plugging the gap - families with multiple problems

7/31/2019 Plugging the Gap - Families With Multiple Problems

1/24

DIME@ELZ

[E^C M\@^E_@L

_QHA@LMZ

_@\KKEBK CL KI_

J@IQL EJGL@@ZL_^LMALQ 1?91

{{{"~clqzi"hqk

91


2/24


3/24

_`|kkebk ~cl Kip

^cl \G ez ijebk ~cl ìqklz~ p|aèj zlj~hq zplbnebk j|~z zebjl ~cl 95;?z"

Dijln {e~c ~cl jci``lbklz ~cez aqebkz ~clql ez i blln hq qipen ibn hj|zln~cebgebk" E je~evlbz iql lsplj~ln ~h nh mhql {l iql khebk ~h blln bl{

gebnz h zlqtejlz eb hqnlq ~h z|pphq~ ~clm ~h ~cez lbn" Iz |q~clq ~h|kc

phèju ibn |bnebk jchejlz iql minl jib bl{ hqmz h jhmm|be~u

lbkiklmlb~ ibn zhjei` lb~lqpqezl cl`p ~h aqenkl ~cl kip lbz|qebk ~ci~

~clmhz~ t|`blqia`l ibn phhqlz~ iql bh~ `l~ alcebn8

^cqh|kc i zlqelz h piplqz p|aèzcln ~cqh|kch|~ 1?91 _`|kkebk ~cl

Kip {e`` innqlzz ~clzl y|lz~ehbz ibn nltl`hp enliz hq pqij~eji` qlzphbzlz

~h ~cl zcqebgebk z~i~l ibn j|~z ~h zlqtejlz" ^cl pqhflj~ {e`` hj|z hb ch{

`hji` zlqtejlz je~evlbz bl~{hqgz ibn jhmm|be~u izzl~z jib al al~~lq

nlp`huln ~h p`|k ~cl kip h i zcqebgebk z~i~l {ce l zpligebk ~h hbklq

~lqm y|lz~ehbz iqh|bn ~cl zcipl h zlqtejlz ibn je~evlbz qh`lz eb nlètlq-ebk ~clzl" E~ {e`` zllg ~h klblqi~l nlai~l ibn ij~ehb imhbkz~ QZIz

1;???-z~qhbk Dl``h{zcep ibn aqhinlq z~iglch`nlqz ibn enlb~eu

hpphq~|be~elz ibn aiqqelqz ~h ebbhti~ehb eb i|z~lqe~u"

Eb ~cez piplq Niml Jìql ejgl`` Jcel Lslj|~etl h Ij~ehb hq

Jce`nqlb izgz eb ~cl ijl h j|~z ibn plqzez~lb~ pqha`lmz {ci~ jib

alnhbl ~h al~~lq z|pphq~ t|`blqia`l imeèlz {e~c jhmp`ls bllnz"

^cez lzziu {iz nqi~ln eb Zpqebk 1?91" Zebjl ~clb ~cl bibjei`

qiml{hqg hq ~cl piulmlb~-au-qlz|`~z zjclml ciz allb p|aèzcln au

~cl ^qh|a`ln Dimeèlz ~lim" @h|ezl Jizlu ciz i`zh p|aèzcln i qlphq~

@ez~lbebk ~h qh|a`ln Dimeèlz {cejc nlzjqealz ~cl pqha`lmz imeèlz ijl"


4/24


5/24

:Jhb~lb~z

Jhb~lb~z

Iah|~ ~cl i|~chq ?

Lbnbh~lz 9>


6/24


7/24


8/24

Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz4

Eb~qhn|j~ehb

^cez ez ~cl qz~ piplq ~h al p|aèzcln iz piq~ h ~cl QZIz _`|kkebk ~cl

Kip zlqelz" cl QZIz ippqhijc ebhqmz h|q {hqg hb ch{ {l qlzphbn ~h

i|z~lqe~u qln|jln p|aèj zplbnebk ibn ~cl jci``lbklz ~clzl aqebk7 {cl~clq

~cez ez ebjqlizln |blmp`humlb~ z`h{ kqh{~c hq ~cl jcibkebk zcipl qh`l

ibn zevl h ~cl z~i~l" clzl qly|eql |z i`` bh~ f|z~ ~h zllg bl{ {iuz h

nhebk ~cebkz eb ~cl zchq~ ~lqm a|~ i`zh ~h lbz|ql ~ci~ {l qlmieb hj|zln

hb h|q hbklq-~lqm izpeqi~ehbz ibn iql ~ippln eb~h aqhinlq ~qlbnz zh ~ci~

{l lmlqkl qhm ~cl j|qqlb~ zji` jqezez ijebk ~cl qekc~ {iu"

E~ ez hbù qekc~ ~ci~ iqk|mlb~z jhb~eb|l iah|~ {clql ~cl empij~ h~cl ljhbhmej jqezez ibn qln|j~ehbz eb p|aèj zplbnebk iql alebk l`~

mhz~ gllbù iah|~ ~cl zplln h nlje~ qln|j~ehb ibn ~cl hp~em|m `ltl`

h nla~ ibn zevl h ~cl z~i~l" A|~ {ce`l ~clu citl ~iglb hb ib |qklbju

eb ~cl j|qqlb~ lbteqhbmlb~ ltlb alhql ~cl bibjei` jqezez ~clql {iz i

aqhin jhbzlbz|z alcebn i blln hq i |bnimlb~i` zce~ eb p|aèj zlqtejl

pqhn|j~ete~u a|~ ~ci~ ~cez nlplbnln hb al~~lq `ltlqikl h ebneten|i` ibn

jhmm|be~u zl`-cl`p"

