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Page 1: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control
Page 2: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Please Silence Your Cell Phones

Thank You

Page 3: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Ultrasound Features of Thyroid Nodules

Stephanie A. Fish, MD

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY

Page 4: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships

The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control the content of all CME activities disclose  any relevant relationship(s) which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had within the past 12 months with a commercial interest(s) [or the products or services of a commercial interest] that relate to the content of this 

educational activity and create a conflict of interest.  Complete disclosure  information is maintained in the USCAP office and has been reviewed by the CME Advisory Committee. 

Dr. Stephanie Fish declares she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose.

Page 5: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Thyroid nodules are common

Page 6: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Thyroid nodules are common

PalpationN Engl J Med 1993 328:553Autopsy & US

Page 7: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules

• MALIGNANT (5‐10%)–Papillary (75%), follicular (15%), medullary (5%), lymphoma, anaplastic, mets to thyroid

• BENIGN (90%)–Colloid or adenomatous nodules, follicular/Hurthle cell adenomas, lymphocytic thyroiditis

Page 8: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Thyroid Cancer

Page 9: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

>5.0cm

2.1-5.0cm

Thyroid Cancer

0-1.0cm

1.1-2.0cm

Davies, JAMA 2006295:2164

Page 10: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Ultrasound

Page 11: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Ultrasound:  Normal thyroid

trachea

esophagus

carotidcarotid

jugularjugular

isthmus

strap muscles strap musclesSCMSCM

longus collilongus colli

Page 12: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Why is a diagnostic US necessary?• Confirmation of a nodule corresponding to the palpable abnormality

– 16% no corresponding nodule on US1,2,3

• Detection of additional nonpalpable nodules for which FNA may be indicated

– 15% additional nonpalpable nodule>1cm1,3

• Identification of sonographic features of the thyroid nodule(s) for FNA selection

• Location and consistency (solid/cystic) of nodule that will determine feasibility of FNA by palpation

• Determination of baseline size• Evaluate cervical lymph nodes1Marqusee, Ann Intern Med 2000; 2Brander, J Clin Ultrasound 1992;  3Tan, Arch Intern Med 1995; Mandel, Endocr Pract2004 

Page 13: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Palpable left thyroid nodule

trachea

4mm

Page 14: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Nonpalpable 1.5 cm nodule

trachea

1.9cm

Page 15: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

< 1cm 1‐2cm >2cm

# Nod

ules fo

und by

 US

Nodule size by US

Nodules MISSED by palpation

Nodules FOUND by palpation

What nodules can’t we feel?Ultrasound vs. Palpation 

94%

50%

42%

Brander, J Clin Ultrasound 1992

Page 16: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Diagnostic thyroid ultrasound

ATA Guidelines 2009; AACE/AME/ETA Guidelines 2010

Risk Stratification

Page 17: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

US characteristics of thyroid nodules1. Echogenicity (hypo‐*, hyper‐, iso‐)2. Calcifications (micro‐*, dense)3. Margins (infiltrative*, well‐defined regular)4. Vascularity (intranodular*, peripheral, absent)5. Shape (taller than wide*, round)

*associated with thyroid cancer

Brkljacic J Clin Ultrasound 1994; Takashima J Clin Ultrasound 1994; Rago Euro J Endorinol 1998; Cerbone Horm Res 1999; Leenhardt J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; Kim AJR 2002; Papini J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; Cappelli Clin Endocrinol 2006; Frates J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006

Page 18: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Transverse

Sagittal

Hypoechoic nodule

Markedly hypoechoic nodule1

[sensitivity 27%, specificity 94%]

Isoechoic nodule

1Kim et al, AJR 2002

Echogenicity

Page 19: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Hyperplastic nodule

Microcalcifications• multiple bright (< 1 mm) echoes without shadowing usually in a HYPOechoic nodule

• pitfall: colloid with reverberation artifact (“comet tail”) in a hyperplastic nodule1

1Ahuja J Clin Ultrasound 1996

Page 20: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Coarse calcifications

• Larger than 1mm• Coarse calcifications common in lymphocytic thyroiditis 

secondary to dystrophic calcifications • Present in PARENCHYMA WITHOUT associated nodule

Khoo ML, Arch Oto Head Neck Surg 2002; Bonavita AJR 2009

• Concerning for malignancy if mixed with microcalcifications or present in a SOLID nodule

Page 21: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Peripheral calcification

Complete, regular or “eggshell”

InterruptedPapillary cancer

Follicular cancerUsually benign Nam‐Goong Thyroid 2003; Lee J Ultrasound Med 2009

Page 22: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Infiltrative margins

Sagittal

microcalcifications

microlobulated border

Page 23: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Patterns of nodular flowsagittal

intranodular vascularity

sagittal

peripheral vascularity

Page 24: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

• Nodule is taller than wide on the transverse view—AP > transverse

Nodule Shape

Kim AJR 2002; Cappelli Clin Endocrinol 2005; Moon Radiology 2008

CA

trachea2.5cm1.6cm

Page 25: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

INDIVIDUAL analysis of US predictors

Sensitivity SpecificityMicrocalcifications 44% 89%Hypoechoic 81% 53%Solid 86% 18%Absence of halo 66% 54%Intranodular vascularity 62% 77%Poorly defined margins 55% 79%Tall versus Wide 48% 92%

Brkljacic J Clin Ultrasound 1994; Takashima J Clin Ultrasound 1994; Rago Euro J Endorinol 1998; Cerbone Horm Res 1999; Leenhardt J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; Kim AJR 2002; Papini J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; Nam-GoongThyroid 2003; Cappelli Clin Endocrinol 2005; Frates, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; Kovacevic, J Clin Ultrasound 2007; Moon Radiology 2008; Bonavita AJR 2009; Ahn AJR 2010; Cap Clin Endocrinol 1999

Page 26: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

The “suspicious” sonographic appearance has HIGH specificity but 

LOW sensitivity

But, for a diagnostic test, you want HIGH sensitivity!!

