PLAYBILL

Art Studies 1

WFX-2

Theatre Group

Jireh Magayanes Key concepts and terms

Rae Anne Anonuevo

History of World Theatre

Karla Apostol

Filipino Theatre History

Patricia AlvarADO Current Issues in THEATRE

Layouting and Cover Art

Jireh Magayanes is a 16-year-old BS Psychology student at UP Diliman. She is usually reserved and quiet, but is agreeable once you talk to her. She’s nerdy, geeky, and childish; sometimes she just wants to sing like there’s no tomorrow and act like no one’s watching her. She loves anime, books, music, Skandar Keynes, and David Archuleta. She also writes fan fiction and short prose from time to time, and she blogs. Most importantly, she just loves God and tries to live for Him every single day.

Rae Anne Anonuevo is a 17 year old Molecular Biology and Biotechnology student at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City. This playwright wishes to introduce herself not in a highly formal manner but by simply being her. All the movies, personalities, and songs mentioned were of most interest to the playwright. Anne, as what her friends would call her is a very sweet and exciting girl. She likes to smile like the sun, fall out of bed, sing like a bird, which makes it dizzy for her head, spin like a record, crazy on a Sunday night. She likes to laugh a lot especially with her closest Friends, family and even strangers; that you’ll get a Hangover of the fun and good times you had with her and makes you want to bond with her more and get a Hangover. She is very appreciative of the good things in life and does not forget to thank people for it, not like My Amnesia Girl. She doesn’t like fights. Who even wants one? But when things get out of hand, she is very willing to give a friendship one more chance. She can be spontaneous and fun like Katy Perry; yet she can be laid back and just cool like Maroon 5. She likes to live her teenage dream, and aspires someday that she can have her own eurotrip with her loved ones.

Karla Apostol is a bubbly girl taking up BS Tourism in UP Diliman with a mindset of traveling the world someday. She loves taking photographs of anything under the sun. She also loves books; it is her means of escape from reality for a while.

Tricia is one proudly geeky biology major happily pursuing her interests in both the sciences and the performing arts. As much as she loves playing the piano, drawing, cooking, and taking pictures of various animal and plant phyla, she hates having pictures taken of herself and thus refuses to have her facebook profile picture on this playbill. Her favorite Broadway actor is Telly Leung (aka Angel from RENT and one of the Dalton Warblers in Glee). One day, she’d like to travel to New York City with her high school bff’s, have lunch at the Life Café, pull the tables together, and sing “La Vie Boheme” like there’s no day but today.

Key Concepts

and Terms

• Theatre Is a branch of performing arts focusing on live performers

creating a self-contained drama.

Aristotle’s six elements of

theater

• Plot

• Character

• Idea

• Language

• Music

• Spectacle

Stagecraft • The technical aspect of a theater production.

• Sub-disciplines are: Lighting, Audio, Carpentry, Costumes,

Props, and Production.

Kinds of Theatre places:

• Arena/Stadium

• Proscenium

• Thrust

• Traverse

• Theater-in-the-

round

• Black box

• Act- the major division in a theater production

• Scene- action done in a single setting

• Cast- the actors who are to

perform in a play

• Understudy- one who is to take a role if the actor playing the role should miss a performance

• Dialogue- speech between two or

more people

• Soliloquy- talking while or as if alone

• Tone- the playwright’s attitude towards his/her work or material

• Tempo- the pace of the scene/play

• Tech rehearsal- rehearsal solely devoted to the technical aspects of the production

• Dress rehearsal- the last rehearsal, treated as a performance.