Dhq ~cl qekc~ ~cez {h|`n cipplb ~cqh|kc ebjqlizln `hjièzm iz ~cl

z~i~l {e~cnqi{z ~cl jlb~ql" Dhq ~cl `l~ jcibkl {h|`n hjj|q ~cqh|kc

qlnlzekbebk ~cl z~i~l iz ib iklb~ h lmph{lqmlb~" Dhq ~cl QZI ~cl

y|lz~ehb ez ~cez6 ijln {e~c citebk ~h migl qipen ~hp nh{b j|~z iql `hji`

i|~chqe~elz bh~ f|z~ migebk zchq~-~lqm ljelbju zitebkz a|~ ql-~cebgebk

ibn ql-lbkebllqebk ch{ ~clu ippqhijc zlqtejlz {e~c ib lmpcizez hb

lbkikebk `hji` plhp`l ibn nltl`hpebk jhmm|be~u-aizln pqhtezehb8

^cl qezg ez ~ci~ ~cl ljhbhmej jèmi~l ibn ~cl ciqnzcep e~ ez ji|zebk

jqh{nz h|~ emphq~ib~ y|lz~ehbz iah|~ ~cl ls~lb~ ~h {cejc mhnlqb p|aèj

zlqtejlz jib mll~ h|q bllnz ibn lsplj~i~ehbz" Eb ~cl ijl h j|~z ~clql

ez zhml |bnlqz~ibnia`l z|zpejehb ~ci~ ezz|lz ègl je~evlb lmph{lqmlb~

ibn ~i`g h ~cl Aek Zhjel~u zlqtl i~ alz~ iz nez~qij~ehbz" A|~ iz j|~z

jhb~eb|l ~h ae~l lbkikebk ~cl p|aèj eb nlètlqu ibn alebk j`liqlq iah|~

~cl nlzeqln h|~jhmlz {l {ib~ aljhmlz ltlb mhql pqlzzebk"^cl |bnebk zy|llvl zch|`n pqhmp~ |z i`` ~h izg bh~ f|z~ {ci~ jib

{l nh nelqlb~ù a|~ {cl~clq ~clql iql bl{ ~cebkz {l zch|`n al nhebk"

A|zeblzz iz |z|i` ch{ltlq mibu ljelbju mliz|qlz iql minl {e``

bh~ nh" [l blln ~h jhb~eb|l ~h izg nllplq y|lz~ehbz iah|~ {ci~ `hbklq

~lqm h|~jhmlz {l zllg ibn ~cl qh`l h ebneten|i`z jhmm|be~elz ibn ~cl

miqgl~ i`hbkzenl p|aèj ibn th`|b~iqu zlqtejlz blln ~h pìu eb ijcelt-

ebk ~clzl"

Alhql ~cl jqlne~ jq|bjc h 1??3 ~cl QZI cin allb lsp`hqebk ch{

p|aèj zlqtejlz ìqklù nltl`hpln eb ~cl phz~-{iq plqehn bllnln ~h

al qlzcipln e ~clu {lql ~h qlzphbn ~h ~cl mhnlqb {hq`n ~cl jcibkebk

lsplj~i~ehbz ibn bllnz h ~cl p|aèj ibn ~cl mifhq jci``lbklz h ~cl

19z~ jlb~|qu" ^cez piplq nqi{z hb {hqg h ~cl 1?1? _|aèj Zlqtejlz ^q|z~


9/24

;Eb~qhn|j~ehb

chz~ln au ~cl QZI eb piq~ej|ìq ~cl 1?1? _|aèj Zlqtejlz Jhmmezzehb

{cejc e~ chz~ln ibn {cejc p|aèzcln e~z jhbj`|nebk qlphq~ eb i|~|mb 1?9?

^cl Jhmmezzehb z~iq~ln e~z {hqg alhql ~cl bibjei` jqezez ce~"

Ch{ltlq e~z nlèalqi~ehbz ~hhg pìjl ikiebz~ ~cl aijgnqhp h ljhbhmej

jqezez" E~ iq~ej|ì~ln i `hbklq-~lqm tezehb h phz~-Altlqenkl p|aèj zlqtejlz

ibn minl ~cl jizl hq {cu ~cez tezehb {iz bh~ i `|s|qu ~h al zl~ izenl eb~emlz h i|z~lqe~u a|~ bljlzziqu e {l iql ~h lmlqkl qhm ~cl lib uliqz

hb ~cl qekc~ pi~c"

E~ jhbj`|nln ~ci~ p|aèj zlqtejl qlhqm zch|`n al nqetlb ibn e~z z|jjlzz

mliz|qln au ~cl ls~lb~ ~h {cejc zlqtejlz ebjqlizln zhjei` pqhn|j~ete~u6 ~cl

nlkqll ~h {cejc zlqtejlz lbia`l plhp`l ~h jhb~qea|~l ~h mll~ebk ~cleq h{b

bllnz ebneten|i`ù ibn jh``lj~etlù" ^cl Jhmmezzehb iqk|ln hq ~cl blln hq

~cqll mifhq jcibklz ~h ~igl pìjl eb ~cl {iu {l qlhqm ibn nlètlq p|aèj

zlqtejlz6 i zce~ eb j|`~|ql7 i zce~ eb ph{lq7 ibn i zce~ eb bibjl"

E~ iqk|ln hq i j|`~|ql h nlmhjqi~ej piq~ejepi~ehb ibn zhjei` qlzphb-

zeaeè~u {e~c zlqtejlz nhebk m|jc mhql ~h lbkikl ibn ebth`tl plhp`l ibn

~cleq jhmm|be~elz eb zlj|qebk al~~lq h|~jhmlz" cl z~i~l i`hbl aekhq zmi`` jibbh~ ijceltl ~cez ibn ble~clq jib ~cl miqgl~" Au {iu h

e``|z~qi~ehb ~cl Jhmmezzehb iqk|ln ~ci~ qi~clq ~cib i``h{ jizc z~qippln

p|aèj qli`m zlqtejlz z|jc iz eaqiqelz piqgz ibn lez|ql jlb~qlz ~h j`hzl

{clqltlq phzzea`l ~clzl zch|`n al q|b iz m|~|i`z au `hji` plhp`l"

^cl Jhmmezzehb iqk|ln ~ci~ ~cl j|qqlb~ [ce~lci`` mhnl` jh|`n bh~

nlètlq ~cl eb~lkqi~ln ibn plqzhbièzln p|aèj zlqtejlz ~ci~ je~evlbz blln"

E~ qljhmmlbnln ~ci~ je~evlbz bh~ f|z~ al lbia`ln ~h piq~ejepi~l mhql a|~

i``h{ln ~h ~igl mhql jhb~qh` h ~cl mhblu zplb~ hb zlqtejlz z|jc iz `hbk-

~lqm jiql cli`~c ibn zge``z aijgln |p au jchejl intezlqz hq mlb~hqz"

\bnlqpebbebk ~clzl jcibklz ah~c h {cejc empèji~l hqnebiqu

plhp`l mhql eb ~cl nlètlqu ibn ti`|l h p|aèj zlqtejlz zch|`n al i zce~

eb bibjl zh ~ci~ jhmm|be~elz aljhml mhql i{iql h ~cl jhz~ h zlqtejlz

ibn |zl ~clm qlzphbzeaù" ^cl Jhmmezzehb iqk|ln hq qh`` h|~ h |zl h

piumlb~ au qlz|`~z ibn ~cl ls~lbzehb h zhjei` empij~ ahbn ippqhijclz ~h

pqltlb~i~etl zlqtejlz"

