished

as a traditional book, I am able to respond very quickly to readers recommendations

and criticisms and create an emended and augmented POD that is far superior to

previous editions. Consider, therefore, what you hold in your hand as an inexpensive

beta version of the commentary. If you would like to recommend changes to this

volume or download a free .pdf copy, please contact me at the addresses below.

I am grateful to Todd Jones, Ryan Proctor, and Scott Schreiber for their astute

observations, which have led to a number of revisions throughout this volume.

Geoffrey Steadman Ph.D.

[email protected]

www.geoffreysteadman.com


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vii

The Dramatic Opening to theRepublicBook I

The Republicis not a dialogue. It is a recollection of a dialogue. It begins as Socrates

recalls an extraordinarily long conversation that he had had on just the previous day.

This introduction would seem to defy credulity, if it were not for the fact that Socrates

is speaking during a festival in honor of an unnamed goddessrevealed only at the

end of Book I to be the Thracian Bendis. On occasions such as the Panathenaic

festival, it was common for rhapsodes to recite from memory the Iliadand Odyssey

for Athenian audiences. Socrates, it appears, begins the Republicas a rhapsodeone

with an account that promises to be just as memorable as the epics of his own age.

One of the conventions of epic poetry is to place added significance on the first

word in the poem. In the Iliad, the word is appropriately mh=nin, wrath, and in the

Odysseythe word is a1ndra, man. In the Republic, it is kate/bhn, I descended, a

word that resonates with readers familiar with the later books in the Republic. Many

will recall the first half of the Allegory of the Cave and its description of the soulsascent from darkness to the light, but few give equal attention to the second half of

the allegory, the descent of the enlightened man back into the cave (517a). His eyes

unaccustomed to the dark, his steps are unsure, and to the prisoners his education

makes him unsuitable for life among the shadows. He tries to persuade others to join

him in the ascent, but they refuse to follow his example and instead wish to kill him.

The descent is at once an acknowledgement of the seemingly impractical nature of the

enlightened man (his eyes need time to adjust to the darkness) and of the challenge

that awaits him when he attempts to persuade others to follow his lead.

It is tempting to view Socrates description of his descent from Athens to the port

city of Piraeus in light of the Allegory of the Cave. First, there are the physical

similarities. During the second half of the 5th

century, long walls enclosed the entire

five-mile road that stretched from Athens to the port, and the cities themselves were

also contained within walls. In addition, the Piraeus was regarded as a bastion for

democratic politics. In 403 B.C., for example, it was in Piraeus where the revolt

which overthrew the oligarchic Thirty Tyrants and reestablished democratic rule first

took hold. And so, when Socrates says I descended yesterday to Piraeus, it is not


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viii

difficult for readers familiar with the Republicto envision Socrates descent between

the long walls as the enlightened mans return to the cave and the dwellers within.

Another telling piece of evidence is Socrates initial conversation with

Polemarchus, a wealthy supporter of the democracy and brother of the famous

speechwriter Lysias. After witnessing the opening procession in the festival, Socrates

is about to return to Athens accompanied by Glaucon, Platos brother, when he is

stopped by Polemarchus and his entourage and invited to stay in Piraeus at

Polemarchus house. In a veiled threat, Polemarchus says Do you see how many we

are?...Either then become stronger than these or remain here. When Socrates objects

that one option still is left, namely that he and Glaucon persuade Polemarchus to let

them go home, Polemarchus says that they will not be able to persuade (pei/swmen)

him if he does not listen (327c7-12). This oddly inappropriate exchange between host

and guest highlights the contrast between the descending philosopher who advocates

dialogue and persuasion and a denizen of the Piraeus, who makes decisions based on

the democratic calculus of mass opinion, strength in numbers, and its resulting force.Finally, the third and most pervasive point of correspondence between the

allegory and Socrates descent is the lack of success Socrates has persuading others at

Polemarchus house. Polite conversation quickly gives way to a discussion of

dikaiosu/nh, a word that denotes right action in general but for practical purposes

we shall call justice. For most of Book I, Socrates examines and eventually

dismisses popular concepts of justice presented by Cephalus, his son Polemarchus,

and finally Thrasymachus. Although Socrates prevails over each man in argument, no

one is persuaded. After Cephalus, the self-proclaimed lover of lo/goi(328d3-4),

excuses himself from his conversation with Socrates to finish a sacrifice, he never

returns. His son Polemarchus, who fares no better than his father in defending his own

view of justice, is replaced in the discussion by Thrasymachus and does not seem the

least contrite. Finally, Thrasymachus, initially so full of bluster and rage, is silenced

by the end of Book I, but he too seems less to have changed his mind than to have

abandoned the conversation altogether. In fact, even Platos own brothers, Glaucon

and Adeimantus, who are present throughout Book I and will become Socrates main

interlocutors for the remainder of the Republic, are dissatisfied with the outcome. At


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ix

the beginning of Book II Socrates continues his recollection and says:

When I said this, I thought I had done with the discussion, but it turned out

to have been only a prelude. Glaucon showed his characteristic courage on

this occasion too and refused to accept Thrasymachus abandonment of the

argument. Socrates, he said, do you want to seem to have persuaded us that it

is better in every way to be just than unjust, or do you want to truly convince

us of this? (357a1-b2, tr. Grube)

Plato clearly wishes for his readers to see Book I as a failure in persuasion and the

remainder of the Republicas Socrates endeavor to make amends. Socrates is like the

enlightened man who, after failing to persuade the reluctant and abusive prisoners that

the shadows are not what they seem to be, renews his efforts to turn them to the light.

Socrates failure does not mean that the arguments on justice are unworthy of

careful scrutiny. Modern commentaries and articles abound, and readers should

consider the bibliography as a starting point for investigation. What is often left out of

these analyses is how the readers knowledge of the present and future lives of the

interlocutors undermine the interlocutors own arguments.

1

Cephalus, who amassed afortune by making and selling (a0podi/dosqai) shields to Athenians argues that justice

is to tell the truth and give back (a0podi/donai) what is owed. But he is stymied by

Socrates when asked whether it is just to give back arms owed to an intemperate

madmana prescient question in light of his customers defeat at the hands of the

Spartans. Likewise, Polemarchus, who defends the popular view that justice is

helping friends and harming enemies, will later see this ideal applied to his own

life. After the Spartans defeat the Athenians in 404 BC, the Spartan-backed Thirty

Tyrants will arrest and execute without trial its own political enemies, including

Polemarchus. Lastly, Thrasymachus, who is identified by his home city Chalcedon at

the beginning of Book I and defines justice as the advantage of the stronger, will live

to see his city suffer the consequences in 409-408 BCbesieged by no other than

Alcibiades himselffor an unsuccessful revolt from an imperial and indeed stronger

Athens. Some may deny the relevance of these events; but, if we are to examine the

arguments on justice seriously, should we not treat the interlocutors in the same way?

1See Mark Gifford (2001) for a clear and well-reasoned discussion on this topic.


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x

Characters

Below are brief descriptions of the main participants inRepublic Book I, adapted from Debra

Nails highly recommended study, The People of Plato. For a fuller study of these and other

characters throughout the Platonic corpus, please consult her book.

Adeimantus (432/428 >382) is a brother of Plato and Glaucon. According to

Socrates (Rep. 368a), both Glaucon and Adeimantus were recognized for their

military service at a battle at Megara, which perhaps occurred at 409. Adeimantus

is accompanying Polymarchus when Socrates and Glaucon arrive in the Piraeus.

Cephalus ( ? 421/415) is father of Polemarchus and Lysias. We learn from an

autobiographical speech by Lysias (12) that Cephalus was invited by Pericles

himself to come to Athens around 450 and as a metic became very wealthy as the

owner of a shield-making factory.

Clitophon ( 452 >404) is a friend of both Lysias and Thrasymachus who intervenes

briefly in the discussion between Socrates and Thrasymachus.

Glaucon (ca. 429 >382) is a brother of Plato and Adeimantus. According to

Socrates (Rep. 368a) both Glaucon and Adeimantus were recognized for their

military service at a battle at Megara, which perhaps occurred at 409. Both brothers

will be Socrates chief interlocutors in Books 2-10 of the Republic.

Lysias (ca. 445 380)is son of Cephalus and half-brother of Polemarchus. Very

wealthy, he and his brother sponsored choral performances, paid war taxes

(eisphora), and ransomed citizen prisoners of war (Lys. 12.20). When the Thirty

temporary wrestled power from the democracy, Lysias fled the fate of his brother in

404 and returned in 403 to help restore the democracy. He became a successful

speechwriter for legal clients, and many of his speeches survive today.

Polemarchus (ca. 450 404):is a son of Cephalus and half-brother of Lysias. He

was likely born in Syracuse and moved to Athens along with his father ca. 450. Thehouse which provides the setting of theRepublicis Polemarchus.When the

democracy was briefly overthrown as the end of the Peloponnesian war, the

oligarchic regime known as the Thirty executed Polemarchus. Lysias recalls the

events of Polemarchus arrest and death in a speechAgainst Eratosthenes(Lys. 12).

Socrates (470 - 399):A stonemason by trade, Socrates acquired a reputation for

discussing philosophy in public places. He did not write down his philosophical

beliefs, so whatever we know about him comes from the works of a number of his

contemporaries including Plato, Xenophon, and Aristophanes.

Thrasymachus (ca. 455 - ? ) is a sophist from Chalcedon, a city in Asia Minor at the

mouth of the Black Sea. Platos Socrates discusses his rhetorical style in the

Phaedrus(267c-d) and later says that both Thrasymachus and Lysias provide the

wrong models to acquire rhetorical skill (269d).


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xi

Outline of Platos Republic

Below is one of many proposed outlines of the entire Republic, here adapted from Eric

Vogelins 1957 edition of Plato(pp. 46-7), which in turn was adapted from Kurt Hildebrandts

Platon. Readers should view it as a general guide and be wary of how the outline influences

their view of the work as a whole.

Prologue

1.1. 327a-328b. Descent to the Piraeus

1.2-I.5 328b-331d. Cephalus

1.6-1.9 331e-336a. Polemarchus

1.10-1.24 336b-354c. Thrasymachus

Introduction

2.1-2.10 357a-369b. Problem: Is Justice better than Injustice?

Part I: Genesis and Order of the Polis

2.11-2.16 369b-376e. Foundation of the Polis

2.16-3.18 376e-412b. Education of the Guardians

3.19-4.5 412b-427c. Constitution of the Polis4.6-4.19 427c-445e. Justice in the Polis

Part II: Embodiment of the Idea

5.15.16 445a-471c Women, Family, War

5.176.14 471c-502c Why Philosophers should Rule

6.197.5 502c-521c The Idea of the Good

7.67.18 521c-541b Education of the Philosophers

Part III: Degeneration of the Polis

8.1-5 543a-550c Timocracy

8.6-9 550c-555b Oligarchy

8.10-13 555b-562a Democracy

8-14-9.3 562a-576b Tyranny

Conclusion

9.4-9.13 576b-592b Why Justice is Better than Injustice

Epilogue

10.1-10.8 595a-608b. Rejection of Mimetic Art

10.9-10.11 608c-612a. Immortality of the Soul

10.12 612a-613e. Rewards of Justice in Life

10.13-10.16 613e-621d. Rewards in the Afterlife: Myth of Er


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xii

Bibliography

Adams, J. (1902) The Republic of Plato. Perseus Digital Library.http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper (accessed November 21, 2010).

Algra, K. (1996) Observations on Platos Thrasymachus: The Case for Pleonexia in

K. Algra, P. van der Horst, and D. Runia.Polyhistor: Studies in the History and

Historiography of Ancient Philosophy.pp. 41-59.

Annas, Julia (1981)An Introduction to Platos Republic, Oxford.

Boter, G. J. (1986) Thrasymachus andpleonexiaMnemosyne39:261-81.

Blundell, M.W. (1991)Helping Friends and Harming Enemies: A Study of Sophocles

and Greek Ethics, Cambridge.

Chappell, T. D. J. (1993) The Virtues of Thrasymachus,Phronesis38:1-17.

Gifford, M. (2001) Dramatic Dialectic inRepublicBook 1, Oxford Studies in

Ancient Philosophy20: 35-106.

Hourani, G. F. (1962) Thrasymachus Definition of Justice in PlatosRepublic

Phronesis7: 110-120.

Howland, Jacob (2004) Platos Reply to Lysias:Republic1 and 2 andAgainst

EratosthenesAmerican Journal of Philology125:179-208.

Kerferd, G. B. (1947) The Doctrine of Thrasymachus in PlatosRepublicDurham

University Journal9: 19-47.

--. (1970) Thrasymachus and Justice: A ReplyPhronesis9: 12-16.

Kraut, Richard, ed. (1997)Platos Republic: Critical Essays.Rowman & Littlefield.

Nails, Debra (2002) The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other

Socratics. Hackett Publishing. (characters and dramatic dating of theRepublic)

Nicholson, P. P. (1974) Unravelling Thrasymachus Arguments in The RepublicPhronesis19: 210-232.

Rose, Gilbert. (1983)Platos Republic: Book I. Bryn Mawr.

Santas, Gerasimos, ed. (2006) The Blackwell Guide to Platos Republic. Cambridge.

Weiss, Roslyn (2007) Wise Guys and Smart Alecks inRepublic1 and 2, in G.R. F.

Ferrari, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Platos Republic, Cambridge.

White, Stephen (1995) Thrasymachus the Diplomat Classical Philology90: 307-27.

Williams, Bernard (1997) The Analogy of City and Soul in PlatosRepublic inR. Kraut, ed.,Platos Republic: Critical Essays. Rowman & Littlefield.

Yunis, H. (1997) Thrasymachus B1: Discord, Not Diplomacy Classical Philology

92: 58-66.


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xiii

How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination ofreading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone.

One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.

1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.

A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing running vocabulary and forms before

you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the

next page and then turn to less frequent vocabulary words as you encounter them.

B. If you have to consult the alphabetized core list as you read, either photocopy

the list or print it from online and keep it by your book to avoid page-flipping.More importantly, place a dot or similar mark by all core words that you consult.

As review progresses, focus extra effort on the words that accumulate marks.

C. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format).

Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times

before you are able to commit them to long term memory, and flashcards are

particularly efficient at promoting repetition. Develop the habit of deleting

flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words.

2. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses.One of the benefits of traditional dictionary work is that it gives readers an

interval between the time they encounter a questionable word or form and the

time they find the dictionary entry. That span of time often compels readers to

make educated guesses and actively seek out understanding of the Greek.

Despite the benefits of facing vocabulary lists (see the preface), there is a risk

that without that interval of time you will become complacent in your reading

habits and treat the Greek as a puzzle to be decoded rather than a language to be

learned. Your challenge, therefore, is to develop the habit of making an

educated guess under your breath each time before you consult the facingvocabulary and grammar.If you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm

your understanding of the Greek. If you answer incorrectly, you will become

more aware of your weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them.

3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Greek to memory but also increase

your ability to read the Greek as Greek. Always read the words out loud (or at

least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text

into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Greek as Greek and

acquiring meaning without turning the text into English.

4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.

This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary,

forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide

you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.


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xiv

Running Core Vocabulary

The following six pages include all words that occur six or more times in the RepublicBook 1

in a running core vocabulary list. Beneath each page number is an alphabetized list that

includes the first occurrence of each core vocabulary word in the dialogue. Flashcards for this

list are available online. For a single alphabetized list of these core words, consult the glossary.

Page 3: 327a1-c7apo: from, away from. (+ gen.), 9alloj -h -o: other, one...another, 73boulomai boulhsomai - - beboulhmai eboulhqhn: wish, be willing, choose, 16gar: for, since 103Glaukwn o: Glaucon, 10de: but, and, on the other hand, 290dokew docw edoca dedokhka dedogmai edokhqhn: seem (good); think, suppose 50egw: I, 227eij: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 74eimi esomai: to be, exist. 453eromai erhsomai hromhn: to ask, question, inquire, 8h: in truth, truly (begins open question), 27hmi: I say, 100httwn -on: less, weaker, inferior, 12kai: and, also, even, too, 472kakoj -h -on: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 25kaloj -h -on: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 13Kefaloj o: Cephalus, 8keleuw keleusw ekeleusa kekeleuka kekeleusomai ekeleusqhn: to bid, order, 6lambanw lhyomai elabon eilhfa eilhmmai elhfqhn: to take, receive, grasp, 7men: on the one hand, 94mentoi: however, nevertheless; certainly, 15meta:with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 13nun: now; as it is, 26o h to: the, 926oj h o: who, which, that, 122osoj -h -on: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 23ou ouk oux: not, 169oun: and so, then; at all events, 72outoj auth touto: this, these, 158poiew -hsw epoihsa pepoihka pepoihmai epoihqhn: to do, make, create, 52proj: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 45prwtoj -h -on: first, earliest, 11Swkrathj -ouj o: Socrates, 29te: and, both, 88fainw fanw efhna pefhna pefasmai efanqhn: to show; mid. appear, seem, 25fhmi erew eipon eirhka eirhmai errhqhn: to say, claim, assert, 172w: O! oh! 92wj: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 51Page 5: 327c8-328c6akouw akousomai hkousa akhkoa - hkousqhn: to hear, listen to (acc., gen.), 8alla: but, 141


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Running Core Vocabulary xv

allhloj -a -on: one another, 15allwj: otherwise, in another way, 8an: ever; modal adv., 95ara: introduces a yes/no question, 21autoj -h -o: -self; he, she, it; the same, 123autou=: at the very place, here, there, 8ge: at least, at any rate; indeed, 104gignomai genhsomai egenomhn gegona gegenhmai -: come to be, become, 23dia: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 19dunamai dunhsomai - - dedunhmai edunhqhn: to be able, can, be capable. 14ei: if, whether, 57eipon: said, spoke (aor. legw fhmi), 38eij mia en: one, single, alone, 7en: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 51eoika: to be like, seem likely (dat.), 24epi: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (+ dat.), 28erxomai eleusomai hlqon elhluqa - -: to come, go, 29eti: still, besides, further, 13exw ecw esxon esxhka esxhmai -: have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 47h: or (either...or); than, 116Qrasumaxoj o: Thrasymachus, 45ippoj o: a horse, 11kreittwn -on: better, stronger, superior, 29legw lecw eleca eiloxa lelegmai elexqhn: to say, speak, 117mh: not, lest, 71oida: to know, 27oti: that; because, 75oude: and not, but not, nor, not even, 37oukoun: therefore, then, accordingly, 25outwj: in this way, thus, so, 49para: from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.); in respect to, 18peiqw peisw epeisa pepoiqa pepeismai epeisqhn: persuade, trust; mid. obey, 14Polemarxoj o: Polemarchus, 21poluj polla polu: much, many, 28pwj: how? in what way?, 25toi-nun: well then; therefore, accordingly, 6tugxanw teucomai etuxon tetuxhka - -: to chance upon, get; happen, 8xrh: it is necessary, it is fitting; must, ought, 10Page 7: 328c7-329b4bioj o: life, 6dei: it is necessary, must, ought (+ inf.), 19dunamij -ewj h: power, strength, force; faculty, capacity, 6ghraj to: old age, 12epei: when, after, since, because, 17erew: I will say or speak, 7eu]: well, 27zaw zhsw ezhsa : to live, 7Zeuj o: Zeus, 8hdh: already, now, at this time, 8hdoj -eoj to: pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 8iswj: perhaps, probably; equally, likely, 10


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Running Core Vocabularyxvi

kata: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 24logoj o: word, speech, discourse, argument, 41megaj megalh mega: big, great, important, 9mhn: truly, surely, 12ode hde tode: this, this here, 12oioj -a -on: of what sort, as, 14oikeioj -a -on: ones own; peculiar; relatives, 9oud-eij oude-mia oud-en: no one, nothing, 32panu: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 36peri: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 26poteroj -a -on: which of the two? whether?, 15radioj -a -on: easy, ready, 10swma -atoj to: the body. 8toioutoj -auth -outo: such, 24tote: at that time, then, 13filoj -ou o: friend, relative, kin, 9xalepoj -a -on: difficult, hard, harmful, 6wsper: as, just as, as if, 21Page 9: 329b5-329e8alhqhj -ej: true, 28anqrwpoj o: human being, 12ekeinoj -h -on: that, those, 27eneka: for the sake of, because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 8epeidan: whenever, 6erwtaw erwthsw hromhn hrwthka hrwthmai hrwthqhn: to ask, inquire, 15hgeomai hghsomai hghsamhn - hghmai -: lead, guide; consider, think, believe 9ktaomai kthsomai ekthsamhn - kekthmai ekthqhn: to acquire, procure, get, 10oiomai oihsomai - - - whqhn: to suppose, think, imagine, 46otan: o3te a1n, whenever, 23panta-pasi: all in all, altogether, absolutely, 6paj pasa pan: every, all, the whole, 27pote: ever, at some time, once, 9upo: by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 15Page 11: 330a1-d3agaqoj -h -on: good, brave, capable, 34apo-krinomai krinoumai ekrinamhn: to answer, reply, 28ean: ei0a1n,if (+ subj.), 120eautou -hj -ou=: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 47eqelw eqelhsw hqelhsa hqelhka - -:: to be willing, wish, desire. 19ergon to: work, labor, deed, act, 21ou-te: and not, neither...nor, 18plewn -on: more, greater, 14polij h: a city, 16xrhma -atoj to: thing, money, goods, 8Page 13: 330d4-331b4a-dikew: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 16a-dikoj -on: unrighteous, unjust, 41akwn akousa akon: unwilling, unintentionally, 6anhr androj o: a man, 15au]: again, once more; further, moreover, 9


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Running Core Vocabulary xvii

ek: out of, from (+ gen.), 11ep-eita: then, next, secondly, 7malista: most of all; certainly, especially, 7mallon: more, rather, 11mhde: and not, but not, nor, 14mhd-eij, mhd-emia, mhd-en: no one, nothing, 15ofeilw, ofeilhsw, wfeilhsa, wfeilhka: to owe, 14skopew: to look at, examine, consider (other than pres. and impf. see skeptomai) 24tiqhmi, qhsw, eqhka, teqhka, teqeimai, eteqhn: put, place, arrange, make, cause, 24yuxh, h: breath, life, spirit, soul, 10Page 15: 331b5-e8 agnoew: not know, be ignorant of, 6a-dikoj, -on: unrighteous, unjust, 41apo-didwmi, -dwsw, edwka, dedwka, dedomai, edoqhn: give back, return, render, 20ara: then, therefore, it seems, it turns out, 33arti: just, exactly, 8dhloj, -h, -on: clear, evident, conspicuous, 9dikaioj, -a, -on: just, right, lawful, fair, 105ekastoj, -h, -on: each, every one, 24orqoj, -h, -on: straight, upright, right, 13pou: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 10Simwnidhj, o: Simonides, 10soj, -h, -on: your, yours, 16sofoj, -h, -on: wise, skilled, 12filoj, -h, -on: dear, friendly; subst. friend, kin, 31xrhsimoj, -h, -on: useful, serviceable, apt, fit, 12Page 17: 331e9-332c8 exqroj, -a, -on: hated, hostile; subst. enemy, 24iatrikoj, -h, -on: of a physician, medical, 14kalew, kalew, ekalesa, keklhka, keklhmai, eklhqhn: to call, summon, invite, 13manqanw: to learn, understand, 16nai: yes, yea, 14pros-hkei: it concerns, relates to; is fitting (+ dat) 7texnh, h: art, skill, craft, 28tw~|: tini, dat. for to/for whom? 58Page 19: 332c9-333a2 blaptw, blayw, eblaya, : to hurt, harm, 19eien: well! well now!, 9iatroj, o: physician, doctor, 12kamnw, kamoumai, ekamon, kekmhka, -, -: to be ill, tired, weary; toil, work, 6kubernhthj, -ou, o: a helmsman, pilot, governor, 9plew: to sail, 6pracij, -ewj, h: a action, deed, transaction, business, 6wfelew, wfelhsw, wfelhsa: to help, to be of use, benefit, 16wfeleia, h: help, aid, use, advantage, benefit, 8Page 21: 333a3-c7 argurion, to: silver (coin), piece of silver, 9dew, dehsw, edehsa, dedehka, dedehmai, edehqhn: lack, want, need; mid.ask, beg, 17dhta: certainly, to be sure, of course, 6koinh=|: in common, together, by common consent, 9


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xraomai xrhsomai exrhsamhn - kexrhmai exrhsqhn: to use, employ (+ dat.), 6Page 23: 333c8-334a6anagkh h: necessity, force, constraint, 11deinoj -h -on: terrible; strange, wondrous, clever , 8eite: either...or; whether...or, 16kinduneuw kinduneusw: to risk, venture; impers. it is likely, 7lanqanw: to escape notice of, act unnoticed, 6ostij htij o ti: whoever, whichever, whatever, 89skeptomai skeyomai eskeyamhn eskemmai: to consider, examine, look at, 12fulattw fulacw efugon pefulaxa - efulaxqhn: keep watch, keep guard, 6Page 25: 334a7-d6amartanw amarthsomai hmarton hmarthka: miss the mark, make a mistake, 16enantioj -a -on: opposite, contrary, 17ponhroj -a -on: bad, evil; painful, grievous, 9wste: so that, that, so as to, 12Page 27: 334d7-335b5mala: very, very much, exceedingly, 5sum-bainw -bhsomai -ebhn bebhka bebamai ebaqhn: to happen, occur, result, 5xrhstoj -h -on: good, useful, worthy, 5Page 29: 335b6-d9a-dunatoj -on: unable, incapable, impossible, 8areth h: excellence, goodness, virtue, 27beltiwn -on: better, 6mousikoj -h -on: musical, educated, cultured, 7Page 31: 335d10-336b6ihmi: to send, let go, release,; mid. hasten, 11makarioj -a -on: blessed, happy, 7sug-xwrew -xwrhsw: to come together; yield, concede, 6Page 33: 336b7-337a4akribhj -ej: exact, accurate, precise, 13arxw arcw hrca hrxa hrgmai hrxqhn: to begin; rule, be leader of, 69ec-amartanw amarthsomai hmarton hmarthka: to miss (the mark), fail, err, 8lusitelew: to pay (what is due), profit, avail, 6monoj -h -on: alone, only, solitary, 8opwj: how, in what way; in order that, that, 6proteroj -a -on: before, previous; earlier, 15sum-ferw -oisw -hnegkon -enhkoxa: to gather, collect; be useful, be expedient, 47Page 35: 337a5-d7aciow: to think worthy, deem right, 8e: se (reflexive), 49eteroj -a -on: one of two, other, different, 8omoioj -a -on: like, resembling, similar, 13pasxw peisomai epaqon peponqa: to suffer, experience; allow 6Page 37: 337d8-338c3beltistoj -h -on: best, 10ina: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 7sofia h: wisdom, skill, judgment, intelligence, 7


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Page 39: 338c4-339a9aristoj -h -on: best, most excellent, 6arxh h: a beginning; rule, office, 15Page 41: 339b1-d10epi-xeirew: to put one's hand on, attempt, try, 7omo

-logew omologhsw wmologhsa wmologhka - wmologhqhn: to agree, 17pros-tattw tacw etaca tetaxa tetamai etaqhn: order, assign, appoint (dat)8Page 45: 340c6-341b2dhmiourgoj o: a skilled workman, craftsman, 6nun-dh: just now, 6osper hper oper: the very one who, very thing which, 8Page 47: 341b3-e1nauj newj h: a ship, boat, 15nauthj -ou o: sailor, 8teleoj -a -on: finished, complete, perfect, last, 8Page 51: 342c7-343a4epi-tattw tacw etaca tetaxa tetamai etaqhn: to order, command, 6Page 53: 343a5-e1a-dikia h: wrong-doing, injustice, 28eu-daimwn -on: happy, fortunate, blessed, 9isoj -h -on: equal to, the same as, like, 11pwj: somehow, in any way, 26Page 55: 343e2-344d1ekateroj -a -on: each of two, either, 6idioj -a -on: private; owns own, peculiar, 6pleonektew: gain or have more, gain or have advantage, go beyond, exceed (gen), 11Page 57: 344d2-345c2biow biwsomai ebiwsa bebiwka bebiwmai -: to live, 7eaw easw eiasa eiaka eiamai eiaqhn: to allow, permit, let be, suffer, 14emoj -h -on: my, mine, 9lusitelhj -ej: profitable, useful, advantageous, 7prattw pracw epraca pepraxa pepragmai epraxqhn: to do, make, act, 19Page 59: 345c3-346b2koinoj -h -on: common, ordinary; public, 10mellw mellhsw emellhsa: to be about to, to intend to, 6misqoj o: wage, pay, hire, 13Page 61: 346b3-d8ergazomai ergasomai hrgasamhn - eirgasmai hrgasqhn: work, labor, toil, 6Page 63: 346d9-347b9omoioj -a -on: similar, resembling, 13Page 67: 348a8-d6kakia h: wickedness, vice, cowardice, 9fronimoj -on: intelligent,wise, prudent, 6


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xx

Abbreviations

abs. absolute

acc. accusative

act. active

adj. adjective

adv. adverb

aor. aorist

app. appositive

comp. comparative

dat. dative

dep. deponentd.o. direct object

f. feminine

fut. future

gen. genitive

imp. imperative

impf. imperfect

imper. impersonal

indic. indicative

i.o. indirect object

inf. infinitive

inter. interrogative

m. masculine

n. neuter

nom. nominativeobj. object

opt. optative

pple. participle

pass passive

pf. perfect

pl. plural

plpf. pluperfect

pred. predicate

prep. preposition

pres. present

pron. pronoun

reflex. reflexive

rel. relative

seq. sequencesg. singular

subj. subject

superl. superlative

voc. vocative

Stephanus Page Numbers

The universal method for referring to pages in any of Platos dialogues is through

Stephanus page numbers. This paging system was developed by Henri Estienne (Lat.,

Stephanus), who published a multi-volume edition of Platos dialogues in 1578.

