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1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8 4.14

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

4.15

, 4.16.

, -

,

, .

4.16 -

,


126/248

1 2 6 K E A A I O 4 :

, . -

-

.

-

.

I

(transaction centre) -

, -

.

,

, -

. 4.17.

-

, , -

, -

, . -

, 4.18. -

-

M

Y

K.M.

4.16

-


127/248

, , , -

-

.

1 2 7A

HH KAIPOETOIMAIA

EOMENNEIOOY

KENTPO

OOHIN

KENTPAEEEPAIA

EOMENNEOOY

4.17

MONAAEEXOY

HHEOMENN

EEEPAIAEOMENN

MONAAEEXOY

EPITH 1

MONAAEEXOY

EPITH 2

MONAAEEXOY

EPITH N

4.18


128/248

1 2 8 K E A A I O 4 :

4.5.2

,

-

.

:

1. .

-

.

2. .

.

3. (factoring).

() -

, -

.

.

, , -

. .

-

, -

. -

, -

, , .

4. .

.

,

-

.

-

, -

, .


129/248

.

1 2 9A

4.19 -

3.10, , -

1.3 . -

1.1.3 (1) -

.

4.1

1

2

3

A1

A2

1.1.1

1.1.2

1.2.1

1.1.3

1.2.2

1.3

A

K

B

N O

M

I

H

K.M.

F

E

EXEC113

ANANHTOY

ANANHTOY M

YOOIMO

,H

EOOTOY

EOOTOY H

M,M H,

H

,

4.20 ( 2 -

).

, . -

.

, ,

. -

,

, .

4.19

4.20

-

4.19


130/248

1 3 0 K E A A I O 4 :

() -

. 1.3, -

1.2.1. , 1.2.1-

1.2.2. -

3,

/

.

4.21. () 1.2.1,

() 1.2.2, () 1.3.

ANANHTOY B

ANANHTOY N

ANANHTOY O

EXEC 121

YOOIMO

TOY

EOOTOY

()

()

()

EXEC 122

EXEC 13

ANANHTOY

ANANHTOY

ANANHTOY H

YOOIMO

TOY N

YOOIMO

TOY E

EOOTOY N

EOOTOY E

BN

NN

O

B,N,O

H

H,

E

E

4.21


131/248

( 4)

4.22. -

:

,

,

. .

, 4.21.

1 3 1A

EXEC 113

EXEC 13

EXEC 121

EXEC 122

ANANHTOY A

ANANHTOY M

YOOIMO

,H

YOOIMO

TOY E

YOOIMO

TOY

YOOIMO

TOY N

EOOTOY

EOOTOY E

M

,MH,

H

H, E E

ON

N

B

B,N,O

ANANH

TOY B

ANANH

TOY O

ANANHTOY

4.22


132/248

1 3 2 K E A A I O 4 :

-

3

. 4.23

3.12.

. , -

, -

.

4.22 -

1.1.11.1.2,

4.19.

fi

4.4

XPHTH

XPHTH

E

E

E

E

E

E

A

A

A

1.1.1

1.1.3

1.1.2

4.23

, 3


133/248

-

3.12 4.25 -

.

1.2.2, 1.2.1

, 1.2.2 -

. -

-

1.2.1.

.

1 3 3A

Exec 111

Exec 112

Exec 113

Get

( M)

Get( K)

Get

( M)

Prepare

(E M)

Prepare

(E K)

Prepare

(E M)

Get/Put

(E M)

Get/Put

(E K)

Get/Put

(E M)

M

MEM

EM

M

MEM

EM

EM

EM

KK

EK

EKEK

EK

4.24

4.23

4.24.


134/248

1 3 4 K E A A I O 4 :

,

3.13. -

, -

4.5.2. .

1.4.11.4.2. ,

1.4.2. -

4.26, , -

, -

, .

XPHTH

XPHTH

Kfi

K. /

A.

A. .

E

A

A

A

K.M.

A

1.2.1

1.2.2 E

Exec 122

Exec 121

E E

E

RE REAE

AE

AMM, KMAMM, KM FLAG

FLAG

Prepare(Record E)

Prepare( E)

Put

(Record E)

Put (A

E)

Verify (AM M,K. M)

Get (AM M,K. M)

4.25


135/248

4.27.

1 3 5A

XPHTHEKTYTH

E

1.4.2E

1.4.1E

E

E

K.

fi

A

A

A

M

A A

A

1.4.2 1.4.1

SbC

AY

SbRecs

StRecs

GRecs

PD FP

Exec 141

Exec 142

PD

PD

FPFP

Format(PD)

Put (FP)

SbC,AYSbC,AY *Recs PD

Get(AY, SbC)

Lookup(SbC,AY)

CreatePrintList (*Recs)

4.26

3.13,

4.27

4.26


136/248

1 3 6 K E A A I O 4 :

4.6

, -

.

,

.

.

-

.

-

.

,

. ,

, , -

. -

.

,

...,

, -

.

(stepwise refinement) -

(functional decomposition).

. -

(PDL: program description language).

-

, -

.

-

. -

-

1.3.11.3.2 -

( 3.13).

fi

4.5


137/248

-

.

Pascal -

4.28.

-

.

1 3 7

A

/*fi */: /* */ + * / ^ /* */

E

FOR FROM 1 TO 2 STEP 3 DO()

END FOR

E fi E

IF THEN( )

ELISE( )

END IF

CASE OF( 1) : ()( 2) : ()( N) : ()

OTHERWISE( )

END CASE

E (1) E (2)

REPEAT()

UNTIL

WHILE DO()

END WHILE

Ofi Ofi

PROCEDURE fi (: IN/OUT, )GLOBAL VAR fi 1, fi 2, LOCAL VAR fi1, fi 2, ()

CALL fi (1, 2, )()

END PROCEDURE

FUNCTION fi (, )GLOBAL VAR fi 1, fi 2, LOCAL VAR fi 1, fi 2, ()

fi : = ()

END FUNCTION

4.28


138/248

1 3 8 K E A A I O 4 :

(-

), ,

:

-

;

;

;

-

;

. -

5

-

. -

-

. -

. -

, -

,

-

-

. ,

,

.

-

.

,

(CASE).

CASE -

,


139/248

. , -

,

. -

,

-

. , -

. ,

,

-

.

1 3 9

4.2

-

Exec111GET_ 4.24.

/*----------------------------------------*/

PROCEDURE Exec111

/*----------------------------------------*/

LOCAL VAR _, _

_, _

WHILE _ fi DO

CALL Get_(_)

IF _ fi THEN

CALL Prepare_(_, -

_)

CALL Put_(_)

END_IF

END_WHILE

END_PROCEDURE

/*----------------------------------------*/

PROCEDURE Get_(_: IN/OUT)

/*----------------------------------------*/

fi fi

fi fi

IF ESC THEN


140/248

4.29,

,

.

1 4 0 K E A A I O 4 :

fi

_

END_IF

END_PROCEDURE

,

Exec141Exec142 4.27.

fi 4.2

fi 4.3

A E

A

M

E 1

E 2

E 3E

3

E

2

E

1

Res1

Res2

Res3

Run3

Run2

Run1

fi

A

fi

4.29

, -

.

. ,

-

,

-

, .


141/248

4.7

, -

.

.

, .

, -

.

, ..

2.

, -

-

:

, -

-

, ..

.

-

(

views).

, , .

,

-

.

:

.

1 4 1


142/248

1 4 2 K E A A I O 4 :

-

.

.

.

,

3, .

--

. -

-

() -

.

.

. - (

5),

.

. -

, -

.

,

2.3, 3.3 6

.


143/248

,

. -

-

-

. ,

, -

.

, -

, -

. , -

-

, , ,

-

.

-

. , -

, .

1 4 3


144/248


145/248

K

fi

-

. -

, -

.

:

-

.

,

.

.

.

-

.

. -

5


146/248

1 4 6 K E A A I O 5 : K

, () -

.

, .

,

,

, , -

.

,

-

. -

/ -

. , -

-

.

: , ,

, , -

, .

, -

-. .. -

,

-

.

:

5.1

5.2 E

5.3

5.4

5.5


147/248

5.1 fi

()

,

, .

.

5.1.1 fi

.

-

.

I

-

, -

(runtime),

.

,

, , ,

. -

. -

, -

.

.

,

-

.1.2,

,

-

.

, ,

1 4 7


148/248

1 4 8 K E A A I O 5 : K

,

(1.4 1.5, 1.2).

( 3.5) , ,

, , ,

. -

.

,

. -

.

.

, ,

. -

, -

,

, , .

5.1.2

-. -

, , -

-

. 5.1

,

.

(program editors):

-

.

-

(syntax highlighting, -

, , .

), , ..


149/248

(programming language implementations) :

-

, .

, , -

-

.

, -

.

(compilers): -

.

(interpreters):

-

.

(assemblers): -

(assembly

language) .