^cl _`|kkebk ~cl Kip pqhflj~ ~iglz ~clzl ~clmlz ibn zhml h ~cl

Jhmmezzehbz jhql ebzekc~z ibn i~~lmp~z ~h ippù ~clm ~h nezjqll~ iqliz"

I~ ~cl cliq~ h ~cl bh~ehb h zhjei` pqhn|j~ete~u ez ~cl lmph{lqmlb~ h

`hji` je~evlb ibn jhmm|be~u"

Ebjqlizebk ~cl zhjei` pqhn|j~ete~u h p|aèj zlqtejlz piq~ej|ìqù eb

~emlz h i|z~lqe~u ibn {clql qlzh|qjlz eb zhml iqliz iql alebk zy|llvlnzekbejib~ù qly|eqlz al~~lq piq~ejepi~ehb ibn z~l{iqnzcep au `hji`

je~evlbz lbia`ln bh~ f|z~ au hji` i|~chqe~elz a|~ au ~cl qibkl h hqkibezi-

~ehbz {hqgebk i~ ~cl `hji` ltl " Ebnlln piq~ h ~cl f|z~eji~ehb hq ~cl

khtlqbmlb~z Aek Zhjel~u z~qi~lku {iz qljhkbe~ehb ~ci~ ~cl jhmm|be~u

ibn th`|b~iqu zlj~hq iql h~lb llj~etl i~ lbkikebk {e~c zlqtejl |zlqz ibn

~cl aqhinlq jhmm|be~u piq~ej|ìqù ciqnlq ~h qlijc kqh|pz"

Zebjl 1?9? ~cl QZIz Jhbblj~ln Jhmm|be~elz pqhkqimml ciz allb

lsp`hqebk bl{ hqmz h jhmm|be~u qlklblqi~ehb" E~ ciz lmpcizezln ~cl

blln hq {ch`l plqzhb ippqhijclz ibn eb piq~ej|ìq ~chzl aizln hb i

nllplq |bnlqz~ibnebk h ~cl ph{lq|` qh`l ~ci~ zhjei` bl~{hqgz jib pìu

eb cl`pebk ebneten|i`z ibn jhmm|be~elz ~h migl phze~etl jcibkl" I`` ~cl

_`|kkebk ~cl Kip piplqz jceml {e~c ~cez iklbni bh~ `liz~ Jìql êjgl``z


10/24

3 Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz

p`li hq bi~ehbi` linlqz ibn hji` i|~chqe~elz ~h |bnlqz~ibn ibn z|pphq~

~chzl ippqhijclz {cejc lbia`l ~qh|a`ln ibn ~qh|a`lzhml imeèlz ~h

cl`p zcipl ibn nlètlq zh`|~ehbz"


11/24

5Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz

Dimeèlz {e~cm|`~ep`l pqha`lmz

Mibu h |z ijl nej|`~ ~emlz iz {l qiezl jce`nqlb ibn ~clql citl i`{iuz

allb piqlb~z {ch piq~ej|ìq u z~q|kk`l7 zhml plhp`l blln mhql z|pphq~

{e~c ~cez ~cib h~clqz" _iqlb~ebk jib al eb~lbzlù jci``lbkebk ibn ql{iqn-

ebk ibn zhml h |z citl mhql qlzh|qjlz ~h ji`` |phb"

^cl b|j liq imeù ~ci~ ez z~e`` ~cl bhqm eb ~cl \G bllnz ~h al i

qlzeèlb~ |be~" H~lb e~ ez pcuzeji`ù nez~ib~ qhm ls~lbnln imeù ibnz|pphq~" Zhml imeèlz iql clinln |p au hbl piqlb~ ibn ib ebjqlizebk

b|malq h jce`nqlb citl ~h ijjhmmhni~l jcibkl iz piqlb~z zlpiqi~l ibn

bl{ qlì~ehbzcepz hqm" Mhz~ h |z iql hq~|bi~l lbh|kc ~h al z|pphq~ln

~cqh|kc ~cez7 {l citl imeù ibn qelbnz lmp`humlb~ `liqbln zge``z

ibn cekc ltl`z h qlzh|qjl|`blzz ibn qlzeèlbjl" Eb ~cl mieb {l {e``

citl lsplqelbjln llj~etl ibn phze~etl piqlb~ebk {cejc qimlz h|q h{b

ippqhijc ~h jce`n qliqebk"

Ch{ltlq ~clql ez i zmi`` a|~ plqzez~lb~ b|malq h imeèlz {ch citl

bh~ lsplqelbjln llj~etl piqlb~ebk ~clmzl`tlz iql phhqù ln|ji~ln ibn

miu z~q|kk`l {e~c plqzhbi` pqha`lmz ebj`|nebk mlb~i` cli`~c neziaeè~u

ibn nq|k hq i`jhch` mez|zl" Inn ~h ~cez ~cl pqlzz|qlz h ljhbhmej nlpqe-

ti~ehb ibn etebk eb jhmm|be~elz ~ci~ lsplqelbjl cekc qi~lz h jqeml ibn

|blmp`humlb~ ibn ~cl m|`~epèje~u h pqha`lmz ijebk zhml imeèlz

jib al htlq{cl`mebk" [e~ch|~ llj~etl eb~lqtlb~ehbz ~clzl pqha`lmz jib

al eb~lq-klblqi~ehbi` pizzln hb ~cqh|kc imeèlz {clql izpeqi~ehbz ibn

ijceltlmlb~z iql `h{"

^cl phèju qlzphbzl

^cl biqqi~etl iqh|bn t|`blqia`l imeèlz ciz cin i cekc ibn lth`tebk

pqh`l" cez iklbni qli`ù ~hhg ch`n i~lq ~cl 1??< klblqi` l`lj~ehb {e~c

~cl qlzplj~ iklbni6 ~cl @iah|q khtlqbmlb~ nltl`hpln i z~qhbk phèjubiqqi~etl iqh|bn ib~e-zhjei` alciteh|q lmpcizezebk ~cleq jhmme~mlb~

~h ~ijgèbk ~cez eb i qha|z~ {iu {e~c i zpljej hj|z hb imeèlz" ^clql

iql jhbjlqbz lsijlqai~ln au ~cl jhz~z h ~cl {lìql ae`` ~ci~ zhml h

~cl |bnlqpebbebk pqebjep`lz h ~cl phz~-{iq Altlqenkl zl~~`lmlb~ citl

|b{e~~ebkù jqli~ln |bbljlzziqu {lìql nlplbnlbju" [l citl zllb ~cl

biqqi~etl iqh|bn t|`blqia`l imeèlz ~h|kclb iz phèjumiglqz `hhg ~h

qljlb~ Imlqejib mhnl`z h qlzen|i` ibn jhbne~ehbi` bibjei` z|pphq~"

^clzl nh bh~ ketl ~cl ziml pqemiju ~h pqh~lj~ebk jce`nqlb iz cin pqlte-

h|zù allb ~cl jizl jhbjlb~qi~ebk ebz~lin hb kl~~ebk piqlb~z eb~h {hqg hb

~cl izz|mp~ehb ~ci~ ~cez {e`` au nli|`~ empqhtl ~cl `h~ h jce`nqlb"

Eb ì|bjcebk ~cl j|qqlb~ jhiè~ehb khtlqbmlb~z Zhjei` F|z~ejl Z~qi~lku

~cl Zljql~iqu h Z~i~l hq [hqg ibn _lbzehbz Eieb N|bjib Zme~c

^cl b|j`liq imeù

~ci~ ez z~e`` ~cl bhqmeb ~cl \G bllnz ~hal i qlzeèlb~ |be~


12/24

Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz9?

lmpcizezln ~cl blln ~h ~igl i {ch`l imeù ippqhijc pìjebk ~ijgèbk

{hqg`lzzblzz i~ e~z cliq~" E~ ez nej|`~ ~h nezjlqb c|kl nelqlbjlz al~{llb

~clzl phèjubiqqi~etlz"

Ah~c qljhkbezl ~ci~ zhml imeèlz {e~c ~cl kqli~lz~ ltl z h nezin-

tib~ikl citl allb `l~ nh{b au ~cl zuz~lm ibn blln z|pphq~ e ~clu iql ~h

kl~ ~clmzl`tlz hb ~qijg" Ch{ltlq ~cl bi~|ql h h|q phè~eji` j|`~|ql ibn

p|aèj nlai~l ~hh h~lb jqli~lz i zempèz~ej php|èz~ biqqi~etl e``-mi~jcln~h ~cl qliè~elz h {ci~ iql jhmp`ls ibn nllp-qhh~ln zhjei` pqha`lmz"

[clb ~cez qln|j~ehbezm zpe``z htlq qhm ~cl phè~eji` mlzzikl ~h nlètlqu

~cl qezg ez ~ci~ {l hzl zekc~ h ~cl bllnz h ~cl jce`nqlb eb ~clzl imeèlz"

Nljezehb miglqz |bnlqz~ibn ~cl jhz~z h bhb-eb~lqtlb~ehb ibn ~cez

ciz nqetlb ~cl |qklbju hq jcibkl lzpljei`ù i~ i ~eml {clql qlzh|qjlz

iql qln|jln" cl empij~ h i {enlq zuz~lm ie`|ql jib al tlqu cekc6 nq|k

mez|zl eb ~cl \G ez lz~emi~ln ~h jhz~ ;;"; ae`èhb79 ~cl j|qqlb~ ~h~i` jhz~z

h jce`nqlb eb jiql ez lz~emi~ln i~ 1"5 ae`èhb1 ibn ~cl jhz~ h uh|~c

jqeml eb 1??5 i`hbl {iz lz~emi~ln i~ 3"


13/24

99Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz

^cez {iz i bl{ ippqhijc ~h i j`liqù nlbln pqha`lm ibn hqmi` tiè-

ni~ehb qhm ib ls~lqbi` lti`|i~ehb qlz|`~ln eb ~cl mhnl` alebk inhp~ln

au ~cl pqlteh|z @iah|q Khtlqbmlb~"> Ebe~ei`ù pe`h~ln ibn ~clb lti`|i~ln

ikieb ~cl mhnl` {iz qh``ln h|~ ijqhzz ~cl jh|b~qu mhql {enlù èbgln ~h

i zpljej |bnebk z~qlim ~cl ^cebg Dimeù D|bn"9

imeèlz al~{llb Dlaq|iqu 1??; ibn ~cl lbn h Miqjc 1?997 h ~clzl9?

49 imeèlz qljletln z|pphq~ eb 1?9?(1?99"99

Zh ~clql ciz allb i zekbejib~ ebjqlizl eb qlijc" Ch{ltlq ~cl glu ~hlbz|qebk ~ci~ ebbhti~etl enliz ègl N|bnll migl i {enlzpqlin empij~

ez ~h lmaln i j`liq ~qiflj~hqu qhm ebtlb~ehb ~h jhmpqlclbzetl ibn

cekc-y|iè~u emp`lmlb~i~ehb" ^cl aek jci``lbkl {l ijl ez bh~ iah|~ ~cl

enli a|~ nlètlqu" [l citl pqhaiaù bltlq allb al~~lq ebhqmln iah|~

{ci~ {hqgz eb z|pphq~ebk t|`blqia`l imeèlz ibn ~cl llj~z h bh~ nhebk

zh" ^h misemezl ~cl albl~z h ~ci~ gbh{`lnkl {l m|z~ jhclqlb~ù

nlbl ~cl pqha`lm {l iql zllgebk ~h zh`tl {e~c bi~ehbi` `linlqzcep ibn

`hjiìppèji~ehb"

I cekcù qlij~etl phè~eji` lbteqhbmlb~ ebceae~z ib ikqlln ibn jhbzez~-

lb~ nlbe~ehb h ~cl pqha`lm {cejc eb ~|qb jh|p`ln {e~c ebjqlizln

`hjièzm ème~z ~cl jipije~u hq jhbzez~lb~ nlètlqu" ^clql iql `|jgu ime-

èlz {chzl hji` i|~chqe~u nlètlqz ~cl zlqtejl e ~clu mll~ ~cl lèkeaeè~u

[l citl pqhaiaùbltlq allb al~~lqebhqmln iah|~{ci~ {hqgzeb z|pphq~ebkt|`blqia`l imeèlzibn ~cl ldlj~z h

bh~ nhebk zh


14/24


jqe~lqei ibn {clql ~clql iql inly|i~l |betlqzi` zlqtejlz ~h z|pphq~ ~cleq

hb-khebk bllnz" Ch{ltlq ~clzl iql eb i mebhqe~u ibn ~cl z~i~l jhb~eb|lz

~h pejg |p ib lul {i~lqebkù ìqkl ae`` hq ie`|ql lijculiq"