• Run-through- rehearsal without stopping for changes or correction

History of

World Theatre

DANCE DRAMA combination of ritual and

storytelling first on the African continent (3300 BC)

ANIMISM • belief in spirits to animate objects

SHAMAN • Go-betweens to the spirit world

• Performs his mastery in a state of trance

MASKS • disguises the shaman performer transforming him into a spirit

presence

• Initially derived from the ecstatic contortion of the shaman’s

face during trance

Athens, Greece (5th Century BC)

Greek theater has its origin in religion (polytheistic)

DITHYRAMBS

• Lengthy hymn, sung and danced by a group of fifty

men to praise Dionysus

TRAGEDY

• central character called a

tragic protagonist or hero

suffers some serious

misfortune which is not

accidental

• Aristotle

• Aeschylus, Sophocles,

Euripides

OLD COMEDY

• Makes fun of society,

politics or culture, and

frequently its characters

are contemporary

recognizable

personalities

• Aristophanes

SATYR PLAYS

• structured like a

Greek tragedy but

parodied the

mythological and

heroic tales that were

treated seriously in

the tragedies.

NEW COMEDY

More realistic, more down-to-earth,

its comedy arose and complications of

the everyday life of Greek citizens.

MENANDER – best known writer

of Greek New Comedy

• Hellenistic theaters had become stone

structures, two stories high and

considerably bigger than most modern

theaters.

• Scripts became less important

and the work of the performers

became more prominent

Artists of Dionysus – a guild of

actors, chorus members,

playwrights and various other

theater personnel MIMES

• Travelling players who presented a variety of entertainments, including juggling,

acrobatics, wordless dances dramatizing fables, and sketches with dialogue

• Mainly from Greek influences

• Developed sophisticated forms of popular entertainment

• ETRUSCANS – civilization from North Rome who introduced

popular entertainment

ROMAN TRAGEDY

• Not meant to be performed

for large public audiences

• Seneca

ROMAN COMEDY

• Influence from New

Comedy

• Plautus and Terrence

HORACE – the Roman Aristotle, wrote the “Arts Poetica”, the only

Latin treatise on dramatic criticism still in existence

EARLY MIDDLE AGES

• Touring minstrels kept the theatrical tradition alive

LATER IN THE MIDDLE AGES • Liturgical Drama – written in Latin,

presented by clergymen and choir boys, presented in monasteries

MYSTERY OR CYCLE

PLAYS: THE

PAGEANT WAGON

MORALITY PLAYS:

EVERYMAN

HIGH MIDDLE AGES: SECULAR DRAMA RELIGIOUS DRAMA focuses on the significance of religion,

COMIC DRAMA emphasizes the imperfections and scandals of

everyday human behavior.

TOTAL THEATER

• Synthesis or integration of

elements – acting, mime, dancing,

music, text

EARLY THEATER • Patronage of the Imperial

Court

• The “Pear Garden” was founded in 714

THEATER IN THE YUAN DYNASTY (1271-1368)

• Zaju – form of drama perfected in the Yuan dynasty

THEATER IN THE MING DYNASTY (1368-1644)

• Writers focused on making dramas than plays to please the elite, making the theater ornate and artificial

THEATER AFTER THE MING DYNASTY (1368-1644)

• Heavily patronized by the rich, began to lose all real contact with the larger public

MING PERIOD: LUTE SONG by Gao Ming

GROUNDPLAN OF THE NO THEATER

KABUKI THEATER

• Witnessed major innovations in four areas of theater arts – acting, dramatic criticism, theater architecture and scene design.

• Restructuring of the theater

COMMEDIA DELL’ARTE CHARACTERS

From left to right: Harlequin, Pantalone, Isabella, Dottore, Capitano

TEATRO

OLIMPICO

TEATRO

FARNESE

PERSPECTIVE

IN SCENE

DESIGN

POLE AND

CHARIOT

SYSTEM FOR

WINGS AND

SHUTTERS

• Development of brilliant drama: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson

• Refined episodic structure, had imaginative staging techniques

ELIZABETHAN DRAMA

• Had Roman and Italian influences

• Mixed higher and lower characters and included comic scenes in serious plays

• Performers became increasingly accomplished at creating both comic and serious characters, mastering physical activities such as sword fighting and speaking verses effectively.