Stephanus divided each page in his edition into roughly equal sections, which he

labeled with the letters a, b, c, d, and e. This system allowed his readers to locate a

particular passage not only by the page number but by the section letter as well (e.g.

327a, 327b, 327c, 327d, 327e, 328a). Many modern editions, including the Greek

text in this volume, have adopted this system and gone one step further by dividingthe sections into individual lines (e.g. 327a1, 327a2, 327a3). This paging system

offers the same advantages as chapters and verses in the Bible. Since most editions of

Plato include the Stephanus page numbers in the margins of the text, a reader can pick

up any volume of Platoin Greek or in translationand easily locate a particular

passage in the dialogue.

Because Stephanus placed the Republicon pages 327-621 in his second volume of

Plato, the Republicbegins on Stephanus page 327a1 and ends on page 621d3. In this

commentary all of the grammatical notes are arranged and labeled according to thispaging system. Since most of the entries on a given page of commentary have the

same Stephanus page number, I have identified the page number only once and

labeled all subsequent grammatical note entries by the section letter and line number

(e.g. 327a1, a2, a3b1, b2, b3, b4).


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Magee: Do you share the traditional view that his masterpiece is theRepublic?

Burnyeat: Yes, I do.

Magee: Why?

Burnyeat: I think because it is in theRepublicmore than anywhere else that Plato

makes good his belief that every question is connected with every other;

the inquiry need never stop, because every conclusion for now leads on

to the next problem

-Bryan Magee, The Great Philosophers

To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.

-von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff


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Republic I. 327a1-c7 3

agw: to lead, bring, carry, convey, 20Adeimantoj, o: Adeimantus, Platos brother, 2adelfoj, o: a brother, 2ama: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5ap-erxomai: to go away, depart, 50Aristwn, -onoj, o: Ariston, father of Plato, 1astu, to: a city, town, 3ate: inasmuch as, since (+ pple.), 2docazw: to think, opine, suppose, imagine, 1 eorth, h: a feast, festival, 1epi-xwrioi, oi: inhabitants, locals, natives, 1hkw: to have come, be present, 2qeaomai: to see, watch, look at; consider, 3qeoj, o: a god, divinity, 5qewrew: to see, watch, look at, 1Qrac, Qrakoj, o: a Thracian, 1imation, to: a cloak or mantle, 1kaq-oraw: to look down, perceive, 2kata-bainw: walk down, step down, 2meta-strefw: to turn about, turn around, 1Nikhratoj, o: Niceratus, 1

Nikiaj, -ou, o: Nicias, 1oika-de: homeward, home, 2oligoj -h, -on: few, little, small, 1opisqen: behind; in the future (+ gen.), 2opou: where, 3oraw: to see, look, behold, 5ormaw: to set in motion; set out, hasten, 5paij, paidoj, o, h: a child, boy, girl; slave, 4Peiraieuj, Peirawj, o: Piraeus, 2pempw: to send, conduct, convey, dispatch, 1peri-menw: to wait for, await, 5pomph, h: procession, parade, 2porrw-qen: from afar (prosw-qen) 1prepw: to fit, suit; be fitting, be suitable, 2pros-erxomai: to come or go to, approach, 1pros-euxomai: to pray to, worship (dat.) 2trexw: to run, 1tropoj, o: a manner, way; turn, direction, 4usteroj, -a, -on: later, last, 4xqej: yesterday, 1

327a1Katebhn: 1stsg. aor., katabai/nwdenotes a trip to the shore, as a0na-bai/nw

denotes a trip inland; the verb may allude

to the return descent in the Allegory of

the Cave (519a) where the enlightened

have trouble persuading those in the cavetou Aristwnoj: (son) of Ariston; apatronymic, see also b3 and c2 below

a2 proseucomenoj: intending to pray; fut.pple denoting purpose, i.e. in order to...th qew: later revealed to be Bendis, 354a

a3 eorthntina tropon poihsousin: inwhat way they will celebrate the festival?

the festival in what way, e9orth\nprecedes ind. question in anticipationate: a3te + pple asserts a cause from thespeakers point of view, whereas w9j +pple suggests an alleged cause, cf. c5prwton:for the first time; adv. acc.

a4 men ounmentoi: indeedhowevereinai: inf. ei0mi/a5 htton: adv. acc. h3ttwn follows pre/peinhn: (the procession) which; nom. subject

antecedent pomph\is missingb1 aphmen: 3rdpl. impf. a0p-e/rxomaiastu: i.e. Athens, five miles inlandb2 katidwn: nom. sg. aor. pple. kaq-ora/wwrmhmenouj: having set out; pf. mid.

pple. o9rma/wb3 dramonta: aor. pple. tre/xw with pai=da,which here denotes a slave of any ageperimeinai: aor. inf. perime/nwe: him; i.e. Polemarchus, a 3rdperson sg.reflexive pronoun, acc obj. of perimei=nai

b4 keleusai: to bid (us)+ inf.; aor. inf.keleu/w, supply the object h9ma=jlabomenoj: aor. mid. pple lamba/nwtou imatiou: by the cloak; partitive gen.

b5 efh: (the slave) said; impf. fhmi/(cf. p. 5)b6 metestrafhn: 1stsg. aor. pass. deponenthromhn: 1stsg. aor. e1romaieih: where(ever)was; 3rdsg. opt. ei0mi/in

an ind. question in secondary sequenceautoj: (he) himself; intensive pronounb7 alla: come; introducing an imperative0Alla perimenoumen: well then; futureb8 h d oj o Glaukwn:said this one Glaucon;

3rd

sg. impf. h0mi/, o4j is a demonstrativec1 oligw: a little; dat. degree of differenceusteron: later; as often, adverbial acc.c3 wj: as if, just asc5 wrmhsqai: pf. mid. inf. o9rma/wwj apiontej: as if; pple a0pe/rxomaic7 hn d egw:I said; impf. h0mi/(see p. 5)c8 hmajosoi esmen: how many we are;

prolepsis (see a3 above), 1stpl. ei0mi/


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Republic I 327c8-328c6 5

0Adeimantoj o: Adeimantus, 2adelfoj o: a brother, 2amillaomai: to contend with, compete, 2acioj -a -on: worthy of, deserving of, 30Aristwnumoj o: Aristonymus, 1aspazomai: to welcome, embrace, 2aulh h: the court-yard, 1auto-qi: on the very spot or moment, 4af-ihmi: to let go, send forth, give up, 5deipnon to: the principal meal, dinner, 1dia-didwmi: to give, hand over, 1dia-legomai: to converse with, discuss, 3dia-noeomai: to think, consider, intend, 4difroj o: seat, chair, stool, 2eidon: aor. of o9ra/w, to see, behold, 3endon: within, at home, 1ec-anisthmi: to raise up, stand up, 1espera h: evening, eve, 1Euqudhmoj o: Euthydemus, 1euquj: right away, straight, directly, at once 1qamizw: to come often, 1qeaomai: to see, watch, look at; consider, 3qeoj o: a god, divinity, 5quw: to sacrifice, 1kaq-ezomai: to sit down, take a seat, 1kaq-hmai: to sit, 1kainoj -h -on: new, novel, strange, 1

Kalxhdonioj -a -on: of Chalcedon, 1kata-bainw: to walk down, step down, 2kata-lambanw: to find; seize; compel 1keimai: to lie, lie down, be set, 4Kleitofwn o: Clitophon, 4kukloj o: a circle, round, ring, 1lampadion to: small torch, 1lampaj -adoj h: torch-race, 1leipw: to leave, forsake, abandon, 1Lusiaj o: Lysias, a famous speech-writer, 1mala: very, very much, exceedingly, 5meneteoj -a -on: (worthy) to be waited for, 1menw: to stay, remain, abide, 2neoj -a -on: young; new, novel, strange, 1oika-de: homeward, home, 2oraw: to see, look, behold, 5oudamwj: in no way, not at all, 5Paianieoj -a -on: of the deme Paeania, 1pan-nuxij idoj h: a night-festival, 2pathr o: a father, 4presbuthj o: old man, 2pros-kefalaion to: cushion (for the head) 1stefanow: to crowne, wreath, honor, 1sun-eimi: to be with, associate with, 2Xarmantidhj o: Charmantides, 1xronoj o: time, 1

c8 Pwj gar ou: how could (I) not?; affirmsand expresses (im)possibility and surprise

c9 toutwn: these (men); gen. of comparisonkreittouj: krei/tto(n)ej,predicate adj.genesqe: aor. pl. imperative gi/gnomaiautou: here; adverb in core vocabularyc10 Oukoun: Thennot?; seeks a yes replytohnpeiswmen: namely that if; e0a/n,

aor. subj. pei/qw, in a future more vividprotasis made a substantive by to\

c12dunaisqe an: could you; pres potential optpeisai: aor. inf. pei/qwmh akouontaj: (us if) not listeningc14Wjakousomenwn:since (we);w9j +