Iz ~cl mhnl` ~ci~ {l nltl`hpln eb N|bnll pqhèlqi~ln ~cl ~lbzehbz em-

mlnei~lù aljiml ippiqlb~" I~ ~cl ~eml ~clql {iz i z~qhbk bi~ehbi` nlai~l

iah|~ ib~e-zhjei` alciteh|q ibn ~cez ippqhijc {cejc ~i`gln iah|~ ah~c

jci``lbkl ibn z|pphq~ iz |bnimlb~i` ~h ~cl mhnl`z z|jjlzz minl zhmljh|bje`z |blizu" _hè~ejeibz {lql lspqlzzebk ib imae~ehb ~ci~ ~clql zch|`n

al i zemeìq pqhflj~ eb ltlqu ~h{b" H jh|qzl ~cl N|bnll pqhflj~ {hqgln

zpljeji`ù eb N|bnll7 ~qibzphq~ebk ~cl ippqhijc l`zl{clql mlib~ ~ci~ e~z

jhql izz|mp~ehbz {h|`n al ~lz~ln eb nelqlb~ hji` jhb~ls~z"

I glu piqinhs h `hjièzm lmlqkln" I ~hp nh{b lnej~ ~h netlqzl

jhmm|be~elz iz i zebk`l zh`|~ehb ~h eb~qij~ia`l pqha`lmz ez cekcù pqha-

`lmi~ej" @hji` jh|bje`z qekc~ù {ib~ ~h nltl`hp i mhnl` ~ci~ qlzhbi~lz

{e~c ~cleq piq~ej|ìq iqqibklmlb~z php|ì~ehbz ibn zhjei` pqha lmz"

Ch{ltlq e {l iql ~h |bnlqz~ibn {ci~ {hqgz ibn mliz|ql ~cl empij~ h

eb~lqtlb~ehbz ibn f|z~ iz emphq~ib~ù y|iè~u jhb~qh` ~cl emp`lmlb~i~ehb

h llj~etl mhnl`z {l blln ~h al ia`l ~h mliz|ql ibn jhmpiql h|~jhmlz"[clb jlb~qi` khtlqbmlb~ ez piuebk neqlj~ù hq ~clzl eb~lqtlb~ehbz e~

|bnlqz~ibniaù {ib~z ~cez ijjh|b~iaeè~u" ^cl `hji` inip~i~ehb h ib

ippqhijc miglz y|iè~i~etl jhmpiqezhb ibn lti`|i~ehb i~ zji`l nej|`~

a|~ bh~ emphzzea`l"

^cl emphq~ibjl h linlqzcep

[l bh{ citl i bi~ehbi` miebz~qlimln jhmme~mlb~ ~h ~cl emphq~ibjl

h liqù uliqz nltl`hpmlb~ ~ci~ j|~z ijqhzz piq~u phè~eji` eblz ciz j`liq

z~ibniqnz hq nlètlqu ibn ciz qlmiebln qlì~etlù zcl`~lqln eb ~cl ijl h

i|z~lqe~u" Ch{ jib {l zlj|ql ib ly|eti`lb~ jhbzlbz|z hq i`` ~cl pqlzz|ql

pheb~z ijqhzz imeù èl qhm {clb pqha`lmz alkeb ~h {clb imeèlz ijl

pqha lmz zpeqi`èbk h|~ h ~cleq jhb~qh`8

_hè~eji` linlqzcep hb ~cez ezz|l ez jqe~eji`" A|~ eb ~cl ijl h i|z~lqe~u

~clql ez i blln ~h lbz|ql ~ci~ biqqi~etl ~qibzì~lz eb~h ij~ehb ibn ~ci~

{l ~qibzlq ~cl pizzehb {l citl hq ~cl nezjh|qzl h bl{ ibn |b~qeln

enliz ~h{iqnz ~cl emp`lmlb~i~ehb h ibn i nlè~u ~h ~cl jhql h pqhtlb

~ljcbey|lz" [l blln ~h `liqb qhm ~cl cez~hqu h i phè~eji` {e`` `l~ nh{b

au nlètlqu bllnz" Ah~c hbu Aìeq ibn Khqnhb Aqh{b citl jhbjlnln ~ci~

mhql zch|`n citl allb nhbl ~h z|pphq~ ~clzl imeèlz" Niten Jimlqhb

ciz bh{ ~iglb hb ~cl iklbni p`lnkebk ~h ~|qb iqh|bn ~cl ètlz h ~cl mhz~

~qh|a`ln imeèlz" Ibn ~cl blln ~h nh ~cez ez ij|~l ibn kqh{ebk"^chzl piqlb~z eb ~clzl imeèlz {ch citl allb aqh|kc~ |p eb i zemeìq

lbteqhbmlb~ iql :> ~emlz mhql èglù ~h blln nq|k ~qli~mlb~ ibn lekc~

~emlz mhql èglù ~h blln ~qli~mlb~ hq i`jhch` ia|zl" ^clql iql jhbjlqbz

iah|~ jce`n pqh~lj~ehb eb i ~ceqn h z|jc imeèlz" Ij~ehb hq Jce`nqlbz

qlzliqjc z|kklz~z ~ci~ jce`n blk`lj~ ez i kqh{ebk jhbjlqb"91 @iz~ uliq9:

{l h|bn ~ci~ ~cl bllnz h imeèlz lèkea`l hq Eb~lbzetl Dimeù Z|pphq~

zlqtejlz citl ebjqlizln {e~c 4>, h h|q zlqtejl mibiklqz qlphq~ebk

~ci~jhmpiqln ~h zes mhb~cz ikh ~clu iql zllebk kqli~lq blln eb ebne-

ten|i` imeèlz"

^cl 91???? k|ql e~zl` ni~lz aijg ~h {hqg |bnlq~iglb au ~cl pqlte-

h|z inmebez~qi~ehb ibn qlpqlzlb~z i c|kl jci``lbkl hq khtlqbmlb~" Ez e~

phzzea`l ~h qlijc ~cez mibu imeèlz au ~cl lbn h ~cl piqèimlb~ eb 1?9


15/24

9:Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz

lzpljei`ù iz {l gbh{ ~cez k|ql ez èglù ~h ebjqlizl" Jhbzenlqebk hbù

33>99> imeèlz {lql z|pphq~ln n|qebk ~cl iz~ h|q uliqz #49 imeèlz

eb 1?9?(1?99%9< ~cl khtlqbmlb~ ciz ib |pce`` z~q|kk`l ~h qlijc ~cl mezzebk

999??? imeèlz" ci~ ez bh~ ~h ziu e~ ezemphzzea`l"

^cl empij~ h i|z~lqe~u

^cl Ij~ehb hq Jce`nqlb lsplqelbjl ikiebz~ ~cl aijgnqhp h ~cl j|~zeb khtlqbmlb~ zplbnebk #alhql ~cl ì|bjc h ~cl ^qh|a`ln Dimeèlz

pqhkqimml% h|bn ~ci~ eb 1?99 ;:, h h|q Eb~lbzetl Dimeù Z|pphq~ zlq-

tejlz citl cin i a|nkl~ j|~" Zlqtejlz cin allb hqjln ~h mlqkl eb hqnlq ~h

qlmieb teia l" cez ez bh~ bljlzziqeù i ain ~cebk a|~ ~clu qlphq~ln iqklq

jizl`hinz {e~c l{lq z~i ibn ijjlzzeaeè~u {iz qln|jln alji|zl imeèlz

bh hbklq ml~ bl{ cekclq lèkeaeè~u jqe~lqei" Zlqtejlz {lql ijln {e~c |b-

jlq~ieb~u iah|~ ~cleq |~|ql ibn jq|jei`ù ~ci~ h ~cl |betlqzi` zlqtejlz hb

{cejc ~clu qlù"94 Khtlqbmlb~ k|qlz zien ~ci~ ~clql iql ebjqlizebk b|m-

alqz h Dimeù Eb~lqtlb~ehb _qhflj~z cez ebjqlizl eb imeèlz qljletebk

z|pphq~ al~{llb 1??5(9? ibn 1?9?(1?999; ez i phze~etl nltl`hpmlb~ a|~

{l liq ~ci~ ~cl z~i~ez~ej mizgz ~cl ij~ ~ci~ ~clzl imeèlz qljletln nelq-ebk h~lb `h{lq `ltl`z h zlqtejl7 i jhmpqhmezl eb nlètlqu ~ci~ emplnlz

h|~jhmlz" I |q~clq jhmpèji~ehb ez ~cl j|qqlb~ hj|z hb lmp`humlb~ iz

~cl ith|qln pi~c{iu ~h aqligebk juj`lz h nezintib~ikl"

Mhz~ h ~cl imeèlz {l {hqg {e~c blln ~h jhbjlb~qi~l ebe~ei`ù ibn

lsj`|zetlù hb ~cl bh{ eb hqnlq ~ci~ ~clu jib kl~ zhml aizej z~q|j~|ql

zil~u ibn z~iaeè~u eb~h ~cleq etlz ibn ~chzl h ~cleq jce`nqlb" Mibu

citl tlqu phhq b|mlqiju ibn è~lqiju zge``z citl cin phhq lsplqelbjlz

h `liqbebk ibn e~~`l hq bh lsplqelbjl h {hqgebk" _iqlb~z blln ~h

jhbjlb~qi~l hb nltl`hpebk ~cleq piqlb~ebk zge``z alhql ~clu {e`` al ia`l

~h kl~ eb~h {hqg iz {l`` iz z~iaeèzebk ~cleq nla~z ch|zebk ze~|i~ehb ibn

{hqgebk hb z|az~ibjl mez|zl ibn zh hb" Dimeèlz jibbh~ zh`tl pqhh|bn

eb~lq-klblqi~ehbi` pqha`lmz {e~c ~cl izzez~ibjl h i th`|b~llq ibn i ae~ h

{hqg lsplqelbjl"

^cl >>3 me`èhb itieìa`l ~h `hji` i|~chqe~elz ez i zekbejib~ ebtlz~-

mlb~" [ce`l ~cez nhlz bh~ qlpqlzlb~ ~cl |`` a|nkl~ ~ci~ ez qly|eqln ~h

nlètlq ib Eb~lbzetl Dimeù Z|pphq~ zlqtejl ~h lijc h ~cl 91???? imeèlz

ketlb ~cl lz~emi~l ~ci~ 9


16/24

Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz9>

_`|kkebk ~cl kip

^cl ljhbhmej hqljiz~ hq ~cl \G z|kklz~z ~ci~ {l jh|`n citl i `hbk {iu

~h kh alhql kqh{~c pejgz |p ibn {l gbh{ ~ci~ ~cl qln|j~ehbz eb p|aèj

zplbnebk {e`` jhb~eb|l hq zhml uliqz ~h jhml" [ce`l ~cl imeù eb~lqtlb-

~ehb mhnl` ez jqe~eji` eb ~cl jhb~ls~ h i|z~lqe~u ibn ebjqlizln pqlzz|ql hb

qlzh|qjlz e~ ez mhql emphq~ib~ ~cib ltlq ~h nltl`hp i aqhinlq z~qi~lku hq

cl`pebk ~qh|a`ln imeèlz"

[l gbh{ ~ci~ hq ltlqu imeù {ch z|jjlzz|`ù lse~z h|q pqhflj~z

~clql ez ibh~clq {ie~ebk eb ~cl {ebkz ~h ~igl ~cleq pìjl" [l m|z~ ~cebg

iah|~ ch{ {l j|~ h ~cl dh{" Eb nhebk ~cez ~cqll ~cebkz blln ~h cipplb"

@linlqzcep eb liqbebk qhm liqù uliqz

Deqz~ {l blln ~h liqb qhm ~cl phèju zce~ ~ci~ ciz ~iglb pìjl iqh|bn

liqù uliqz eb~lqtlb~ehb ibn e~z emphq~ibjl ~h zhjei` mhaeè~u" _qltlb~ehb

ez glu ibn e {l iql ~h qln|jl ~cl blln hq ~cl zlqtejlz h|~èbln clql ~clql

bllnz ~h al m|jc kqli~lq hj|z hb qln|jebk ~cl dh{ h imeèlz jhmebk

eb~h ~cl zuz~lm eb ~cl qz~ pìjl"

^cl lsez~ebk liqù uliqz ebqiz~q|j~|ql {iz ahqb h z|jjlzzetl uliqz

h phè~eji` jhmme~mlb~" cl ziml ltl` h jhmme~mlb~ ez bllnln {clb

e~ jhmlz ~h t|`blqia`l imeèlz ibn ~cez mlibz neqlj~ebk h|q linlqzcep

~h{iqnz ~cl aqhinlq nlbe~ehbz h liqù eb~lqtlb~ehb #bh~ f|z~ liqù uliqz%6

~cl blln ~h z~lp eb y|ejgù ~h innqlzz ~cl liqù zekbz h i pqha`lm ibn

pqltlb~ lzjiì~ehb"