(debuggers): -

1 4 9

E

M

-

Y

5.1


150/248

1 5 0 K E A A I O 5 : K

. -

, -

, -

.

(program generators): -

-

-

.

-

, , , -

, -

, ..

(software support systems)

(integrated

programming environments):

.

-

, -

.

.

-

; 50100

.

fi 5.1

-

.

fi5.1


151/248

5.2 E

-

. -

,

, -

.

5.2.1

(efficiency). ,

,

, -

.

, 6.

5.2.2

-

(performance).

:

-

.

, -

.

, -

-

, .

-

.

5.2.3 fi

-

. -

1 5 1E


152/248

1 5 2 K E A A I O 5 : K

-

,.

,

(readability),

.

-

, .

.

,

-

. -

. ,

, ,

.

.

, -

.

-

(begin end, { } ..), ,

,

.

.

-

.

, C

-

, .

if (x > 50000) const double NOT_TAXABLE = 50000;

y = (x 50000)* 0.2; const double TAX_RATE = 0.2;

Else

y = 0; if (income > NOT_TAXABLE)

tax = (income NOT_TAXABLE) * TAX_RATE;

else

tax = 0;


153/248

.

, , -

.

-

. , -

-

, , , .

.

.

-

. -

.

5.2.4

. -

. (documentation) -

,

. -

,

,

.

5.2.5 fi

(portability) -

(, )

-

. , -

1 5 3E


154/248

1 5 4 K E A A I O 5 : K

. , -

:

-

,

(standard) .

5.2.6 fi

(reusability) -

, -

.

. -

5.5.

-

.

fi 5.2

-

, 12

.

fi

5.2


155/248

5.3

5.3.1

-

, -

.

-

, , -

-

.

-

. -

, , -

-

. ,

, -

-

.

, -

. ,

-

-

-

.

, -

(real time systems).

-

, Pascal, C, C++, COBOL

BASIC Java, -

. 5.2 -

1 5 5


156/248

1 5 6 K E A A I O 5 : K

-

-

, , -

. , -

.. -

.

Cobol Fortran

Basic

Algol 60

Pascal

Modula 2

Modula 3

Lisp

PL/1 Algol 68

Ada

Java Etffel

BCPL

C

C++

Standard ML

HaskellSimula 67

Smalltalk 80

Scheme Prolog1

5.2

5.3.2 fi

1960,

.

goto ifwhile.

I (structured programming)

-

, , -

.


157/248

:

(s1; s2),

(if c then s1 else s2)

(while c do s).

-

. 5.3, -

,

.

1 5 7

S1

S2S1 S2

CTrue False

S

C

True

False

S1;S2 If C then

S1 else S2

While C do S

5.3

-

-

.

,

,

.

, ,

.

,

. -

,


158/248

1 5 8 K E A A I O 5 : K

,

.

-

-

,

. -

-

,

(topdown)

-

, .

;

fi

5.3

5.3.3 -

(type system) -

. ,

:

,

-

.

,

.

, -

.


159/248

I

(strong),

-

.

.

, ,

.

, ,

.

-

.

(encapsulation) -

(information hiding), :

, , , ,

.

, . -

,

.

-

, -

.

,

.

,

-

1 5 9


160/248

1 6 0 K E A A I O 5 : K

. , -

.

-

.

(imperative) -

, ,

.

,

. -

C, Pascal Basic,

. ,

Fortran Cobol, -

.

(objectoriented)

, ,

. -

-

.

,

-

,

. -

C++ Java. -

,

Pascal Basic.

(functional) -

,

.

,

.

Lisp,

Scheme Standard ML Haskell, -

.

, -


161/248

,

.

-

. , , -

. , -

. -

, . -

:

goto, , . -

5.3.2, -

. goto

,

, -

.

.

-

, -

.

, -

.

.

,

,

.

-

,

.

. -

,

. -

1 6 1


162/248

1 6 2 K E A A I O 5 : K

-

(aliasing).

, -

, -

, .

.

,

.

, .

-

.

.

,

-

. -

, -

.

5.4 T

-

, , ,

. , , -

. -

, -

. , , -

.

.

5.4.1

(fault avoidance)

.

-


163/248

.

, -

.

.

,

, -

, ,

.

, -

. -

-

.

(, -

)

. ,

(formal methods) , -

, -

. ,

, -

.

-

.

,

, -

.

1 6 3T


164/248

1 6 4 K E A A I O 5 : K

-

-

5.2. -

-

.

5.4.2

(fault tolerance). -

,

.