fut. pple (gen. abs.) denotes alleged cause

328a1iste: 2ndpl. oi]da

a2 estai: 3rdsg. fut. ei0mi/af ippwn: on horseback; from horsesa3 touto: this (is); supply linking e0sti/na5 pwj legeij:How do you mean?a6 kai proj ge: and in addition; emphasizeda7 acion: (is) worthwhile; add linking e0sti/na8 sunesomeqa: fut. su/n-eimi+ dat.b2 meneteon einai: that we must waitb4 Himen: impf. e1rxomaieij Polemarxou: at Polemarchus homeb8 hn: 3rdsg. impf. ei0mi/b9 dia xronou: over (a long) timec1 ewrakh:I had seen; plpf. o9ra/westefanwmenoj: pf. mid. pple stefa/nwc2 tequkwj: happened to have sacrificed;

qu/wpf. complementary pple + tugxa/nw

fhmi and hmi: Common Verbs of Saying in Present and Imperfect tense1

st fhmi/ fame/n e1fhn e1famen h0mi/ -- h]n --

2nd

fh=|j fate/ e1fhj e1fate -- -- -- --3

rd fh=si(n) fa>si/(n) e1fh e1fasan h0si/ -- h] --


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aganaktew: to be annoyed, be irritated, 1aitiaomai: to charge, blame, accuse, 1aitioj, -a, -on: responsible, blameworthy, 4ana-mimnhskw: to remind (+ acc. + gen.), 1apo-marainomai: to waste away, die, 1apo-sterew: to deprive from, rob, defraud, 1astu, to: a city, town, 3aucanw: to increase, augment, 1afrodisioj, -a, -on: of Aphrodite; sex 2deuro: here, to this point, hither, 3dia-legomai: to converse with, discuss, 3dia-swzw: to preserve, recover, 1enioi, -ai, -a: some, 1en-tauqa: here, hither, there, thither, then, 5ec-aggellw: to send out, report, 1epi-qumia, h: desire, longing, yearning, 2eu-poroj, -on: easily done; resourceful, 1euwxia, h: good cheer, feasting, 2hdonh, h: pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 3hlikia, h: age, time of life, 3neaniskoj, o: a youth, 1neothj, -htoj, h: youth, 2nh: by + acc.; invoking a divinity, 2odoj, h: road, way, path, journey, 1oduromai: to lament, bewail, mourn, 1olofuromai: to lament, bewail, mourn, 1

oudoj, o: threshold, entrance, 1palaioj, -a, -on: old, aged, ancient, 1para-plhsioj, -a, -on: resembling, similar, 1paroimia, h: saying, proverb, maxim, 1Peiraieuj, Peirawj, o: Piraeus, 2pleistoj, -h, -on: most, greatest, 3poihthj, ou, o: maker, creator, poet, 3poioj, -a, -on: what sort of? what kind of?, 2poqew: to long for, yearn after, 1pollakij: many times, often, frequently, 3poreuomai: to travel, journey, march, 2potoj, o: drinking, 1presbuthj, o: old man, 2pro-erxomai: to go before(hand), advance, 1prophlakisij, h: abuse, abuse treatment, 1puknoj, h, on: frequent; compact, stout, 1punqanomai: to learn by inquiry or hearsay, 5sun-eimi: to be with, associate with (+ dat.) 2sun-erxomai: to go together or in company, 2sfeij: they, 2sfodra: very, exceedingly, earnestly, 3traxuj, eia, u: rough, ragged, harsh, 1umnew: to sing, laud, celebrate; recite, 1foitaw: to go to and fro, visit, 1xairw: to rejoice, enjoy; fare well, 1

c7 xrhn: it was proper (to visit); impf. xrh/eihan edei: if I wereit would benecessary; contrary-to-fact condition:

1stsg. impf. ei0mi/ and a1n + impf. dei=

c8 tou. . .poreuesqai: ofing; articular inf.ouden: not at all; adverbial acc.d1 ienai: inf. e1rxomaianhmen: would; 1stpl. impf. e1rxomai

in the apodosis of the same contrafactualpuknoteron: comparative adverbd2 isqi: singular imperative oi]daosontosouton: as much asso much;

correlatives, inner acc. or acc. of extent

d3 aucontai: fut. deponent au0ca/nwd4 mh...poiei: negative pres. imper.; poi/e-ed5 sunisqi: associate with; sg. imper. su/n-

eimior perhaps imper. su/n-oidad6 foita: foi/ta-e, a-contract imperativewj: as if, just asd7 kai mhnge: and truly;consents and

marks the enclosed xai/rwas somethingof greater importance

e1 xrhnai: it is necessary; inf. xrh/

e2 tina odon: over a road;acc. of extentproelhluqotwn: gen. pl. pf. act. pplepro-e/rxomaihn: over which (road)..;acc. of extentkai: also; adverbial

e3 dehsei: fut. impersonal dei=poia tij: whatever sort; governed bypunqa/nomai

e4 kai dh kai: in particular; and indeed alsoan puqoimhn:I would learn; potential opt.e5 oti: what;. o3ti/entauqa: at that point; + partitive gen.ei: 2ndsg. pres. ei0mi/e6 epi...oudw: on the threshold of old agepoteronh: whether (it is)or; in

response to o3titou=toabove329a1 nh ton Dia: by Zeus; acc. sg. Zeu/j

a2 eij tauton: to the same place; to\au0to\na4 suniontej: nom. pl. pple su/n-e/rxomaia6 all atta:some other thingsa1lla tina/a7 exetai:pertain to; cling + partitive genwj:since; + participles, alleged causeb2 epi toutw dh: on this very condition


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agamai: to wonder at, admire (gen) 2agrioj -a -on: wild, fierce, 1aitia h: cause, responsibility, blame, 1ap-allassw: to set free, release, deliver, 1apo-dexomai: to accept, receive, 5apo-didraskw: to run away, flee, escape, 1apo-feugw: to flee from, escape, 1asmenhj -ej: well-pleased, glad, 2afrodisioj -a -on: of Aphrodite; sex 2gunh gunaikoj h: a woman, wife, 1despothj o: master, lord, 3eirhnh h: peace, 3eleuqeria h: freedom, liberty, 1en-tauqa: here, hither, there, thither, then, 5en-tugxanw: to chance upon, encounter, 1epi-qumia h: desire, longing, yearning, 2epi-ponoj -on: painful, toilsome, laborious, 1eu-koloj -on: easily satisfied; contented, 1eu-fhmew: to keep religious silence, be quiet, 1hlikia h: age, time of life, 3Qemistoklehj o: Themistocles, 1

kata-teinw: to draw taut, stretch, extend, 1kinew: set in motion, move; arouse, irritate 1kosmioj -a -on: well-ordered, moderate, 2loidorew: to abuse, rail against, revile, 1luttaw: to rage, rave, be mad, 1mainomai: to be mad, rage, be furious, 3metrioj -a -on: moderate, well, fair, 2neothj -htoj h: youth, 2ousia h: property; essence, substance, 3para-gignomai: come near, be present (dat.) 1para-muqion to: abatement, comfort, 1pauw: to stop, make cease, 1plousioj -a -on: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3poihthj ou o: maker, creator, poet, 3Serifioj o: Seriphius, 2Sofoklehj Sofokleouj o: Sophocles, 3sug-gignomai: to be with, associate with, 2sum-bainw: to happen, occur, 5tropoj o: a manner, way; turn, direction, 4ferw: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5xalaw: to slacken, loosen, release, 1

b5 kanepeponqh: were...thenI would haveexperienced; contrafactual; plpf. pa/sxwghrwj: gh/ra-oj, gen. object ofe3neka

b6 entetuxhka: 1stsg. pf. e0n-tugxa/nwb7 outwj exousi: being so disposed; dat. pl.

pple, e1xw+ adv. is translated often as tobe disposed + adv. or to be + adj.kai dh kai: in particular; and indeed alsoupo tinojby someone; gen. of agent,governed by the pres. pass. pple e0rwta/w

c1 Pwj exeij:How do you feel; How areyou disposed, see b7oioj te ei: are you able; are you such,oi3oj te + ei0mi/is an idiom for be able

c2 kai oj: and that one; demonstrativeEufhmei: keep quiet; eu0fh/me-e, sg. imper.c3 asmenestata: superlative adverbmentoi: certainly, of course; eager assentluttwnta: lutta/onta, acc. pres. pplec4 apodraj: nom. aor. pple a0podidra/skwkai tote: even at that time; kai\is an adv.

c5 htton: less; comparative adverb, h1ttwnc6 twn ge toioutwn:from..; gen. separationc7 epeidan: whenever; a1n + aor. subjunctive

pau/w, xala/w; pres. general conditionc8 to tou: that (response) of Sophoclesgignetai: comes to passd1 despotwn:from;large gen. separationesti: (it) is + inf.; i.e. old ageaphllaxqai: to be freed from; pf. pass.d2 toutwn peri: both regarding these and..d4 anwsin: if they are; e0a\n + 3rdpl. subj.d6 tw toioutw:for such a person; interestd7 agasqeij:struck with amazement at him;

+ gen.; nom. sg. inceptive aorist dep. pple

e1 oimai:I suppose that; syncopated oi1omaisou: accept (this) from you; gen. sourcee2 hgeisqai: believe; pollou/jis acc. subj.e4 kekthsqai: pf. inf. kta/omaitoij plousioij: dat. poss. with inf.ei0mi/e7 ti:something (important)to...eu exei: the response..is good; cf. b7

3rd

Decl. Nouns Nom. Swkra/thj Sofoklh=j (e/-hj) gh=raj (old age)e(s)- & a-stem Gen. Swkra/touj (e-oj) Sofole/ouj (e/-eoj) gh/rwj (a-oj)

Dat. Swkra/tei (e-i) Sofoklei=(e/-ei) gh/ra|(a-i)Acc. Swkra/th (e-a) Sofokle/a>(e/-ea) gh=raj

Voc. Swkra/tej Sofo/kleij (e-ej) gh=raj


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agapaw: to love, be fond of; satisfy, 40Aqhnaioj, -a, -on: Athenian, of Athens, 1apo-lauw: to enjoy, have enjoyment (gen.), 2aspazomai: to welcome, embrace, 2braxuj, -eia, -u: short, 1diplooj, -h, -on: twofold, double, 1elattwn, -on: smaller, fewer, 5epainew: to praise, approve, commend, 3epi-eikhj, -ej: fitting, suitable, reasonable, 5epi-ktaomai: to acquire in addition, 2ereomai: to ask, enquire, 1eu-dokimew: to be of good repute, esteemed, 2eu-koloj, -on: easily satisfied; contented, 1kata-leipw: to leave behind, abandon, 1Lusaniaj, o: Lysanias, 1mesoj,-h, -on: middle, in the middle of, 2om-wnumoj, -h, -on: having the same name, 1onomastoj, -h, -on: named, notable, famous, 1ousia, h: property; essence, substance, 3paij, paidoj, o, h: a child, boy, girl; slave, 4pappoj, o: grandfather; ancestor, 3para-lambanw: to receive from, 3

pathr, o: a father, 4penia, h: poverty, need, 1plousioj, -a, -on: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3ploutew: to be rich, wealthy, 1ploutoj, o: wealth, riches, 2poihma, -atoj, to: poem; product, 1poihthj, ou, o: maker, creator, poet, 3poioj, -a, -on: what sort of? what kind of?, 2pollakij: many times, often, frequently, 3Serifioj, o: Seriphius, 2spoudazw: to be serious, be eager, hasten 2sug-gignomai: to engage or associate with, 2sfodra: very much, exceedingly, earnestly, 3sxedon: nearly, almost, just about, 1tauth|: in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 2toi: ya know, let me tell you, surely, 3tososde, -hde, -onde: so great, much, many 3tosoutoj, -auth, -outo: so great, so many, 2ferw: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5xreia, h: use, advantage, service; need, 3xrhmatizw: to negotiate, transact business, 1xrhmatisthj, o: money-maker, 4

330a1di auton: through himself; e9auto\neudokimoi: eu0dokime/oi,pres opt. replacinga past indicative in secondary sequence

a2 an autojegeneto: he himself would notbecome; a1n + aor. ind. is past potential(unrealized); the subject is Themistocleswn: if he were; being pres. pple. ei0mi/inplace of a protasis, pres. contrary-to-fact

a3 ekeinoj Aqhnaioj: that one isSeriphius, supply the parallel clausew@n,a2n o0nomasto\j e0ge/neto

a4 ferousin: bearing; dat. pl. pple fe/rweu exei: is good; holds well, e1xw + adv.autoj: the same; attributive positionoti: (namely) that; clarifying lo/gojanenegkoi: would bear; endure a1n +aor. potential opt. fe/rw(e0negk)

a5 o epieikhj: the reasonable mana6 o mh epieikhj: the unreasonable manangenoito: would; aor. potential opt.

pot : poteeautw: with himselfa7 Poteronh: begins an either-or questionwn: (of the things) which; tou/twn a4,

acc. attracted to gen. of lost antecedentkekthsai: 2ndsg. pf. kta/omaita pleiw: plei/o(n)a, comparative n. pl.

a8 parelabej: 2ndsg. aor. paralamba/nwepekthsw: e0p-ekth/sa(s)o, 2ndsg. aor.b1 Poi : What sort?; Poi=a, neuter pl.gegona: 1stsg. pf. gi/gnomaib2 omwnumoj: same person as pa/ppojsxedon ti:somewhat almost, just aboutb5 elattw: e0la/tto(n)a, comparative adj.thjoushj: than; gen. of comparison,

pres. pple. ei0mi/; ou0si/anis fem. sg.b6 agapw:I am satisfiedelattw: e0la/tto(n)a, comparative adj.katalipw: 1stsg. aor. subj.katalei/pwtoutoisin:for these sons; dat. of interestb7 braxeitini: a little bit; dat. degree of

difference with pleiw, plei/o(n)acf. a7b8 Ou. .oti: this...namely that; demonstrativec1 agapan: pres. inf. a-contract verbwj to polu:for the most part, generallyc4 tauthdh kai: in this very way in factc5 wj ergon: as if their creation; productkata...xreian: in its use, owing to its usec6 hper: in which way; add spouda/zousinc7 suggenesqai: explanatory inf. + xalepoi\ouden.allo h: nothing other thand2 oiei:you suppose; oi1e(s)ai, 2ndsg. pres.toukekthsqai: articular inf. + a0polau/w


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3Adhj o: Hades or Pluto, 1a-dikhma -atoj to: a wrong, wrong-doing, 1aei: always, forever, in every case, 2ana-logizomai: to reckon up, sum up, 1acia h: worth, value, 1a-sqeneia h: weakness, feebleness, 1atallw: to skip, gambol, 1ghro-trofoj -on: nourishing in old age, 2glukuj -eia -u: sweet, pleasant, delightful, 1gnwmh h: thought, judgement, opinion, 1deidw: to fear, 3deima -atoj to: fear, dread, 1deimainw: to be afraid, be in a fright, 1deoj deouj to: fear, alarm, dread, awe, 1di-agw: to live, pass, go through, 2didwmi: to give, offer, grant, provide, 1dikh h: justice; lawsuit, trial; penalty, 1egeirw: to awaken, wake up, rouse, 1egguj: near (+ gen.); adv. nearby, 2egguterw: nearer, closer, at hand, 1eis-erxomai: to go in, enter, 2ekei=: there, in that place, 2ekei-se: thither, to that place, 1elpij -idoj h: hope, expectation, 3em-prosqen: before, previously; earlier, 3en-qade: hither, thither, 5ec-apataw: to deceive, beguile, 2epi-eikhj -ej: fitting, suitable, reasonable, 5euriskw: to find, discover, devise, invent, 4hduj -eia -u: sweet, pleasant, glad, 4htoi: now surely, truly, 2qama: often, 1

qaumastoj -h -on: wonderful, marvelous, 2qeoj o: a god, divinity, 5qnhtoj -h -on: liable to death, mortal, 1qusia h: an offering, sacrifice, 1kaq-oraw: to look down, perceive, 2kardia h: the heart, 1kata-gelaw: to laugh (at), mock, 1kosmioj -a -on: well-ordered, moderate, 2kthsij -ewj h: possession, acquisition, 5kubernaw: to be a helmsman; steer, govern, 2meroj -eoj to: a part, share, portion, 5mestoj -h -on: full, filled, filled full, 1muqoj o: story, word, speech, 2osioj -a -on: hallowed, sacred, ordained, 2paij paidoj o h: a child, boy, girl; slave, 4par-eimi: to be near, be present, be at hand, 3Pindaroj o: Pindar, 1pleistoj -h -on: most, greatest, 3polustrofoj -on: versatile, much-twisted, 1strefw: to turn, twist, 1sum-ballw: to contribute; join in battle, 1sun-aorew: to accompany, join with, 1sun-oida: to know with, be conscious of, 2sfodra: very much, exceedingly, earnestly, 3teleutaw: to end, complete, finish; die, 3tewj: up to this time; till then, as long as, 1toi: ya know, let me tell you, surely, 3upnoj o: sleep, slumber, 1up-oyia h: suspicion, jealousy, 1frontij -idoj o: throught, care, concern, 1xarientwj: charmingly, gracefully, lovely, 1yeudomai: mid. to lie, cheat, beguile, 2

d4 3Olegwn:saying this; saying which,anpeisaimi: potential aor. opt. pei/qwisqi: sg. imperative oi]dad5 h: wheneveris; 3rdsg. pres. subj. ei0mi/,eggujtou oiesqai: close to thinking;

articular infinitive

d7 eishei: 3rdsg. impf. ei0s-e/rxomaid8 twn en Aidou: affairs in Hades (house)wj: (namely) howdidonai dikhn: to pay the penaltye1 katagelwmenoi: mocked up to this timestrefousin: subject is oi9mu=qoiabovemh...wsin: lest the storiesare; clause of

fearing, 3rd

pl. pres. subj. ei0mi/e2 kai autoj: and he himself; au0tou=aboveupo: because of + gen.e3 kai wsperwn: as if being; w9j(per)

+ pple describes an alleged causetwn ekei: those things there; in Hades,gen. object of comparative e0ggute/rwmallon ti:somewhat better; ti is adv.acc. (or acc. of extent by degree)

e4 auta: them; i.e. the tw~n e0kei=d oun: but at any ratee5 tina ti: wrong someone in something;

verb can take a double acc. of the person

wronged (tina/) and an inner acc. (ti)

e6 kai: even331a5an diagagh: 3rdsg. aor. subj. dia/gwb1 twkosmiw: to the reasonable and well-

ordered person

b2 ecapathsai: aor. inf. e0c-apata/wb3 apienai: inf. a0p-e/rxomaib4 dediota: acc. sg. pf. pple. dei/dw


