Please Note:Please Note: These slides are meant These slides are meant

to help students think to help students think about the material. about the material. They are not meant to They are not meant to replace reading the replace reading the material or taking material or taking notes. Using these notes. Using these slides as your only slides as your only means of garnering means of garnering information could harm information could harm your ability to your ability to understand the content understand the content of this class.of this class.

• Please turn off cell Please turn off cell phones, MP3 players phones, MP3 players and other technology and other technology of which Iof which I’’m unaware.m unaware.

Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Evolution of Evolution of

WorkWork

Formal Definition of Formal Definition of WorkWork

1) Creation of Material goods or 1) Creation of Material goods or services which can be consumed by services which can be consumed by workers or sold/traded to someone workers or sold/traded to someone else.else.

History of WorkHistory of Work 1) The study of History is important 1) The study of History is important

because:because:

It shows how work is culturally dynamicIt shows how work is culturally dynamic It shows how work is historically dynamicIt shows how work is historically dynamic

Unfortunately, it often CANNOT show us how to Unfortunately, it often CANNOT show us how to avoid mistakes in the future. Why not?avoid mistakes in the future. Why not?

2) Although we will be discussing 5 2) Although we will be discussing 5 distinct historical periods, note how they distinct historical periods, note how they overlap and are presented as overly overlap and are presented as overly simplisticsimplistic

Five Historical Periods: Division of Five Historical Periods: Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work and Labor; Social Organization of Work and

TechnologyTechnology

Division of Labor -- Social markers used Division of Labor -- Social markers used to determines who does different tasks.to determines who does different tasks.

Social Organization of Work – The way Social Organization of Work – The way workers are organized to get the job workers are organized to get the job donedone

Technology – Application of skills and Technology – Application of skills and knowledge for practical purposesknowledge for practical purposes

Hunting and Gathering Hunting and Gathering SocietiesSocieties: Division of Labor; Social : Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work and TechnologyOrganization of Work and Technology

H and G societies make up about 97% H and G societies make up about 97% of human history (2 million years).of human history (2 million years).

1) Social Organization – 1) Social Organization – Cooperation, Sharing, Work and Social life Cooperation, Sharing, Work and Social life connected. Nomadic. No surplus. No private connected. Nomadic. No surplus. No private property. property.

2) Division of Labor2) Division of LaborSimple – based on gender and age. Often such Simple – based on gender and age. Often such

societies had more than two genders.societies had more than two genders.

3) Technology –poles, needles, spears3) Technology –poles, needles, spears

Early Agricultural: Early Agricultural: Division of Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work and Labor; Social Organization of Work and

TechnologyTechnology Early and Late agricultural societies Early and Late agricultural societies

make up about 12,000 years of make up about 12,000 years of human history.human history.

1) Social Construction – 1) Social Construction – Private Property; Private Property; Formal Governments, Laws, Stationary; Warfare; Slavery Formal Governments, Laws, Stationary; Warfare; Slavery (2/3 of labor done by slaves in Large nation-states)(2/3 of labor done by slaves in Large nation-states)

2) DOL – 2) DOL – Increases, Occupations are born.Increases, Occupations are born.

3) Technology – Plow…..What else?3) Technology – Plow…..What else?

Feudal Societies: Feudal Societies: Division of Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work and Labor; Social Organization of Work and

TechnologyTechnology 1) Social Organization – 1) Social Organization – Monarchies; In Monarchies; In

Western World: Serfs and Feudal Lords, Artisans and Western World: Serfs and Feudal Lords, Artisans and Guilds. Extreme inequality. Serfs worked slowly because Guilds. Extreme inequality. Serfs worked slowly because lack of nutrition, product isnlack of nutrition, product isn’’t yours. Lots of holidays to t yours. Lots of holidays to control.control.

2) DOL -- 2) DOL -- Increases dramatically. Many people do Increases dramatically. Many people do not produce what they need.not produce what they need.

3) Technology3) Technology – allows crafts. – allows crafts.

Merchant Capitalism: Merchant Capitalism: Division Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work of Labor; Social Organization of Work

and Technologyand Technology Both Merchant and Industrial Both Merchant and Industrial

Capitalism make up 200 years of Capitalism make up 200 years of historyhistory

1) Social Organization – 1) Social Organization – At first, organized trade At first, organized trade not production. Helped find people who needed each othersnot production. Helped find people who needed each others ’’ goods. Next, organized production by introducing cottage goods. Next, organized production by introducing cottage industry. Undercut guild work. Protestant Work Ethic.industry. Undercut guild work. Protestant Work Ethic.

2) DOL2) DOL – Now, people are only making part of a good. – Now, people are only making part of a good.

3) Technology -- 3) Technology -- FactoriesFactories

Industrial Capitalism: Industrial Capitalism: Division Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work of Labor; Social Organization of Work

and Technologyand Technology 1) Social Organization: Forced economy by 1) Social Organization: Forced economy by

outlawing poverty. Sale labor Power in outlawing poverty. Sale labor Power in competitive marketplace. Cancompetitive marketplace. Can’’t survive without t survive without purchasing goods and selling labor power. purchasing goods and selling labor power. Governments support Capitalists.Governments support Capitalists.

Bureaucracies Emerge and Spread.Bureaucracies Emerge and Spread. Imperialism not colonialismImperialism not colonialism Global EconomyGlobal Economy

Why move to factory?Why move to factory? TimeTime RulesRules

Did workers accept this easily?Did workers accept this easily?

Merchant Capitalism: Merchant Capitalism: Division Division of Labor; Social Organization of Work of Labor; Social Organization of Work

and Technologyand Technology DOL -- Deskilling. Adam Smith DOL -- Deskilling. Adam Smith

argues this reduced costsargues this reduced costs

Technology: Technology: