please be seated. the nucleus physics is phun october/november 2008
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pleasebe
Seated
![Page 2: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Nucleus
Physics is Phun
October/November 2008
![Page 3: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Topics:Nuclear structureNuclear reactorsNuclear radiationUseful radiation effects
![Page 4: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nu-cle-ar good
Nu-cu-lar not so good
![Page 5: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
c = f λ
c = the speed of lightf = frequency
λ = wavelength
E = h fE = photon energy
h = Planck’s constantf = frequency
“Waves” “Photons”
![Page 6: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
![Page 7: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“Members” of the
Electromagnetic Spectrum
![Page 8: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Atomic models:1. the “plum-pudding” model
2. the “nuclear” model(tiny nucleus with electrons
in much larger orbits)
Berylliumatom(withoutneutrons!!)
![Page 9: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The HydrogenBalmer Series
![Page 10: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Nucleus1. Protons (positive charge)2. Neutrons (neutral charge)3. Nuclear Diameter ~10-15 m
(atomic diameter ~10-10 m)The term “nucleon” refers to either a proton or a neutron in the nucleus.
The term “nuclide” refers to a nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons.
![Page 11: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Chart of Nuclides
![Page 12: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stable Nuclides All Known Nuclides
![Page 13: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nuclear models:
1. the “water-drop” model2. the “shell” model
Models describe aspects of the structure of nucleiand how they behave.
![Page 14: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The water-drop model
all nucleons “undifferentiated”
binding energy is equally distributed
![Page 15: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Binding EnergyBE = M(Z protons) + M(N neutrons) – M(Nucleus)
Atomic Number: A = Z + N
BE is the energy required to separate the full nucleus into its
individual protons and neutrons
E = mc2
![Page 16: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Average Binding energy per nucleon
![Page 17: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Applications of thewater-drop model
1. Nuclear fission (very large nuclei break up)
2. Nuclear fusion(very small nuclei fuse together)
![Page 18: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nuclear fission235U + n –—> small nuclei + neutrons + ENERGY!! n + 235U –—> another fissioncreating a “chain reaction”
![Page 19: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vibrating water drop
Click title above to see video
![Page 21: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Critical Mass
Click title above to see video
![Page 22: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
NuclearChain ReactionMousetrap Model
Click title above to see video
![Page 23: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Uncontrolled fission:Atomic bomb
(235U or 239Pu bomb)
Controlled fission:Nuclear reactor
![Page 24: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pressurized Water Reactor
From: Joseph Gonyeau, P.E., Virtual Nuclear Touristhttp://www.nucleartourist.com/
![Page 25: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Advantages of Nuclear Power:
1. Clean (no air pollution, including greenhouse gases)2. Safe compared with other fuels3. Price competitive with fossil fuels4. 100 year supply of 235U5. Infinite supply (>10,000 years) of
238U (if we use breeder reactors)
![Page 26: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Patrick Moore*: Going NuclearA Green Makes the Case(for Nuclear Power)OUTLOOK, Washington Post, April 16, 2006
*Co-founder of Greenpeace (ca. 1970)
![Page 27: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
In the early 1970s when I helped found Greenpeace, I believed that nuclear energy was synonymous with nuclear holocaust, as did most of my compatriots. ….
![Page 28: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
…. Thirty years on, my views have changed, and the rest of the environmental movement needs to update its views, too, because nuclear energy may just be the energy source that can save our planet from another possible disaster: climate change.
![Page 29: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
"It doesn’t matter what is true; what matters is what people think is true."
Founder, Greenpeace (2000)
![Page 30: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
UM Reactor Core
Blue Cerenkov radiation
![Page 31: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
UM Reactor Core
Blue Cerenkov radiationNot green, Homer!
![Page 32: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nuclear fusion
2D + 2D –—> larger nuclei
+ LOTS OF ENERGY!!
![Page 33: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Average Binding energy per nucleon
![Page 34: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
“Theta Pinch”electromagnetic squeezing
to produce fusion
![Page 35: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Nuclear Shell ModelDiscrete energy levels
for protons and neutronsand
discrete energies for radiationwhen energy levels change
or following radioactive decay
![Page 36: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Radiation types:Alpha particle (2 Ps + 2 Ns: 4He nucleus)
Beta particle (- or + electron)Gamma ray (photon energy packet)
Neutrons
Cosmic Rays
![Page 37: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Radiation Exposure
![Page 38: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Sources of radiation exposure:1. Natural Exposure2. Man-made Exposure
![Page 39: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Natural Exposure:1. Radon gas2. Cosmic Rays3. External Environment4. Internal: The Body
![Page 40: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
238U Decay Chain
![Page 41: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cosmic Rays:1. Cosmic ray muons2. Other particles
![Page 42: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cosmic Radiation
![Page 43: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Man-made radiation:1. X-rays and γ-rays2. Nuclear medicine3. Consumer products (food, etc.)
![Page 44: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
From: National Institutes of Health
Sources of Radiation Exposure
![Page 45: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Useful Radiation Effects INuclear Power
Medical:Diagnostic scans, tracersMagnetic resonance imagingCancer radiation treatmentPlutonium powered pacemakerMedical, dental sterilization
![Page 46: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Useful Radiation Effects IIPolymer cross-linking
Shrink tubing (eg., turkey wrapping)Ultra-strong materials (eg Kevlar)
Tires (replaces vulcanization)Flooring
Food irradiationSterilization of meatDisinfestation of grain and spicesIncrease shelf life (eg, fruits, veggies)
![Page 47: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The “radura.”
![Page 48: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Useful Radiation Effects IIIAbsolute sterilization of food:
hospitals and space travelRadioactive datingInsect controlSemiconductor dopingTesting of space computer technologyEnvironmental studies:
air purity, global warming, ozone
![Page 49: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Nuclear Waste
Test
![Page 50: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Test Question #1 Suppose that all of the electrical energy for the world for the next
500 years were obtained from nuclear reactors. Further suppose that all of the nuclear waste from these reactors were dissolved and spread uniformly throughout the
oceans of the world.
![Page 51: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Which statement is true:
1. The oceans would be a vast wasteland, unable to support life.
2. Much death and damage to ocean life would be caused.
3. Any effect would be so small that it would be virtually impossible to see
![Page 52: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Which statement is true:
1. The oceans would be a vast wasteland, unable to support life.
2. Much death and damage to ocean life would be caused.
3. Any effect would be so small that it would be virtually impossible to see
![Page 53: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Test Question #2
Consider all of the people throughout history who have been
exposed to man-made nuclear radiation, such as Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Three Mile
Island, nuclear bomb tests, accidental spills, etc.
![Page 54: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Which number most nearly approximates how many children conceived and born later to these
people suffered genetic damage due to a parent’s exposure, excluding
exposure during pregnancy?
1. ~ millions2. ~ thousands
3. zero
![Page 55: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Which number most nearly approximates how many children conceived and born later to these
people suffered genetic damage due to a parent’s exposure, excluding
exposure during pregnancy?
1. ~ millions2. ~ thousands
3. zero
![Page 56: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Reference materials:
Nuclear Physics and Society web site
Joseph Gonyeau's Virtual Nuclear Tourist! Nuclear Plants Around the World
Albert B. Reynolds: Bluebells and Nuclear Energy; Cogito Books, Madison, Wisconsin (1996)
![Page 57: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
A Nuclear Sunset
![Page 58: Please be Seated. The Nucleus Physics is Phun October/November 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f2e5503460f94c48519/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
We are on the web at
http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/
Animated Gifs compliments of bellsnwhistles.com
The EndSee you in January!
“ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM”