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Zdp¡ Aqfl„spZ„ - Zdp¡ rkÙpZ„ - Zdp¡ ApeqfepZ„ - Zdp¡ DhÄTpepZ„ - Zdp¡ gp¡A¡ kìhkplŸZ„A¡kp¡ ‘„Q Zdp¡L$pfp¡ kìh‘ph‘ZpkZp¡. d„NgpZ„Q kìh¡ku ‘Y$d„ lhC d„Ngd

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O¡ZmMma

AQgNÃR>“p Crslpkdp„ NyZfÐ“ k„hÐkf s‘ L$f“pf â’d îprhL$p Th¡fbl¡“ Npgp“p¡ ‘pfZp„ bpv$ v$¡lÐepN

Ndsy„ b^y„ S> dm¡ A¡hy„ ‘yÎe i¼e “’u... ‘Z S>¡ dm¡ A¡

Nd¡ A¡hu kdS> S>êf i¼e R>¡ : ApQpe® rhS>efpS>fÐ_k|qf

cpjp ‘pk¡ A¡L$ Av¹$bys L$fpds A¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ iåv$ A¡“p¡ A¡ S> - A¡L$ S> lp¡e, R>sp„ A¡“p A’®dp„ Apkdp“-S>du““p¡ saphs lp¡e. Dv$plfZê‘¡ Ap‘Z¡ A¡L$ iåv$ r“lpmuA¡ 'cph'. Ap 'cph' iåv$ Å¡ bÅfdp„ ̂ „^pL$ue hpsdp„ bp¡gpsp¡ lp¡e sp¡ A¡“p¡ A’® spe qL»$ds. ‘f„sy A¡ S> 'cph' iåv$ Å¡ âcy“p d„qv$fdp„ - ^d®õ’p“dp„ L$p¡C ìer¼s A„N¡ bp¡gpsp¡lp¡e sp¡ A¡“p¡ ’B Åe R>¡ s¡ ìer¼s“u iyc rhQpf^pfp.

Ap buÅ A’®k„v$c®dp„ S> A¡L$ âp’®“p‘„r¼sdp„ blº dp¡V$u hps gMpC R>¡ L¡$


¡ Ap‘“p rhõspf“p ^prd®L$, kpdprS>L$, i¥nrZL$

kdpQpf A“¡ Ål¡fpsp¡. hpµV¹$kA¡‘ A’hp

C-d¡Cg Üpfp dp¡L$ghp. ¡ s‘õhuAp¡“¡ ‘Z s¡d“p

ap¡V$p dp¡L$gphp rh“„su S>¡ äudp„ R>p‘hpdp„ Aphi¡.

k„‘L®$ :- S>¥“pQpf: 9619160611 / 9323804751.

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'cph¡ L¡$hg“pZ'. dsgb L¡$ iycc rhQpf^pfp’u sp¡ L¡$hgoppp“ S>¡hu. AÝepÐdS>Ns“u khp£ÃQ D‘g[å^ ‘Z ’B iL¡$ R>¡. Apd, 'cph' “pd¡ iåv$ A¡L$ A“¡ A¡“p A’®OV$“ AgN AgN ’ep. Aphu S> L$fpds AÞe A“¡L$ iåv$p¡dp„ r“lpmu iL$pe R>¡. S>¡d A¡L$ iåv$“p AgN AgN A’® ’pe, s¡d A¡L$ iåv$ kp’¡ AgN AgN Anf Å¡X$hp’u ‘Z AgN AgN A’p£ âNV$¡. Aphp¡, Ap‘Z¡ 'cph' iåv$ kp’¡ S> Qpf AgN Anf Å¡X$u“¡ Ly$g Qpf g¡Mp¡ Üpfp Qpf kfk dÅ“u â¡fL$ rhQpfZp L$fuA¡: (1) A-cph“u Örô “ Å¡BA¡: Acph“u Örô A¡V$g¡ '‘p¡sp“¡ iy„ dþey„ R>¡' A¡ “rl, 'iy„ “’u dþey„' A¡ S> d“dp„ O|„V$ep L$fhp“u rhQpfi¥gu. Aphu rhQpfi¥gu ^fph“pf ‘f dõs L$V$pn L$fsp„ A¡L$ kyhp¼e S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ 'ApL$piu spfp “’u dþep“y„ rhQpfu“¡ fX$ep L$fip¡ sp¡ sdpfu kph bpSy>dp„ S> Mug¡gp„ ‘yó‘p¡“u kyhpk dpZhp“y„ Q|L$u S>ip¡.' A-cph“u Örô Ap S> L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ dþey„ R>¡ A¡“¡ dpZhy„ “rl A“¡ S>¡ “’u dþey„ A¡“p dpV$¡ hgp¡‘ps L$fhp¡. A-cphÖrô“p¡ cp¡N b“¡g ìer¼s buÅ“p¡ ãg¡V$ Å¡B“¡ rhQpfi¡ L¡$ 'Ap“¡ ãg¡V$ dþep¡ R>¡ “¡ d“¡ “’u dþep¡. dpfy„ L¡$ L$d“kub S> R>¡.' lh¡ Å¡ ãg¡V$ dþep¡ li¡ sp¡ A¡ rhQpfi¡ L¡$ 'ãg¡V$ cg¡ R>¡, ‘Z 'L$pf'“’u A¡“y„ iy„ ? dpfp rdÓ ‘pk¡ sp¡ h¥chu 'L$pf' R>¡.' lh¡ ^pfp¡ L¡$ A¡“u ‘pk¡ ãg¡V$-L$pf hN¡f¡ k„‘rÑ“y„ kyM li¡ A“¡ k„srs“y„ kyM “rl lp¡e sp¡ A¡ rhQpfi¡ L¡$ 'k„sp“ rh“p“u-hpfkv$pf rh“p“u k„‘rÑ“¡ L$fhp“u iy„ ? dpV$¡ k„sp“ sp¡ Å¡BA¡ S>.' lSy> A¡L$ ‘Ngy„ ApNm.

‘yÓ li¡, ‘Z A¡ Å¡ L$iu S> AphX$s rh“p“p¡-lp¢riepfu rh“p“p¡ li¡ A¡L$ ‘Ngy„ ApNm. ‘yÓ li¡, ‘Z A¡ Å¡ L$iu S> AphX$s rh“p“p¡- lp¢riepfu rh“p“p¡ li¡ sp¡ e ìer¼s Æh bpmi¡ L¡$ 'Ap AphX$s rh“p“p¡ - Bˆ>s“p ^ÅNfp L$f¡ A¡hp¡ v$uL$fp¡ ip L$pd“p¡ ? ‘yÓ sp¡ lp¢riepf S> Å¡BA¡.' V|$„L$dp„, A¡L$ D‘g[å^ ‘R>u ‘Z A¡“u “S>f sp¡ A-cph sfa S> W$fhp“u. AÞep¡“u A‘¡npA¡ OÏ„ rhi¡j dþep ‘R>u e AcphÖrô ^fph“pf ìer¼s L¡$hu v$y:Mu-fX$su fl¡ A¡ ÅZhy„ R>¡ ? sp¡ hp„Qp¡ Ap dprd®L$ âk„NL$’p:

A¡L$ cpC“¡ Ly$v$fs¡ Mp¡b¡Mp¡b¡ k„‘rÑ Ap‘u lsu. R>sp„ A¡d“u Örô-rhQpfi¥gu l„d¡ip “L$pfpÐdL$ lsu - Acph“u lsu. A¡d“¡ Ap kÐe lSy> kyû L$p¡BA¡ kdÅìey„ “ lsy„ L¡$ 'ìer¼s Ðep„ kyû S> Ås“¡ QqX$epsu dp“u iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ Äep„ kyû A¡Z¡ ‘p¡sp“u D‘f“p õsf“u ìer¼s“y„ kyM kp-dÕe® r“lpþey„ “’u. dpV$¡ Mf¡Mf kyMu b“hy„ lp¡e A¡Z¡ D‘f “S>f L$ep® rh“p ‘p¡sp“u Ahõ’pdp„ k„syô fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡.' Ap’u A¡ l„d¡ip Ngs fus¡ kfMpdZu L$fu v$y:Mu-r“fpi fl¡sp. A¡L$ hpf A¡dZ¡ ÓZ dS>gp“p¡ b„Ngp¡ b“phhp“y„ iê L$ey¯.