^cez ez ah~c eb~|e~etl ibn |`~emi~lù zitlz mhblu" ^clzl zitebkz jib ibn

zch|`n al qlebtlz~ln eb jhmm|be~elz" ^clu pqhtenl i ph~lb~ei` qlzh|qjl

hq a|e`nebk zhjei` ibn jhmm|be~u jipe~i` zh ~ci~ je~evlbz iql ia`l ~h ~igl

zhml jhb~qh` htlq {clql ibn ch{ ~clu ètl neqlj~ebk ibn z|pphq~ebk `hji`

ebqiz~q|j~|qlz ~ci~ citl qlzhbibjl ibn ql`ltibjl ~h ~cleq ètlz"

^cl khhn bl{z ez ~ci~ ~clql ez i j`liq jhbzlbz|z ijqhzz ~cl phè~e-

ji` zplj~q|m ~ci~ t|`blqia`l imeèlz blln ls~qi cl`p ibn k|enibjl"

Z|jjlzzetl _qeml Mebez~lqz citl h{bln ~cez ezz|l ibn p`lnkln ~h qlzh`tle~" cl jizl hq nhebk zh ez jhmpl`èbk ah~c eb ~lqmz h bibjei` ibn

c|mib jipe~i`" îqkl~ebk qlzh|qjlz zpljeji`ù ez tlqu {l`jhml a|~

pqlzlb~z nej|`~elz iz `hjièzm pìuz h|~ ibn jh|bje`z nltl`hp ~cleq h{b

pqehqe~elz eb tlqu nej|`~ bibjei` jeqj|mz~ibjlz"

[l m|z~ ~clqlhql kl~ ~cl bi~ehbi` phèju biqqi~etl qekc~ ibn ijjlp~

ebneten|i` ibn jh``lj~etl qlzphbzeaeè~u hq lbz|qebk ~ci~ lbh|kc ez nhbl

hq ~cl jce`nqlb eb ~clzl tlqu ~qh|a`ln imeèlz" ^cez m|z~ z~iq~ qhm i

zciqln |bnlqz~ibnebk ibn i jhmpl`èbk biqqi~etl iah|~ ~cl zhjei` albl~z

h citebk i`` h|q jce`nqlb z|pphq~ln eb hqnlq ~ci~ ~clu jib kqh{ ibn

nltl`hp eb~h cippu zlj|ql ibn pqhn|j~etl in|`~z" Hbjl iq~ej|ì~ln ~cez

aljhmlz i pqezm ~cqh|kc {cejc {l pqehqe~ezl ibn lti`|i~l llj~etlblzz

ah~c bi~ehbi`ù ibn `hji`ù" Iz i je~evlb E {ib~ ~h al ia`l ~h f|nkl ~cl

[l gbh{ ~ci~ hqltlqu imeù {chz|jjlzz|`ù lse~zh|q pqhflj~z, ~clqlez ibh~clq {ie~ebkeb ~cl {ebkz ~h ~igl~cleq pìjl


17/24

9


18/24


lbia`l ~cez nubimezm ~ippebk eb~h ~cl {e`` jhmme~mlb~ ibn lblqku h

`hji` plhp`l {ch i~lq i`` h{b ~clzl jhmm|be~u izzl~z"

Jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz

[ce`l ~clzl mliz|qlz jh|`n migl i zevlia`l empij~ ~cl ~ceqn ~cebk {l

jib nh ez ~h hj|z eb piq~ej|ìq hb ~cl qh`l h jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz {cejc

pqhtenl i ze~l hq ah~c `hji` `linlqzcep ibn i jhbzenlqia`l |b~ipplnqlzh|qjl hq ~cl |~|ql"

Jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz iql ebjqlneaù {l`` pìjln ~h ij~ iz llj~etl c|az eb

`hji` jhmm|be~elz {clql plhp`l jhml ~hkl~clq" ^cl glu ~h z|z~iebia`l

pqhkqlzz eb jhmm|be~u jhclzehb ez ib hqkibej a`lbn h plqzhbi` zhjei`

ibn jhmm|be~u jipe~i` qhh~ln eb ijjlzzea`l m|`~e-|bj~ehbi` jhmm|be~u

izzl~z {clql z~ekmi ez mebemezln ~cqh|kc i |betlqzi` hlq" ^cez miglz e~

j`liq ~h ~cl mhz~ intib~ikln eb jhmm|be~elz bh~ f|z~ {ci~ ~clu kl~ a|~

{ci~ ~clu jib ketl iz piq~ h ~cl nli`"

^cez cipplbz mhz~ llj~etlù {clb ebbhti~ehb ez i``h{ln ~h ~cqetl

{clb ~cl plhp`l |zebk ~cl jlb~qlz aljhml ~cl jh-nlzekblqz ibn jh-

jqli~hqz h {ci~ ez hb hlq" [l citl h~lb zllb tlqu ezhì~ln imeèlzz|jjlzz|`ù aqh|kc~ eb~h ~clzl zlqtejlz ebe~ei`ù hq zpljej ippheb~mlb~z

ibn ~clb mhql klblqi`ù {l`jhmln ibn z|pphq~ln au z~i th`|b~llqz ibn

h~clq mlmalqz h ~cl jhmm|be~u"

Jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz hlq i {enl qibkl h th`|b~llq hpphq~|be~elz hq

mlmalqz h ~cl hji` jhmm|be~u" clzl iql albljei` ~h |zlqz h ~cleq

zlqtejlz ibn iql i`zh cl`p|` eb lbiaèbk piqlb~z ibn mlmalqz h `hji`

jhmm|be~elz ~h zciql eb z|pphq~ hq imeèlz" [ce`l zhml th`|b~llqz miu

|zl ~cez iz i z~lppebk z~hbl eb~h lmp`humlb~ h~clqz miu bn e~ |zl|` eb

nltl`hpebk zhjei` ibn jhmm|be~u jipe~i`" Cl`pebk nltl`hp ~cl jhbnlbjl

h in|`~z ~h |bnlq~igl khhn y|iè~u piqlb~ebk ez i glu a|e`nebk a`hjg eb

~cl a|e`nebk h jhmm|be~u jipije~u"93

^cl empij~z h th`|b~llqebk hb jce`nqlb imeèlz ibn jhmm|be~elz

iql ~ibkea`l ibn ~lz~ln" Lti`|i~ehb ciz h|bn ~ci~ th`|b~llqz aqebk ls~qi

jipije~u ibn pqhtenl ib ebhqmi` qlizz|qebk pqlzlbjl hq imeèlz" E~

h|bn th`|b~llqebk eb jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz z~qlbk~clbz plhp`lz èbgz {e~c

