Studying and Building Memories

Please prepare to take notes!

List the 7 Dwarves.

•Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.

Recognition is easier than recall

Mnemonics = memory aids•Such as….

•ROY G. BIV•HOMES

Every Student Rocks•Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.)

•Storage – Hard Drive•Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive

Encoding • Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)

• Some information is stored visually

• Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

Attention

All the rest

External Stimuli

Sensory Registers

gone

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Retrieval

1. Encoding

3. Retrieval

2. Storage

Information Processing Model

Automatic Processing : Read aloud:

Spring is theThe most beautifulTime of the year

Short-term Memory • Short-term memory holds information we are

aware of or thinking about at any given moment• Sometimes referred to as working memory

Capacity of Short-Term Memory• Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information

• Current research has demonstrated that STM can hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds

• Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking

Let’s see how good your STM is!

Put your pencil down.

Wait to until I say “OK”

Short Term Memory• 9 7 5 4• 6 8 2 5 9• 371484• 9 1 3 8 2 59• 5316842• 86951372• 719384273• 91452438162

Chunking Helps• 423-19• 267-198• 390-675-2• 573-291-43• 721-354-456• 245-619-832-2• 141-384-515-89• 201-315-426-762

Encoding in Short-Term Memory• Much information is stored in STM phonologically

(according to how it sounds)• Some information is stored visually• Research has shown that memory for visually

encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

Capacity of Short-Term Memory• Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits

of information• Current research has demonstrated that STM can

hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds• Larger amounts of information can be held by

using the process of chunking

Let’s see how good your STM is!

Short Term Memory• 9 7 5 4• 6 8 2 5 9• 9 1 3 8 2 5• 5 9 6 3 8 2 7• 8 6 9 5 1 3 7 2• 7 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 3• 9 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 2• 1 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9

Chunking Helps• 423-19• 267-198• 390-675-2• 573-291-43• 721-354-456• 245-619-832-2• 141-384-515-89• 201-315-426-762

Encoding in Short-Term Memory• Much information is stored in STM phonologically

(according to how it sounds)• Some information is stored visually• Research has shown that memory for visually

encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

Long-term Memory• Everything that is learned is stored in long-term

memory• Capacity of long-term memory

• Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years

• No known limits to capacity

Outline

Encoding in Long-term Memory• Most information is encoded in terms of meaning• Some information is stored verbatim• Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal

images• Research has shown that memory for visually encoded

information is better than phonologically encoded information

CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!!

Types of Long Term Memory• Explicit memory

Episodic Memory

Semantic Memory

• Implicit memory Procedural Memory

Emotional Memory

@#$!&@#$!&

Types of Long Term Memory• Explicit memory = conscious recall

• Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having

• This information can be intentionally recalled• Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific

time and place• Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not

linked to a specific time

• Implicit memory = without conscious recall• Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having

• Cannot be intentionally retrieved

Retrieval•Bringing information from LTM back to STM

Outline