Å¡sÅ¡spdp„ A¡dZ¡ b„Ngp¡ A¡hp¡ b“phu v$u^p¡ L¡$ ‘|fp Npddp„ A¡“u L$p¡C bfpbfu L$fu “ iL¡$. A¡ cìe b„Ngpdp„ KQpdp„ KQu AÛs“ kyrh^pAp¡ lsu. ‘l¡guhpf A¡hy„ bÞey„ L¡$ b„Ngp“p„ L$pfZ¡ cpC“p Ql¡fp ‘f Myiu-Nh® R>hpe¡gp¡ füp¡. S>¡V$gp ‘Z õhS>“p¡-dygpL$psuAp¡ Aph¡ A¡d“¡ A¡ ‘p¡sp“u 'ArÜsue' b„Ngp“u A¡L¡$L$ rhi¡jsp g„bpZ’u kdÅh¡. A¡ cpC A¡L$ k„s“¡ Nyfy dp“sp.k„s cpC“p õhcph’u ‘qfrQs lsp. b„Ngp¡ bÞep“p ’p¡X$p kde bpv$ s¡Ap¡ cpC“p Of¡

‘^pep®. cr¼scph hN¡f¡ sp¡ bfpbf lsp. ‘f„sy k„s¡ d“p¡d“ “p¢Ýey„ L¡$ 'kp„cþey„ lsy„ A¡ âdpZ¡ cpC“¡ b„Ngp¡ b“pìep“p¡ lj® ‘Z “’u v$¡Mpsp¡ L¡$ b„Ngp“u rhi¡jsp bsphhp“p¡ DdmL$p¡ e “’u v$¡Mpsp¡ ! kp„S>¡ hpshpsdp„ k„s¡ L$pfZ ‘|R>ey„ Ðepf¡ rMß ’B Ne¡g cpC L$p„C bp¡ëep rh“p k„s“¡ b„Ngp“u ANpiudp„ gB Nep A“¡ ’p¡X¡$ v$|f Ap„Nmu Q]^sp bp¡ëep: 'Sy>Ap¡, kpd¡ ‘p„Q dS>gp“u Ars cìe lh¡gu b“u flu R>¡ A“¡ A¡dp„ dpfp b„Ngp L$fsp„ e A¡L$v$d 'A¡L$õV²$p Ap¡X$}“fu' kyrh^pAp¡ Aphhp“u R>¡.

Äepf’u d¢ Ap ÅÎey„ R>¡ Ðepf’u dpfu bû Myiu Msd ’B NB R>¡. A¡“u kpd¡dpfu kyrh^pAp¡ A“¡ cìesp L$p„C “’u. sp¡ lh¡ iy„ bsphu“¡ Np¥fh g¡hy„ ?'' k„s kdÆ Nep L¡$ Ap A¡“u AcphÖrô“y„ - Ap¡R>‘ S> Np¡shp“u Apv$s“y„ ‘qfZpd R>¡ S>¡ A¡“¡ OZu bû âprá ‘R>u ‘Z v$y:Mu-fX$sp¡ S> fpM¡ R>¡..A¡L$ L$pìe‘„r¼sdp„ Ap’u S> kfk hps gMpC R>¡ L¡$: Aakp¡k“¡ Apk“ L$v$u “ Ap‘ip¡, “rl sp¡ S>¡ R>¡ A¡“p¡ Ap“„v$ ‘Z Qpëep¡S>i¡...

Aakp¡k“¡ A„sfdp„ Apkp“ “ Ap‘hy„ lp¡e sp¡ A-cphÖrô“¡ d|mdp„’u bv$gu v$¡hu Å¡BA¡ A“¡ S>¡ dþey„ R>¡ A¡“u rhi¡jsp 'A¡ÞgpS>®' L$fu Myiu dpZhu Å¡BA¡. A¡L$ õ’m¡ Ap“„v$“u blº dprd®L$ ìep¿ep L$fpC R>¡ L¡$ 'Ap“„v$ A¡V$g¡ lp’hNp awgp¡dp„’u NS>fp¡ b“phhp“u L$mp' Aphu L$mp S>¡“¡ lp’hNu ’B lp¡e A¡ ìer¼s ‘pk¡ kpdpÞe D‘g[å^ li¡ sp¡ e A¡ A¡dp„’u Ap“„v$“y„ AhsfZ L$fi¡. Dv$plfZê‘¡, A¡“u ‘pk¡ kyrh^pkˆ> ãg¡V$ “rl lp¡e sp¡ A¡ A¡d rhQpfi¡ L¡$ 'dpfu S>êqfeps k„sp¡jpC Åe A¡hy„ cg¡ “p“y„‘Z ‘p¡suLy„$ Of sp¡ R>¡. S>¡Ap¡ cpX$p“p Ofdp„ flu hpf„hpf Of bv$gsp