CHRISTOPHER

MARLOWE

1564 - 1593

WILLIAM

SHAKESPEARE

1564 - 1616

ELIZABETHAN PLAYHOUSES:

PUBLIC THEATERS

LORD CHAMBERLAIN’S MEN

COURT

ENTERTAINME

NT: THE

MASQUE

• Also used the episodic form

• Mostly dealt with Spanish heroes and heroines: both

common and nobility

• Religious drama was evident

• Women were employed as performers

THE CORRALES

• Expanded and refined Italian Renaissance practices

• Establishment of Comedie Franciase, the government-supported

French national theater in 1680

NEOCLASSICAL IDEAS

• Pierre Corneille (1606 – 1684)

• Dramaturgy

• Stagecraft

FRENCH TRAGEDY • Jean Racine (1639-1699)

FRENCH COMEDY

• Jean-Baptiste Poquelin

(1622 – 1673)

THE HOTEL DE BOURGOGNE

PALAIS CARDINAL

PETIT BOURBON

COMEDIE FRANCAISE

• Italian influence: proscenium arch, perspective painting, wing-and-shutter scenery

• French influence: neoclassical ideas

• Comedy of Manners

• Women appeared on the English stage for the first time

• Acting companies in London established a contract system

• Theatrical entrepreneurs began to emerge

RESTORATION DRAMA

• Fusion of Elizabethan stage conventions with those of the Italian

and French theaters in drama, architecture and design

TRAGEDY

• John Dryden

FRENCH COMEDY

• Aphra Behn (1640 – 1689)

RESTORATION

THEATERS: THE DURY

LANE THEATER

• A time of experimentation

• New forms of drama were developed

• Multipoint perspective was introduced, local colors and three-dimensional properties became more common

in sets

• The role of a director emerged

• By the end of the 18th century, melodrama had begun to emerge

DRAME • any serious drama that did not fit the

necolassical definition of tragedy

• BOURGEOIS – domestic tragedy

BALLAD OPERA

• Spoken dialogue

alternated with songs

set to contemporary

melodies COMIC OPERA

• Actors dressed as cupids held signs onstage on which were

printed speeches

SENTIMENTAL COMEDY

• Reaffirms middle class morality

• Comedie Larmoyante

COVENT GARDEN

DROTTNINGHOLM

THEATER BIBIENA SET DESIGN

• Break – away from neoclassical rules

• Melodrama was the most popular genre

• The Well-Made Play surfaced

• Star – system in acting

• Actors based their acting more on observable life

• Gas end electricity provided a controllable source of light

• Peking opera was developed

POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT

• Minstrel show, burlesque, variety, vaudeville, circus

ROMANTICISM

• First half of the 19th

century

MELODRAMA • “song drama” or “music drama”

• Plays were written to arouse strong emotions

THE WELL-MADE PLAY • A term to describe a play which

builds mechanically to its climactic moments

PROSCENIUM THEATER

BOOTH’S THEATER

• Marked by the advent of realism and naturalism

• Symbolist plays came into existence

• Anti-realistic plays were experimented

• Increased contact between Asia and the western world led to cross–

cultural influences in theater.

REALISTIC DRAMA

• Henrik Ibsen (1828 – 1906)

• Represented everyday life

NATURALISTIC DRAMA

• A subdivision of realism – an extreme form

SYMBOLISM

• The leading anti-realistic movement bet. 1880-1910

• Presented themes of the mystery of being and the cosmos

ECLECTICS

• Theater artists who tried to bridge the gap between realism and antirealism

• The era of the world wars mirrored the social upheavals in theater

• Anti-realistic movements developed in Europe

• Rise of totalitarianism affected theater in the Soviet Union, Germany, Spain, etc.