,

. , --

.

.

, .

, ..

,

.

,

-

.

-

:

.

-

. -

,

-

.


165/248

. -

,

. -

-

.

-

(transactions).

,

, .

-

.

. -

, , .

-

.

, -, -

. -

.

. .

. -

, -

, -

.

. ,

-

. -

,

1 6 5T


166/248

1 6 6 K E A A I O 5 : K

. -

, 5.4. -

, .

1

2

3

5.4

(defensive programming).

,

-

, -

. ,

-

.

5.4.3 fi fi

.

,

6.

5.5 E

(reuse)

. -

, -

, ,


167/248

..

.

-

,

.

,

,

. -

, -

, -

. , ,

,

, -

.

.

,

. -

,

FORTRAN, -

, -

.

, , -

-

, .

, , .

1 6 7E


168/248

1 6 8 K E A A I O 5 : K

-

. -

, -

-

.-

,

, , -

,

.

.


169/248

fi

fi

,

-

.

, :

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

.-

6


170/248

1 7 0 K E A A I O 6 :

.

-

. , -

, .

, -

,

-

. , ,

, -

, .. -

.

:

6.1

6.2

6.3 T

6.4 E

6.5 A

6.6

6.7


171/248

6.1 fi

, -

.

I

-

.

-

.

-

. -

,

.

.

. -

(validation).

.

,

. -

(verification).

, :

-

-

.

, -

-

. -

1 7 1


172/248

1 7 2 K E A A I O 6 :

, ,

.

6.1, -

, -

, .

EEXO OIMIKOY

EEXO MONAN

(Unit Testing)

EEXO YNENH

(Integration Testing)

EEXO YTHMATO

(System Testing)

EEXO AOOXH

(Acceptance Testing)

6.1

01.

02.

03.

6.2

6.2 fi

,

. -

, (test plan),

-

,

. , 6.2 -

, -

IEEE ( IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation,

ANSI/IEEE, Std 8291991).


173/248

04.

05.

06.

07. /

08.

09.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

1 7 3 / T

-

.

fi 6.1

6.3 T

-

,

,

.

. , -

-

, .

: ,

,

, -

,

.


174/248

1 7 4 K E A A I O 6 :

I

-

-

(test) .

.

-

(test data).

.

I

(test case) -

, --

,

.

, 6.3

.

, ,

. -

fi

E

E fi

fi

A

A

6.3


175/248

, -

,

.

-

, . ,

,

-

.

,

: -

.

6.3.1

(blackbox testing)

,

,

. -

-

( 6.4).

1 7 5T

6.4

-

fi

Efi

fi

A

B

A fi

,

,

. ,


176/248

1 7 6 K E A A I O 6 :

, ,

. , ,

,

.

,

.

. -

(.. , -

, .). -

. ,

,

. ,

,

. ,

(equivalence

partitions).

I

-

, -

.

-

. -

-

, -

, .

,

,

-

,

.


177/248

-

. ,

(). ,

-

,

( 6.5).

(

).

(-

) . -

:

,

(

)

().

-

,

(

) (

).

-

-

, -

.

, , , -

, :

, -

.

-

1 7 7T

6.5

KAEI IOYNAMNTIMN

EIOOY EOOY

EKYPE AKYPE


178/248

1 7 8 K E A A I O 6 :

,

.

(boundary values)

.-

-

, . -

-

, . , ,

.

-

, . -

, , -

:

, -

-

.

,

-

, -

, .

.

(..

, ),

.

-

(cause and effect graphing) -

. ,

.


179/248


180/248

1 8 0 K E A A I O 6 :

11. If month in [1,3,5,7,8,10,12] then

12. UpperDayValue:=31;

13. If month in [4,6,9,11] then


15. If month=2 then

16. If leap(year) then

17. UpperDayValue:=29

18. Else


20. If day>UpperDayValue Then21. Flag:=1

22. Else

23. Begin

24. D:=day;

25. M:=month;

26. Y:=year

27. End;

28. End;29. End;

, -

-

. -

d, m, y.

:

(-

var),

GetDate.

( 2), ( 3) -

-

( 4). -

( 56)

( 78) , ,

fi 6.2


181/248

flag,

( ) (

).

112

131. -

, .. 31.2.2000 31.4.1999.

.

9 28

() . 1119

. leap,

, -

, .

-

, -

. -

20 21, ,

.

1 8 1T

fi 6.2

6.3.2

(white box), (glass

box). , () -

, -

.

. -

E

Efi

A

6.6

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