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alhqeia h: truth, 2ama: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5anti: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 5ap-aitew: to ask back, demand back, 3a-pistew: to distrust, not believe (+ dat.), 1aplwj: singly, plainly, absolutely, 2gelaw: to laugh, 1gignwskw: to come to know, learn, realize, 5eiper: if really, if in fact (to imply doubt), 5elaxistoj -h -on: smallest, least, 1eni-ote: sometimes, 5epi-meleomai: to take care, care for (+ dat.), 3qeioj -a -on: divine, sent by the gods, 3

ieroj -h -on: holy, divine; sacred rites, 3klhro-nomoj o: heir, inheritor, 2mainomai: to be mad, rage, be furious, 3nouj o: mind, intention, attention, thought, 3oplon to: arms, weapons, tools, 1oroj o: definition; boundary, marker, 1pag-kaloj -h -on: all-beautiful, -noble, 2para-didwmi: to hand over, transmit, 1ploutoj o: wealth, riches, 2swfronew: to be prudent, temperate, 1toiosde -ade -onde: such (as this), 5upo-lambanw: to take up, reply; suppose, 5xreia h: use, advantage, service; need, 3

b5 en ge anq enoj: (setting) one thingagainst (another) one

b6 ouk elaxistoneij touto:for this(purpose) not least(namely that)qeihn:I would set forth, I wouldpropose; aor. potential opt. ti/qhmiandri noun exonti:for a man having(good) sense; dat. of interest

einai: inf. ei0mi/, plou=ton is acc. subjectc1 touto d auto thn dikaiosunhn: (as for)this thing itself, justice,; in respect

to acc. of respect and an appositive

c2 fhsomenh: will we claimor; fut. fhmi/thn alhqeiankai to apodidonai: (tospeak) the truth and to give back; joined

by kai\; acc. pred. of ei]naiauto: it is; acc. subject of ei]naic3 an labh: if someone receives something

from someone; e0a/n, tou is gen. tino/j;3rdsg. aor. subj., pres. general condition

c4 auta tauta: these things themselves;i.e. truth, neuter object of poiei=nestin eniote meneniote de: it is possiblesometimes.othertimes

c5 oion toionde lege:I mean the followingexample; I mean this such sortpou:I suppose

aneipoilaboi: would...should; fut.less vivid, aor. opt. le/gw, lamba/nw

c6 para:from (the side of); + gen.maneij: becoming mad; inceptive aor.pple. mai/nomai

c7 an eih: would be; 3rdsg. pres. opt. ei0mi/c8 o apodidouj: aor. pple,a0podi/dwmioutwj exonta: to one being so disposedd2 ara: it turns out; for truth just realized.d4 Panu men oun: quite, on the contrary; me\n

ou]n indicates a correction: ratherd7 kai mentoi: and moreoverupolabwn: nom. sg. aor. ppled8 Oukoun: Then,not?; inferential, begins

question seeking a yes responseegw: am I.; supply linking verb ei0mi/twn ge swn: of your (affairs)d9 panu ge: quite so; common affirmative

hei: 3rdsg. impf. e1rxomai; Cephalus goesand arrives performing sacred ritese3 to...apodidonai: to return; articular inf.e5 0Alla mentoige: well certainlyat leastou radion: (it is) not rather easy; e0sti/ne6 toutooti: this which hee8 dhlonoti: clearly; (it is) clear that

Type of Condition Protasis (if-clause) Apodosis (then-clause)

Simple ei0+ any indicative any indicativePresent General (Indefinite)

Past General (Indefinite)

e0a/n+ subjunctive (if ever) present indicativeei/+ optative (if ever) past indicative

Future More Vivid

Future Less Vivid

e0a/n+ subjunctive future indicativeei0+ optative (should) a1n+ optative (would)

Contrary to Fact ei0+ past ind. (were/had) a1n+ past (would/would have)


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ainittomai: to speak in riddles, hint at, 1ap-aitew: to ask back, demand back, 3apo-dosij, h: giving back, return, 1apo-doteoj, -a, -on: to be given back, 2apo-lambanw: to take or receive from, 1blaberoj, -a, -on: harmful, disadvantageous1dia-noeomai: to think, consider, intend, 4draw: to do, 2kaitoi: and yet, and indeed, and further, 3lhyij, h: receiving, acceptance, 3

nh: by + acc.; invoking a divinity, 2onomazw: to name, call by name, 1opote: when, by what time, 2opwstioun: in any way whatever, 2ostis-oun, htisoun, oti-oun: whosoever, 2para-kata-tiqhmi: to deposit, 4poihtikoj, -h, -on: poetic, in manner of poets1swfrwn, -on: sound, prudent, right-minded, 2tuxh, h: chance, luck, fortune, success, 1xrusion, to: gold coin, money; jewelry, 4

e9 toapodidonai: to return;articularinf. which governs everything inbetweentinoj parakataqemenou ti: after onehad deposited something; someone

depositing something, gen. absoluteotwoun: to anyone whoseover; dat. sg.o9tini-ou=n, tij and ou=n make it indefinitemh...apaitounti: asking it back (though)not in his right mind; dat. sg. pple

332a1kaitoi ge: and yet; ge stresses kai/toiofeilomenon: owed; nom. predicatepou:I suppose; acute from enclitic e0stina2 parakateqeto: he deposited; again, aor.middle not passiveh gar;: is this not so?; often in surprise,ga/r seeks confirmation of the preceding

a4 0Apodoteon: must one return; (it is) to bereturned (by one), verbal adj. often with

form of ei0mi/+ dat of agent (missing here)de ge: geat least, emphasizes not de/but0Apodote/on or the entire clause

opoteapaitoi: when one asked; opt. inindirect discourse. Socrates is referring toa point admitted by Cephalus earlier in

331c6: ei0manei\j a0paitoi=a7 1Allo dhh: Then, is it anything other

than...; dh/is inferentialto toioutonto...einai:such, (namelythat) it is just; articular infinitive is in

apposition to the demonstrative

a9 mentoi: certainly; often eager assentnh Di : by Zeus; Di/a, acc. sg. Zeu/ja10dran: inf. a-contract dra/wa11apodidwsin: present 3rdsingularoj anapodw: whoever returns; 3rdsg.

aor. subj. a0podi/dwmia12twparakataqemenw: to someone

having deposited; tini, dat. sg.eanpergignhtaiwsin: ifbecomes

are; 3rdpl. pres. subj. ei0mi/

b2 fhj: 2ndsg. pres. fhmi/b4 Panu men oun: quite so indeed; expresses

positive certainty, cf. 331d4

b5 Ti de: What?; what about this expressessurprise and introduces another questiontoij exqroij: dat. indirect objectapodoteon: must one return; (is) to bereturned, verbal adj., see 332a4 aboveotituxh: happens to be owed; o3ti,3

rdsg. aor. subj. tugxa/nw governs a

complementary pple b6 men oun: indeed; again, positive certaintygegege: repetition of ge suggeststhat Polemarchus is irritated and wishes

to make his point emphaticallyo gekakon ti: (one must return) WHATis owed to them, and, I suppose, IT IS

OWED FROM AN ENEMY to an enemy

that very thing which in fact befits (him),

some evil; ge/stresses preceding words;indicated in upper-case as if by shouting

c1 to dikaion o eih: what the just is?; thejust, what it is prolepsis (anticipation) is

common in Plato, opt. in secondary seq.

c2 to proshkon: what is fitting; that beingfitting, substantive, neuter sg. pple

c3 wnomasen: named (x) (y); double acc.c4 0Alla ti: Well, what do you think?; 2nd

sg. oi1omai; a0lla/ repudiates alternativesc5 W proj Dioj: O, by Zeus; w}is an

exclamation, not article in the vocativeeihretoan apokrinasqai: ifhadaskedhe would have responded; past

contrary-to-fact condition

c6 h tisinti: the art returning what (thatis) owed and befitting to whom is called

the art of medicine?; double interrogative

c7 an apokrinasqai: he would reply; cf. c5


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Republic I 332c9-333a2 19

akolouqew: to follow (+ dat.), 1a-xrhstoj -on: useless, unprofitable, 5blabh h: hurt, harm, damage, 4gewrgia h: farming, agriculture, 1dunatoj -h -on: capable, strong, possible, 4eirhnh h: peace, 3em-prosqen: before, previously; earlier, 3hdusma -matoj to: seasoning, sauce, 1qalassa h: sea, 2kindunoj o: risk, danger, venture, 1

mageirikoj -h -on: culinary, of cooking, 1nosoj o: sickness, illness, disease, 2oyon to: meat, cooked meat, 1polemew: to wage war, go to war, 2poton to: a drink, 1pros-polemew: to wage war against, 1sition to: grain, bread, food, 2sum-maxew: fight together with, be an ally, 2ugieia h: soundness, health, 3farmakon to: drug, medicine, 1

c9 Dhlon oti: clearly; (it is) clear thath: (it is) the (art returning); supply te/xnhand a0podidou=safrom aboveswmasin:for bodies; dat. pl. sw~ma, inresponse to dat. pl. interrogative ti/sinfarmakapota: acc. reply to ti/above

c11 9Hkaleitaisee 332c6 above for atranslation of a similar double question

d1 Hhdusmata: see c9 aboved2 Eien: well, well thenoun dh: certainly thend4 ti: at all; as often, adverbial acc.toij eirhmenoij: the things mentioned;

said, pf. mid. pple le/gw (stem er-)d5 h: the art; the parallelism allows for

ellipsis throughout these passagesd7 to...eu poieinkakwj: to treatwell

poorly; i.e. behave toward

d8 legei: (the poet Simonides) saysd10dunatwtatoj: superlative dunato/jkamnontaj: (being) illd11proj: with regard to+ acc.

e1 pleontaj:sailors; (those) sailing); acc.pl. pple ple/w;parallel to question in d10

e3 Ti de: and what (about)o dikaioj: the just (one)en tiniproj ti: in whatand withregard to what; interrogative adjs.

e5 en tw prospolemeintw summaxein:articular infinitives, objects of e0nemoige: to me at least

e6 mh kamnousi ge:for those NOT beingill; dat. pl. pple of reference

mhn:surely, certainly; strongly assertiveiatroj: supply linking verb e0sti/ne9 Kai..dh: and indeed; emphasizes the

words intervening just as kai/gemh pleousi:for those not sailing; cf. e6mh polemousin: thosewaging war; cf. e9e13xrhsimon: (is returning something)

useful; acc. sg. is not pred. to dikaiosu/nhbut the obj. of missing pple a0podidou=sa

333a2kai gar gewrgia:yes, and farmingHelping Friends, Harming Enemies

The view of justice set forth by Polemarchus was part of popular Greek morality and was

expressed by a variety of authors including Polemarchus own brother, Lysias (cont. p. 27):

Euripides, Medea809-810 (tr. David Kovacs):hurtful to foes, to friends kindly. Such

persons live a life of greatest glory.