• New playwrights and Broadway fares were introduced in the United States

EXPRESSIONIST DRAMA

• Often opposed to society and the family

• Structured station plays

FUTURISTIC DRAMA • Idealized war and the

developing machine age

• Ridiculed museum art

SURREALIST DRAMA • Set in a dreamworld, mixing

recognizable events with fantastic happenings

• More genres of drama emerged

• “Selective Realism”

• Regional professional theaters became firmly established in America

EXISTENTIALIST DRAMA

• God does not exist and humanity

alone in an irrational universe

ABSURDIST DRAMA

• Presents human existence as

futile or absurd

MULTIMEDIA

• Joins theater with other arts

ENVIRONMENTAL THEATER

• The entire theater space is performance space

SELECTIVE REALISM • A type of realism that

heightens certain details of action, scenery and dialogue while omitting others

DOCUMENTARY

DRAMA

• Based on historical documents

which give them an air of

authenticity

• New forms of theater have developed

• Performance art became a significant alternative form

• Many companies and established theaters confronted new aesthetic issues

CONTEMPORARY

THEATER

• Combination of abstraction

and realism so that their

work cannot be classified

PERFORMANCE ART

• Emphasis was not on narrating a story or exploring recognizable

characters but rather on the visual and ritualistic aspects of

performing.

Vicente Barrantes

“ Tagalog theater was definitely

derived from Spanish theater,

and that there had been none of

it before Spanish contact ”

Wenceslao Retana

Indigenous drama Definition of

drama (before) :

-- as “action” or “deed” involving mimesis or mimicry

Rituals and ceremonies • The many rituals that punctuated the daily life of the Filipinos

were mostly marked by some mimetic action.

Example : Pagdiwata

Songs and dances • Songs and dances were usually part of the ritual ; and when

outside of ritual, often had mimetic elements of their own.

customs • Other nonritualistic or nonceremonial customs of the early Filipinos also

qualify as drama not only because of mimetic action, but also because in

some cases an element of “pretend” has entered the practice or game.

• Spanish culture

= through Nueva Espana.

• Native awit & corrido

The friars, in their zeal to Christianize

the natives, used many methods of

communicating their message,

including the drama or

dramatization, a pedagogical tool

long used by the Jesuits in their

teaching

• First dramatization were taught by the friars to their

Filipino students for such festive occasions as the arrival of

church notables, the feasts of saints, or the inauguration of

churches or schools.

comedia

First play was a comedia by Vicente Puche

• First recorded full-length (in three acts/ jornadas) was then taught

to the elementary school children of Cebu who presented it to

honor the first bishop-designate of Cebu, Fray Pedro de Agurto

• First play in vernacular written by a Spaniard was on the

martyrdom of Santa Barbara. Most famous comedia of all time (1637):

For the celebration of an actual victory of Christians over Moros

=> Corcuera defeated Kudarat (May)

=> boys acted out this victory by playing at

“moros y cristianos” (June)

=> Father Hieronimo Perez’s play gran comedia was performed (July 5)

Religious drama • Jesuits use religious/semi-religious dramatic forms

to serve as an audiovisual reinforcement in their teaching of religion

St. helena’s search for the true cross (may)

CLASSIFICATION (Nicanor Tiongson)

• Based on Liturgy

– Siete Palabras (Seven Last Words) on Good Friday

• Derived from the Liturgy

– Osana on Palm Sunday

• Based not on the Liturgy but on the Liturgical Calendar

– Santakrusan (May)

19th century : Western variety of theater, that is, scripted, costumed, and

staged plays, were a prominent reality in the Philippines

Huseng Sisiw (Jose de la

Cruz) Francisco Balagtas

Teatro de Tondo

-one of the first Manila theater built.

• Narciso de la Escosura & Carlota Coronel went to Manila 1848 due to

political deportations

• Alejandro Cubero “father of Spanish theater”

• Elisea Raguer zarzuela actress

Contempary plays not about moro-cristiano

• La Conquista de Jolo by Antonio Garcia del Canto

The zarzuelas • Filipinization of zarzuela by means of its

birth in the vernacular

• First vernacular Zarzuela – Mariano Proceso Pabalan Byron’s Ing Managpe

• Theme : Filipino domestic life

• First professional Philippine theater

The drama • Moved into the vernacular even before the

sarswela. • Mostly in prose and predominantly romantic

and/or tragic and/or comic. • First published play was Cornelio

Hilado’s Ang Babai nga Huwaran

• Juan Abad’s Tanikalang Guinto

• Plays were staged at a time when the Sedition Law forbade.

“printing, publishing, or circulating any handbill, newspaper, or publication, advocating… independence or separation”

• In 1907, National Assembly was called, negotiations for

independence began, the anger died down, and the dramas

thereafter played on predictable formulae of family conflict and

tragedy, romantic triangles, and the like.

Cirio H. Panganiban’s veronidia • One of the most famous romantic dramas of

this period

Atang de la Rama

Reasons why it dramatically faded.. • The English language had by the thirties

become established as the language of the educated, the intelligentsia, and the elite.

• Serious competition from two newer forms of entertainment : Vaudeville & the movies.

• Sarswelas and dramas themselves become stereotyped.

Vod-a-vil • Originated in France; Introduced in the Phil by the Americans

• Filipino bodabil was introduced by Sunday Reantaso. But the credit

for really establishing the forms belongs to Lou Borromeo.

Katy de la Cruz

Bodabil The Clover Theater Show Burlesque then to excuses for girlie and strip shows

The __________ of the philippines

Eddie Mesa

• Stage shows served

- to keep the spirits up

- communicate messages of hope to the audience

• Copying American performers

• Fallen on bad times with shows that contain vulgar skits, acrobatic acts, and “fashion show”

• Became strong during the 1945 when the American presence returned.

• Centered in schools – U.P Dramatic Club directed by Wilfredo Maria

Guerrero

• Semi professional groups – Barangay Theater Guild

Palanca memorial awards • Encouragement for the writing of plays in English

since 1954

– One-act play as a prize category and later the three-act

play as well.

• FIRST AWARD WAS GIVEN TO ALBERTO

FLORENTINO’S THE WORLD IS AN APPLE

The return to the vernacular • Less audiences -- > language was the problem

• Onofre Pagsanghan “Filipino was absolutely as

capable as English or any other language to

containing the whole ideas and emotions found in

Western drama

• Most of the plays being written and presented, however, are in the realistic temper, reflecting problems, concerns, and ideas of the present-day Filipino

• SOCIAL REALISM

• PSYCHOLOGICAL REALISM

• LEGEND & HISTORY

THEATER GROUPS IN UP • U.P REPERTORY COMPANY

• DULAANG U.P

With today’s advancements in technology, practically anything

is accessible through the internet, including bootlegged videos of popular

Broadway and West End musicals. Furthermore, there is the notion “if a

play is already franchised into a movie, such as Hairspray, why do I need to

spend tons of money on a single show when I could just buy a DVD?”

See above. An average show at the RCBC Theatre in Makati

costs a little more than 2000Php. That’d be a seat at the very back, mind

you.

Just because a character needs to strip naked or the play involves

puppet sex (read: Avenue Q), must that specific part be omitted? There’s a

fine, fine, line between essential, effective storytelling and plain vulgarity, and

some people tend to forget that.

So… what exactly is Philippine theatre? Name practically any

form of theatre and a foreign influence would come to mind. Just because a

local company adapts a world-renowned script of Jonathan Larson’s, does

that mean the show they were able to produce already has a distinct Filipino

flavor?

http://ezinearticles.com/?Contemporary-Philippine-Theatre:-

Woes-And-Foes&id=5175385

CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, vol. VII

http://avhrc-kultura.blogspot.com/2007/07/philippine-

traditional-theater-forms.html

www.wikipedia.org

www.dictionary.reference.com

http://homepages.wmich.edu/~cedwards/Teachingmodules/mo

dules/Theater%20Terms%20and%20Definitions.pdf