fl¡ A¡“p L$fsp„ sp¡ lº„ gpM v$fˆ>¡ kyMu Ry>„...' A¡“¡ L$p¡C k„sp“ “rl lp¡e sp¡ A¡ A¡“pp dpV$¡ fp¡S>“p„ fp¡v$Zp„ fX$hp“p bv$g¡ A¡d rhQpfi¡ L¡$ 'cg¡ dpfp„ Æh“dp„ k„sp“kyM “ lp¡e. ‘f„sy d“¡ kyiug ‘Ð_u sp¡ dmu R>¡. A¡hp L¡$V$gpe dp“hp¡ R>¡ S>¡“¡ L$L®$ip-L„$L$pkMp¡f ‘Ð_u“p¡ ‘“pfp¡ ‘X$ep¡ lp¡hp’u kss Aip„rs S> fl¡ R>¡ A“¡ v$uL$fpAp¡ L$pbydp„ “ lp¡hp’u r“Ðe“u l¥eplp¡mu lp¡e R>¡. A¡“p L$fsp„ Ap dpfy„ ip„s Æh“ lÅfNÏ„ kfk R>¡.' Aphp¡ ArcNd ìer¼s“¡ cusf’u L¡$hu Ap“„v$kˆ> fpM¡ A¡ ÅZhy„ lp¡e sp¡ hp„Qp¡ Ap “p“L$X$u dÅ“u hps:

frie“ tQsL$ guAp¡ V$p¡ëõV$p¡e A¡L$ hpf r“S>®“ âv$¡idp„ c|gp ‘X$u Nep. v$|f v$|f T|„‘X$u S>¡hy„ v$¡Mpsp A¡ dlpdl¡“s¡ Ðep„ ‘lp¢Ãep. T|„‘X$udp„ Ðepf¡ dpÓ v$i-bpf hj®“u A¡L$ bprgL$p S> lsu. ‘f„sy A¡ k„õL$pfu lsu A¡’u A¡Z¡ AphL$pf Ap‘u b¡khp“y„ L$üy„. T|„‘X$u A¡hp v$qfÖ“u lsu L¡$ b¡khp dpV$¡ Myfiu sp¡ W$uL$, QV$pC ‘Z Ðep„ “ lsu. Ap’u V$p¡gõV$p¡e“p„ dyMdp„’u klkp iåv$p¡ kfu ‘X$ep L¡$ 'blº Nfub Of gpN¡ R>¡.

' Å¡ L¡$, bp¡ghpdp„ Dsphm¡ Q|L$ ’ep“y„ kdÆ A¡dZ¡ sfs 'kp¡fu' L$üy„. ‘f„sy ‘¡gu bprmL$pA¡ kph rh-gnZ hps L$fu: 'lº„ dp“y„ Ry>„ L¡$ AÐepf¡ Ap Of friep“y„ kp¥’u îud„s Of R>¡.' 'L¡$d ?' V$p¡gõV$p¡e¡ ApíQe®’u ‘|R>ey„. 'L$pfZ L¡$ AÐepf¡ Ap Ofdp„ friep“p kp¥’u dlp“ sÒhtQsL$ D‘[õ’s R>¡. dpV$¡ A¡ friep“y„ îud„s Of R>¡ ?' V$p¡ëõV$p¡e S>¡hp“¡ Apäu“ L$fu v$¡“pf Ap DÑf, lp’hNp azgp¡dp„’u NS>fp¡ b“phu v$¡hp“u L$mp“p¡ Ûp¡sL$ R>¡.

R>¡‰¡ A¡L$ hps : Qpüy„ lp¡e s¡ b ŷ„S> dm¡ A¡hy„ ‘yÎe Ap‘Zp lp’“u hps“’u, ‘f„sy S>¡ dm¡ A¡dp„ k„sp¡ju fl¡hp“u kdS> Ap‘Zp lp’“u hps R>¡.

v$¥r“L$äu

cpfs- dy„bC’u âL$pris ’sy„ S>¥“p¡“y„ ‘p¡sp“y„ "S>¥“pQpf' v$¥r“L$ fp¡S> r“erds d¡mhhp Ap‘“p¡ dp¡bpCg “„bf, Ap‘“y„ “pd, il¡f“y„ “pd a¼s Whatsapp L$fhy„