FNA  sensitivity 92% specificity 84%

Page 27: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Diagnostic Thyroid Ultrasound

What to FNA???

Page 28: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Risk stratification by sonographic PATTERNS

MicrocalcificationsIrregular borderTaller>wide shape

Hypoechoic, solid

Iso/hyperechoic,solidPartially cystic, w/eccentric solid area

Mixed cystic/SolidSpongiform

Purecyst

Metastatic LNsExtrathyroidalinvasion

LOW HIGH

Page 29: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Updated ATA GuidelinesSonographic Pattern US features Estimated risk of 

malignancyConsiderbiopsy

High suspicion Solid hypoechoic nodule or solid hypoechoic component of a partially cystic nodule with one or more of the following features:  irregular margins (infiltrative, microlobulated), microcalcifications, taller than wide shape, rim calcification with small extrusive soft tissue component, evidence of extrathyroidal extension.

>70‐90% >1cm

Intermediate suspicious Hypoechoic solid nodule with smooth margins without microcalcifications, extrathyroidal extension, or taller than wide shape

10‐20% >1cm

Low suspicion Isoechoic or hyperechoic solid nodule, or partially cystic nodule with eccentric solid areas, without microcalcifications, irregular margin or extrathyroidal extension, or taller than wide shape

5‐10% >1.5cm

Very low suspicion Spongiform or partially cystic nodules without any of the sonographic features described in low, intermediate or high suspicious patterns

<3% >2cm

Benign Purely cystic nodule (no solid component) <1% No biopsy

Page 30: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

HIGH Suspicion >80‐90%

Page 31: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

microCa2+

extrathyroidal extension

Irregular margin

Papillary carcinoma

HIGH Suspicion >80‐90%Hypoechoic, solid

Page 32: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

HIGH Suspicion >80‐90%

Page 33: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

CA

Sagittal Left lobe Transverse left lateral neck

HIGH Suspicion >80‐90%

Papillary carcinoma

capsular invasion, infiltrative margins, microcalcifications

Page 34: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

INTERMEDIATE Suspicion 10‐20%:  Hypoechoic nodules, regular smooth margins

Page 35: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

• Most papillary cancers (>80%) are hypoechoic• However, since benign nodules are much more common, most hypoechoic 

nodules are benign!

Benign hyperplastic nodulePapillary carcinoma

INTERMEDIATE Suspicion 10‐20%:  Hypoechoic nodules, regular smooth margins

Page 36: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

LOW Suspicion:  5‐10%Iso‐ to hyperechoic nodules with regular margins

Page 37: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Papillary thyroid CA Benign Hürthle cell adenoma

Follicular thyroid cancer

20‐30% of all cancers are Iso/hyperechoic: predominantly follicular/ Hürthle/PTC follicular variant

Hyperplastic noduleHyperplastic nodule

LOW Suspicion:  5‐10%Iso‐ to hyperechoic nodules with regular margins

Page 38: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

VERY LOW Suspicion <3%: “Spongiform”

Page 39: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Transverse Sagittal

peripheral vascularityMoon, Radiology 2008; 247:762‐770, Bonavita AJR 2009  193:207‐13.

Only 1 of 360 cancers had this appearance specificity 99.7%

Moon

VERY LOW Suspicion <3%: “Spongiform”

Page 40: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Frates, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006

Benign cystComet tailartifact

BENIGN <1%:Pure cystic nodule 

Page 41: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Updated ATA GuidelinesSonographic Pattern US features Estimated risk of 

malignancyConsiderbiopsy

High suspicion Solid hypoechoic nodule or solid hypoechoic component of a partially cystic nodule with one or more of the following features:  irregular margins (infiltrative, microlobulated), microcalcifications, taller than wide shape, rim calcification with small extrusive soft tissue component, evidence of extrathyroidal extension.

>70‐90% >1cm

Intermediate suspicious Hypoechoic solid nodule with smooth margins without microcalcifications, extrathyroidal extension, or taller than wide shape

10‐20% >1cm

Low suspicion Isoechoic or hyperechoic solid nodule, or partially cystic nodule with eccentric solid areas, without microcalcifications, irregular margin or extrathyroidal extension, or taller than wide shape

5‐10% >1.5cm

Very low suspicion Spongiform or partially cystic nodules without any of the sonographic features described in low, intermediate or high suspicious patterns

<3% >2cm

Benign Purely cystic nodule (no solid component) <1% No biopsy

Page 42: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Ultrasound Elastography• Provides an objective measure of tissue stiffness 

Strain elastographyShear wave elastography

Jin Young Kwak, et al. Ultrasonography 2014

Page 43: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Ultrasound ElastographyLimitations:• Can only be  applied to solid 

nodules• Index nodule must not overlap 

with other nodules in the anterioposterior plane

– Obese patients– multinodular goiters and coalescent 

nodules– patients in whom the nodule is 

posterior or inferior

• Thus, while USE holds promise as a non‐invasive method to assess cancer risk, its performance is highly variable and operator dependent

Jin Young Kwak, et al. Ultrasonography 2014

Page 44: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Thanks to Susan Mandel, MD Jill Langer, MD

Page 45: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Important Information Regarding CME/SAMs

The Online CME/Evaluations/SAM claim process will only be available on the USCAP website until October 2, 2015.

No claims can be processed after that date!

After October 2, 2015 you will NOT be able to obtain any CME or SAMs credits for attending this meeting.

Page 46: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM04-15... · Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control

Please go to the USCAP website to complete your Evaluation of the course and claim CME and/or SAMs Credits. 

Thank You!