PLS 405: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and DemocracyPLS 405: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Democracy

Ethnic ConflictEthnic Conflict

Ethnic Conflict Resolution by Third Parties

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Thus far…

• We have examined issues that arise during ethnic conflicts

• Next, we will look at how third parties attempt to resolve the issues

• Today:– We will discuss our research

questions in class– We will examine the attempts of

third parties, in general

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Four Techniques Used

• Peace Making• Peace Enforcing• Peace Keeping• Peace Building

• Each has a different target and a different hoped-for outcome

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Peace Making

• Objectives:– Induce (or coerce) the adversaries

to sign a peace accord that is in their best interests

• Targets:– Leaders of both sides

• Qualities:– Prior consent of the parties not

needed– Impartial– Substantial, leveraged mediation

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Peace Making

• Should not be confused with peace keeping

• Peacemaking:– Peace does not exist yet– The organization undertakes action

designed to bring about a peace• Purely politico-diplomatic

activity• Encouragement of both sides to

come to the table and negotiate

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Peace Enforcing

• Objectives:– Coerce (through violent force) the

adversaries to accept and implement peace accord

• Targets:– Both Leaders and Soldiers

• Qualities:– Take sides, if needed– Use of force—heavily, if needed– Prior consent of parties not needed– The outside state takes sides in the

war and cause a side to win– Requires “Boots on Ground” for the

outside state

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Peace Enforcing

• Tends to be overt military action on the part of the third party

• Does not assist the people of the state, only designed to end open hostilities– When the government is the

support target, the rebels will tend to be driven underground

– Tends to create:• Insurgency• Guerilla Warfare

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Peace Keeping

• Objectives: – Stop the violence– Implement the peace accords

• Targets:– Soldiers (and rebel fighters)

• Qualities:– Prior consent of all parties

necessary– Impartial– Very limited use of force, if at all

• Usually the RoE require only return fire, if that

– Keep the sides apart

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Peace Keeping

• Not to be used to halt conflict, only ensure the continued peace

• Keeps peace, does not create it—that is the purpose of peace making

• If there is no peace accord to implement, then this has no hope of success– In those cases, it has no endpoint

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Peace Building

• Objectives:– Foster mutual understanding

between adversaries– Reconstruction of (war-torn)

societies

• Targets:– Masses (and rulers)

• Qualities:– Can be both pre- and post-conflict– Policy coordination between

various agencies essential– An aim of socio-economic and

political development

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Peace Building

• Some activities:– Building of state’s infrastructure– Increase spending for education– Economic aid to government– Increase of trade with state

• Fundamental purposes:– Give the people a vested interest in

peace in the state– Give the state a vested interest in

joining the society of states– Give the rulers a vested interest in

keeping the people happy– Give the people a sense of civic

nationalism

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Examples

• Peace Making:– European Union in Yugoslavia– NATO in Yugoslavia– African Union in Sudan– OAS in Haiti

• Peace Keeping:– NATO in Kosovo– MFO in Sinai– ECOMOG in Côte d’Ivoire– Any of the 61 UN DPKO operations

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Examples

• Peace Enforcing:– ECOMOG in Liberia (1990), Guinea-

Bissau (1999), Sierra Leone (1997, 1999), and Guinea–Liberia (2001)

– NATO in Bosnia (1994)– NATO in Kosovo (1999)

• Peace Building:– USA in Afghanistan– USA in Iraq– France in Zaïre

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Assignment

• Taras and Ganguly: 96-111

• Next:– Ethnic Resolution by the United

Nations

• Look Ahead:– Literature Review due 12 October