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S>¥“îu Op¡Opfu v$ip îudpmu

(dy„bCNfp ) oprs Ly$L$X$ (by^¡g) r“hpku

lpg OpV$L$p¡‘f Qud“gpg ÓuL$dgpg bv$Xy$L$ (ipl), D.h.87, sp. 7-9-2020 kp¡dhpf“p fp¡S> Aqfl„sifZ ‘pd¡g R>¡. s¡ rhdmpb¡““p ‘rs, s¡ cph¡i, Q¡s“, cph“p ep¡N¡iLy$dpf apaX$uep (dl¡sp), ip¡c“p i¡g¡jLy$dpf ipl“p r‘spîu, s¡dS> ‘pêg, AëL$p“p kkfp, õh. Cðfgpg, õh. A“ugcpC“p “p“p cpC, ðkyf ‘n¡ cNhp“v$pk, õh. L$p„sucpC s’p ip„sucpC kfh¥ep, õh. rhS>epb¡“ fsugpg i¡W$, õh. S>¡Ly$fb¡“ fdZuL$gpg i¡W$“p b“¡hu, de„L$, L$hui, dus, b„kfu“p v$pv$p, ê‘¡i, qv$ip, ÆNf, ^hg“p “p“p, gp¥qL$L$ ìehlpf b„^ fpM¡g R>¡. A¡X²¡$k: A¡-602, q¾$õV$g duX$ V$pD“ “„-1, N„NphpX$u, A¡g.bu.A¡k. dpN®, OpV$L$p¡‘f-h¡õV$, dy„bC-86.

îu Op¡Opfurhip îudpmu

kphfLy„$X$gp r“hpku (lpg L$p„qv$hgu) CÃR>pb¡“ L$p„rsgpg v$p¡iu“p ‘yÓ rQ. qv$‘L$cpC (J. h. 66) sp. 6-9-20 frhhpf“p fp¡S> Aqfl„sifZ ‘pd¡g R>¡ s¡Ap¡ hjp®b¡““p ‘rs, fus¡i, A. kp¥. iusg, Aprij, A. kp¥. cprhL$p, A. kp¥. ‘peg r“g¡iLy$dpf“p

r‘spîu, qL$fuV$cpC, õh. Ly$dpfcpC, dl¡icpC, âv$u‘cpC, “ug¡icpC, ‘pfk-cpC, Q¡s“pb¡“ rS>s¡ÞÖLy$dpf ipl, cph“pb¡“ AfyZLy$dpf ipl“p cpC, ðkyf ‘n¡ ÆhfpS>cpC QÓcyS>cpC v$p¡iu (ANsfuephpmp)“p S>dpC, L$pìe, cìe, rlsp„iu, Ar“lp, âpQu, sn“p v$pv$p. gp¥. ìe. b„^ fpM¡g R>¡. W¡$ - bu-37, h ®̂dp“ Ly$qV$f, i„L$fg¡“, L$p„qv$hgu (h¡.), dy„bC-400 067.

L$‘p¡m dfZQgpgphpmp lpg Åafpbp

r“hpku õh. h°S>gpg QÓcyS> dl¡sp s’p õh. gpcyb¡““p ‘yÓ L$“¥epgpg (D.h.93) sp. 6-9-2020“p fp¡S> îuÆQfZ ‘pçep R>¡. s¡ õh. ‘Úpb¡““p ‘rs, cfscpC, fd¡icpB, d¡O“p s’p õh. ÆsycpC“p r‘spîu, õh. ÓuL$dgpg h°S>gpg dl¡sp s’p âcpb¡“ ipdmv$pk bykp“p cpC, s¡ î¡ek, õ“¡lp“p v$pv$p, s¡ QÓcyS> dp¡l“v$pk k„Ohu“p S>dpC, s¡ âMf“p hX$v$pv$p, âp’®“pkcp s’p kh® gp¥qL$L$ â’p b„^ fpM¡g R>¡. X$p¸. fd¡i L¡$. dl¡sp-9725872168, ap¡“ L$fhp“p¡ kde kp„S>¡ 7 ’u 9.