Lysias 9.20 (tr. W.R.M. Lamb):I considered it ordained that one should harm ones

enemies and serve ones friends.

Plato Meno71e (tr. G.M.A. Grube):mans virtue consists of being able to manage public

affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies

Sophocles Antigone643-4 (tr. H. Lloyd-Jones):that they may requite the enemy with

evil and honour the friend as they honour their father.

Xenophon,Memorabilia2.6.35 (tr. E.C. Marchant):A mans virtue consists in outdoinghis friends in kindness and his enemies in mischief.

See M.W. Blundells analysis of Sophocles inHelping Friends and Harming Enemies.


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Republic I 333a3-c7 21

ameinwn -on: better, 5eirhnh h: peace, 3epriamhn: buy, purchase (aor. wneomai), 1qesij -ewj h: placing, arranging; position, 3ippikoj o: a horse-trainer, 5karpoj o: fruit, produce; profits, 1kiqaristikoj o: cithara player, harpist, 2koinwnhma -atoj to: associations, dealings2koinwnia h: association, communion, 2koinwnoj o: partner, associate, companion, 3krouma -atoj to: stroke, pluck; a note, 1kthsij -ewj h: possession, acquisition, 5liqoj o: a stone, 1nauphgoj o: a shipwright, ship-builder, 1

oiko-domikoj -h -on: builder, 3oudamwj: in no way, not at all, 5para-kata-tiqhmi: to deposit, 4petteutikoj o: a draughts player, 2pettoj o: draught-stone, 1plhn: except, but (+ gen.), 1plinqoj o: a brick, 1ploion to: vessel, ship, 1skutotomikoj -h -on: of a shoemaker, 1sum-bolaion to: contract, covenant; token, 3swj o h: safe and sound, safe, sound, 2upo-dhma upodhmatoj to: sandal, 1xreia h: use, advantage, service; need, 3xrusion to: gold coin, money; jewelry, 4

a6 kai mhn kai: and certainly also; as withkai\dh\kai\, 2ndkai/is adverbialskutotomikh: (the art) of a shoemaker; asoften, assume adj. is modifying te/xnh

a8 oimai:I suppose; as often, parentheticalan faihj: would you say; potential pres.opt. fhmi/

a9 Panu ge: quite so; common assenta10Ti de dh;: What then?; dh/emphasizes

the addition noted by de/thn dikaiosunhn: acc. subj. of inf. ei0mi/proj tinoj: with regard to whose use?interrogative pronoun, gen. sg.

a12sumbolaia: (monetary) contractsa14dhta:yes, indeed; affirmative, as often

after a word repeated from the question

b1 o dikaiojh: (is) the just manor?;supply the linking verb e0sti/neij pettwn qesin:for the placing ofdraught-stones; in a boardgame

b4 o dikaioj: (is) the just man?; supplythe linking verb e0sti/nxrhsimwteroj: comparative degree

b5 tou oikodomikou: than; gen comparisonb7 eij tina dh:for exactly what association?

interrogative, dh/is an intensifierb8 tou oikodomikou: than; gen comparisonb9 tou dikaiou: gen. comparisoneij kroumatwn: supply koinwni/an

b10eij arguriou: supply koinwni/anb11proj: with regard to+ acc.to xrhsqai: the use of; an articular inf.

that governs a dative

b12deh arguriou: there is need for silver;3

rdsg. subj. dei=, present general conditionpriasqai h apodosqai: (in order) to buy

and sell; aor. mid. infinitives of purpose;a0podi/dwmiin this context means tosell or to exchangekoinh: in exchange

c1 h gar;: is this not so?; often in surprisega/r seeks confirmation for the preceding

c2 Kai mhn: and surely; as often, ge followsconnecting particles to focus our

attention on a new idea or clause

c3 ploion: vessel; ellipsis, supply b12-c1but replace acc. i3ppon with ploi=on

c5 tixrhsqai: when there is need to makewhat use of silver and gold in exchange,

is the just man more useful than others;

the interrogative ti/is an inner acc. ofxrh=sqai: to make what use of + dat;this awkward construction is confirmed

by Polemarchus response in infinitives;

a1llwn is gen. of comparisonc7 parakataqesqai: (there is need that

silver)be deposited; aor. mid. inf., add

de/h|a0rguri/on (from above (acc. not dat.)

The Thirty [Tyrants] issued to Polemarchus their accustomed order to drink

hemlock, before stating the reason that he was going to dieso far was he from

being tried and defending himself.

(Lysias 12.17,Against Eratosthenes)


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Republic I 333c8-334a6 23

allh|: in another place; in another way, 1ampel-ourgikoj, -h, -on: of a vinedresser, 1aspij, -idoj, h: shield, round shield, 1a-xrhstia, h: uselessness, 1a-xrhstoj, -on: useless, unprofitable, 5bouleuma, -atoj to: deliberation; plan, 1drepanon, to: a scythe, 2em-poiew: to create in, produce in, cause, 2keimai: to lie down, 4kleptw: to steal, rob, 2lura, h: lyre, 2maxh, h: battle, fight, combat, 3

mousikh, h: music, 2nosoj, o: sickness, illness, disease, 2oplitikoj, -h, -on: of a hoplite, of a soldier, 1patassw: to knock, beat, strike, 1polemioj, -a, -on: hostile, of the enemy, 1puktikoj, -h, -on: with fists, of boxing, 1spoudaioj, -a, -on: serious, earnest; good, 1stratopedon, to: camp, encampment; army 3fulac, -koj, o: a watcher, guard, sentinel, 2fwr, fwroj, o: a thief, 1xrhsij, -ewj, h: using, use, employment, 1

c8 Oukoun: Then,not?; inferential, beginsquestion seeking a yes responsedeh: there is need; it is necessary, 3rdsg. pres subj.mhdenxrhsqai: to make no use+ dat.;mhde/n is, as ti/in c5, an inner accusativeautw: it; i.e. money, obj. of xrh=sqai

c9 keisqai: to lie (idle)c11 h: is; 3rdsg. pres. ei0mi/in a general

temporal clauseaxrhston: readers must be careful todistinguish useless from not in useep autw: in relation to it; i.e. money

d2 kinduneuei: it looks as though; it runs therisk, i.e. there is a probability it is true

d3 drepanon: acc. obj. of fula/tteinKai..dh: and indeed; emphasizes thewords intervening just as kai/ge

d4 kai koinh kai idia: both in publicdealings and in private mattersotanxrhsqai: when (it is necessary) tomake use of (the scythe); ellipsisampelourgikh: the art of vinedressing; asoften, the fem. adj. modifies texnh/

d6 fhseij: fut. fhmi/mhden xrhsqai: to make no use of (them)d8 oplitikhn, mousikhn: supply texnh\nd10kai peri talla dh panta: and

regarding all other things in fact; cf. d3ekastouxrhsei: in the use of each thing

d11en axrhstia: add e9ka/stoufrom abovee1 oukoun: thennot; ou1koun , inferentialaneih: could be; potential opt. ei0mi/ti:something; predicate noun, thus n. sg.spoudai=onmodifies ti not dikaiosu/nh

e2 on tugxanei: happens to be; verb governsa complementary pple; subject is neut. ti

e3 skeywmeqa: let us;hortatory aor. subj.patacai: in striking; aor. epexegetical(explanatory) inf. with deino/tatoje4 tini kai allh: or in some other mannerin fact;fulacasqai: in defending also; aor.exepegetical (explanatory) inf.; supply

deino/tatojfrom abovee6 ostij: whoever is; supply e0sti/ne7 outoj: this one is; supply e0sti/nlaqeinempoihsaj: in escaping notice

while producing (it); aor. explanatory inf.

lanqa/nw modifying superl.

deino/tatoj

334a1 0Alla mhnge: but again; but surely,positive transition to new item in a serieso autoj: (is) the same man; supply e0sti/

a2 kleyai(is good) in stealing; epexegetical(explanatory) aor. inf. kle/ptw

a5 3Otou tijtoutou kai: of whatsoeverone (is)of this (one) also; o3tinojfwr: supply is


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Republic I 334a7-d6 25

agapaw: to love, be fond of; satisfy, 4ana-fainw: to appear, show forth, display, 2Autolukoj o:Autolycus, grandfather, 1blabh h: hurt, harm, damage, 4goun: ge ou]n, at least, at any rate, any way, 3eikoj otoj to: likely, probable, reasonable 4kainumai: to excel, surpass, 1klepthj o: a thief, robber, 4kleptikoj -h -on: of theft, thievish, 1kleptosunh h: theft, robbery, 4kleptw: to steal, rob, 2ma: by + acc. (in affirmation) 5

mhthr h: a mother, 1misew: to hate, 40Odusseuj o: Odysseus, 13Omhroj o: Homer, 2omwj: nevertheless, however, yet, 3orkoj o: an oath, 1ouk-eti: no more, no longer, no further, 4pappoj o: grandfather; ancestor, 3shmainw: to indicate, point out, 1filew: to love, befriend, 1xrhstoj -h -on: good, useful, worthy, 5wsautwj: in the same manner, just so, 1

a7 goun: as, at any rate; a qualified assentwhich introduces a reason that is not

conclusive: Polemarchus is hesitant

a10anapefantai: has been shown (to be);pf. pass. a0nafai/nw, supply inf. ei]nai

a11kinduneueijmemaqhkenai: it looks asthough you had learned; you run the

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