L$ÃR>u kpfõhs å°ppûZA.kp¥. Å¡iu A“kyep

â¡dkpNf lfuep dpZ¡L$, D.h. 65, lpg¡ dygy„X$, sp. 5-9-2020“p fpdifZ ‘pd¡g R>¡. s¡ õh. Ad©sb¡“ ApÐdpfpd lfuepdpZ¡L$, dp„X$huhpmp“u

‘yÓh^y, s¡ õh. BÞv$yb¡“ dp¡l“gpg Qlºd„v$fp, L$ÃR> L$p¡W$pfp hp„Ly$hpmp“u ky‘yÓu, â¡dkpNf ApÐdpfpd lqfepdpZ¡L$“p ^d®‘Ð_u, s¡ rQ. L$r‘g A“¡ rQ. syjpf“p dpsyîu, s¡ A.kp¥. îÙp A“¡ A.kp¥. sÞhu“p kp-kydp, s¡ cpN®h, h¥óZhu, L$pìep A“¡ fuiuL$p“p v$pv$udp, s¡ A.kp¥. ddsp qL$ip¡f k¡’‘pf (cyS>), L$dg¡i dp¡l“gpg Qlºd„v$fp (dygy„X$)“p dp¡V$p bl¡“, s¡ õh. qL$ip¡fcpC, cpõL$fcpC, ersicpC, Æs¡ÞÖcpC, N„.õh. CÞv$ufpb¡“, N„.õh. dpepb¡“, A.kp¥. L$ë‘“pb¡““p cpcu, s¡ õh. gÿdubpC fOy“p’ õs“¡ðf syZphpmp“u v$p¡rlÓu, lpg“u ‘qf[õ’rs A“ygnu“¡ gp¥qL$L$ ìehlpf b„^ fpM¡g R>¡.

rlÞvy$ d¡OhpmNpd QyX$p lpg ârsnp“Nf

îu rhîpd MudÆ hpO¡gp (J. h. 69) sp. 1-9-20 d„Nmhpf“p fp¡S> Ahkp“ ‘pd¡g R>¡ s¡ dp¡subpC s’p õh. MudÆ hufp hpO¡gp“p ‘yÓ, ipÞspb¡““p ‘rs, ‘yó‘p, S>ep, dyL¡$i, ârhZ“p r‘spîu, fpdÆbpC s’p N„. õh. â¡rdgpb¡“ hpgÆ fpcqX$ep“p cpC, õh. Æhubpu s’p õh. rhîpd buS>g Np¡rlg“p S>dpC, dl¡icpC, dp¡l“cpC, õh. rbr‘“cpC s’p gugpb¡“ “pfZcpC riZp¡g“p b“¡hu, Nuspb¡““p kkfp, iip„L$, ârsL$“p dp¡V$p bp‘yÆ. gp¥. ìe. b„^ fpM¡g R>¡. Of¡ Aphhp“u sõv$u g¡hu “l].

cpfs“p v$f¡L$ rhõspfdp„ S>¥“pQpf“p L$pd dpV¡¡$ A¡S>ÞV$ cpCAp¡ s¡d S> bl¡“p¡ Å¡CA¡ R>¡. drl“¡ 60,000/- ky^u

L$dphhp“u kyhZ® sL$."hl¡gp s¡ ‘l¡gp'.

A¡S>ÞV$ b“hp A“¡ L$dphhp dpV¡$ ê.1100/-“u Ål¡fps afrS>eps Ap‘hp“u fl¡i¡.

Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p v$f¡L¡$ b¡ N°plL$p¡ Ap‘hp“p

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Friendship essentially involves a

distinctive kind of concern for your

friend, a concern which might rea-

sonably be understood as a kind of

love. Philosophers from the ancient

Greeks on have traditionally dis-

tinguished three notions that can

properly be called love: agape, eros,

and philia. Agape is a kind of love

that does not respond to the ante-

cedent value of its object but in-

stead is thought to create value in

the beloved; it has come through

the Christian tradition to mean the

sort of love God has for us persons

as well as, by extension, our love for

God and our love for humankind

in general. By contrast, eros and

philia are generally understood to

be responsive to the merits of their

objects—to the beloved’s properties,

especially his goodness or beauty.

! e di" erence is that eros is a kind

of passionate desire for an object,

typically sexual in nature, whereas

‘philia’ originally meant a kind of af-

fectionate regard or friendly feeling

towards not just one’s friends but

also possibly towards family mem-

bers, business partners, and one’s

country at large (Liddell et al., 1940;

Cooper, 1977a). Given this classi# -

cation of kinds of love, philia seems

to be that which is most clearly rele-

vant to friendship (though just what

philia amounts to needs to be clari-

# ed in more detail).

For this reason, love and friend-

ship o$ en get lumped together as

a single topic; nonetheless, there

are signi# cant di" erences between

them. As understood here, love is

an evaluative attitude directed at

particular persons as such, an atti-

tude which we might take towards

someone whether or not that love

is reciprocated and whether or not

we have an established relation-

ship with her.[1] Friendship, by

contrast, is essentially a kind of re-

lationship grounded in a particular

kind of special concern each has for

the other as the person she is; and

whereas we must make conceptual

room for the idea of unrequited

love, unrequited friendship is sense-

less. Consequently, accounts of

friendship tend to understand it not

merely as a case of reciprocal love of

some form (together with mutual

acknowledgment of this love), but

as essentially involving signi# cant

interactions between the friends—

as being in this sense a certain kind

of relationship.

Nonetheless, questions can be

raised about precisely how to dis-

tinguish romantic relationships,

grounded in eros, from relation-

ships of friendship, grounded in

philia, insofar as each involves sig-

ni# cant interactions between the

involved parties that stem from a

kind of reciprocal love that is re-

sponsive to merit. Clearly the two

di" er insofar as romantic love nor-

mally has a kind of sexual involve-

ment that friendship lacks; yet, as

! omas (1989) asks, is that enough

to explain the real di" erences be-

tween them? Badhwar (2003, 65–

66) seems to think so, claiming

that the sexual involvement enters

into romantic love in part through

a passion and yearning for physical

union, whereas friendship involves

instead a desire for a more psycho-

logical identi# cation. Yet it is not

clear exactly how to understand

this: precisely what kind of “psycho-

logical identi# cation” or intimacy

is characteristic of friendship? (For

further discussion, see Section 1.2.)

In philosophical discussions of

friendship, it is common to follow

Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics,

Book VIII) in distinguishing three

kinds of friendship: friendships of

pleasure, of utility, and of virtue.

Although it is a bit unclear how to

understand these distinctions, the

basic idea seems to be that pleasure,

utility, and virtue are the reasons we

have in these various kinds of rela-

tionships for loving our friend. ! at

is, I may love my friend because of

the pleasure I get out of her, or be-

cause of the ways in which she is

useful to me, or because I # nd her

to have a virtuous character. Given

the involvement of love in each case,

all three kinds of friendship seem to

involve a concern for your friend

for his sake and not for your own.

! ere is an apparent tension here

between the idea that friendship es-

sentially involves being concerned

for your friend for his sake and the

idea of pleasure and utility friend-

ships: how can you be concerned for

him for his sake if you do that only

because of the pleasure or utility

you get out of it? If you bene# t your

friend because, ultimately, of the

bene# ts you receive, it would seem

that you do not properly love your

friend for his sake, and so your re-

lationship is not fully one of friend-

ship a$ er all. So it looks like plea-

sure and utility friendships are at

best de# cient modes of friendship;

by contrast, virtue friendships, be-

cause they are motivated by the ex-

cellences of your friend’s character,

are genuine, non-de# cient friend-

ships. For this reason, most con-

temporary accounts, by focusing

their attention on the non-de# cient

forms of friendship, ignore pleasure

and utility friendships.[2]

As mentioned in the # rst para-

graph of this section, philia seems

to be the kind of concern for oth-

er persons that is most relevant to

friendship, and the word, ‘philia,’

sometimes gets translated as friend-

ship; yet philia is in some ways im-

portantly di" erent from what we or-

dinarily think of as friendship. ! us,

‘philia’ extends not just to friends

but also to family members, busi-

ness associates, and one’s country

at large. Contemporary accounts of

friendship di" er on whether family

members, in particular one’s chil-

dren before they become adults, can

be friends. Most philosophers think

not, understanding friendship to

be essentially a relationship among

equals; yet some philosophers (such

as Friedman 1989; Rorty 1986/1993;

Badhwar 1987) explicitly intend

their accounts of friendship to in-

clude parent-child relationships,

perhaps through the in% uence of the

historical notion of philia. Nonethe-

less, there do seem to be signi# cant

di" erences between, on the one

hand, parental love and the relation-

ships it generates and, on the other

hand, the love of one’s friends and

the relationships it generates; the fo-

cus here will be on friendship more

narrowly construed.

In philosophical accounts of

friendship, several themes recur

consistently, although various ac-

counts di" er in precisely how they

spell these out. ! ese themes are:

mutual caring (or love), intimacy,

and shared activity; these will be

considered in turn.

! e Nature of Friendship

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