~cl `hji` jhmm|be~u ibn ebjqlizlz ~cl |zl ibn qlijc h jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz

au cl`pebk ~h aqlig nh{b ibu z~ekmi izzhjei~ln {e~c |zl iz {l`` iz jqli~-

ebk qh|~lz ~h lmp`humlb~ ln|ji~ehb hq ~qiebebk"95

Jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz hlq qli` hpphq~|be~elz ~h aqebk jhmm|be~elz

~hkl~clq" E ~clu iql qlzh|qjln ~h al |betlqzi`ù ijjlzzea`l ibn i``h{ln ~cl

zpijl ~h al |zlq-`ln ~cl phzzeaeè~elz iql ~clql hq ~cl ~igebk" Ch{ltlq{l m|z~ bn i {iu hq ~clm ~h aljhml klb|eblù jhmm|be~u-{enl izzl~z

ibn bh~ kcl~~hz hq ~cl mhz~ nezintib~ikln" Kl~~ebk ~ci~ aiìbjl qekc~ ez

jq|jei` iz {l zllg ~h zlj|ql z|z~iebiaeè~u ~cqh|kc i mhql netlqzl phq~h-

èh h |bnebk ibn z|pphq~"

Qlpèji~ebk mhnl`z ~ci~ {hqg

^cl Ij~ehb hq Jce`nqlb Jh{ki~l Dimeù Z|pphq~ Th`|b~llq _qhflj~ {h|`n

al i khhn pìjl ~h z~iq~ e {l {ib~ ~h qlpèji~l inf|z~ebk hq hji` jhb~ls~

alz~ pqij~ejl" cl pqhflj~ ez i~ ~cl cliq~ h ~cl hji` jhmm|be~u" Dhj|zln

hb pqhtenebk jce`nqlb qhm aeq~c ~h 91 {e~c i khhn z~iq~ eb el e~ ez aizln i~

~cl jce`nqlbz jlb~ql {cejc pqhtenlz i pìjl hq imeèlz ~h mll~ pìu `liqb

ibn bn h|~ iah|~ h~clq hji` zlqtejlz ~clu jib |zl" @egl mibu jce`nqlbz


19/24

9;_`|kkebk ~cl kip

jlb~qlz ~cez ebj`|nlz khhn y|iè~u liqbebk eb~lkqi~ln {e~c jce`njiql

piqlb~i` h|~qlijc jce`n ibn imeù cli`~c zlqtejlz z|pphq~ hq imeèlz

{clql ~clql iql jce`nqlb {e~c inne~ehbi` bllnz ebgz {e~c ~cl hji` fha

jlb~ql ~qiebebk ibn ln|ji~ehb pqhtenlqz ibn aqhin imeù z|pphq~ zlqtejlz"

Lsimp`lz h {hqg ebj`|nl i aiau zhjei` i jhmm|be~u aiau jèbej imeù

nqhp eb i {hqgj`|a i zlbzhqu pìu iqli ibn ijjlzz ~h i èaqiqu"

^cl jce`nqlbz jlb~ql hj|zlz hb pql-zjchh` jce`nqlb a|~ ciz pqh-kqimmlz ~h z|pphq~ h`nlq jce`nqlb ibn piqlb~z ibn pqhtenlz zpljej

intejl iah|~ cli`~c {lìql ch|zebk ibn lmp`humlb~" ^cl jlb~ql ez

`hji~ln eb i nlpqetln iqli ibn ~cl pìu zlzzehbz piqlb~ebk j`|az {hqg

~qiebebk ibn {lìql intejl hb hlq pqhtenl ebti`|ia`l z|pphq~ hq mibu

imeèlz"

^cl th`|b~llqebk pqhflj~ qljq|e~z ibn ~qiebz `hji` plhp`l qhm ~cl

Jh{ki~l ibn Aìglì{ lz~i~lz eb Bl{jiz~`l ~h cl`p z|pphq~ `hji` imeèlz"

Qllqqi`z jhml qhm |betlqzi` ibn ~iqkl~ln zlqtejlz hplqi~ebk {e~ceb ~cl

th`|b~iqu ibn z~i~|~hqu zlj~hqz" Th`|b~llqz z|pphq~ hji` imeèlz ~h migl

phze~etl jcibklz eb ~cleq ètlz ibn ~h a|e`n ~cleq piqlb~ebk jipije~u" I~ ~cl

ziml ~eml th`|b~llqz z~qlbk~clb ~cleq h{b jhbnlbjl ibn lmp`huiaeè~uzge``z" cl pqhflj~ qljq|e~z ~qiebz ibn mi~jclz th`|b~llqz {e~c imeèlz i~ ib

liqù z~ikl teze~ebk ~clm eb ~cleq chmlz ~h pqhtenl pllq z|pphq~ ibn cl`pebk

ijjlzz h~clq zlqtejlz alhql ezz|lz aljhml jhmp`ls ibn qlijc jqezez pheb~"

^cez ~qibzhqmi~ehbi` {hqg {iz qhh~ln eb ~cl jqli~ete~u ibn pizzehb h ~cl

z~i {ch {lql ketlb ~cl zpijl ibn z|pphq~ ~h h``h{ e~ ~cqh|kc"

H|q @limebk~hb ibn [iq{ejg [lz~ Jce`nqlbz Jlb~ql hlqz i {enl

qibkl h ij~ete~elz ~h ~ eb {e~c ~cl bllnz h ~cleq jhmm|be~u i`` qll h

jciqkl" ^cez ebj`|nlz pqlkbibju ibn phz~bi~i` intejl iah|~ jce`nqlbz

cli`~c ibn nltl`hpmlb~ in|`~ `liqbebk ibn piqlb~z {l`àlebk" ^clql ez

i`zh ijjlzz ~h zpljeièz~ imeù zlqtejlz z|jc iz zplljc ~clqipu ibn cl`p

{e~c mibikebk mhblu"

^cl jlb~ql {hqgz hb ~cl pqlmezl ~ci~ ~cl a|e`nebk h z|pphq~etl

ibn ~q|z~ebk qlì~ehbzcepz ez glu ~h ijjlzzebk ah~c hqmi` ibn ebhqmi`

z|pphq~ hq ah~c ~cl piqlb~z ibn ~cleq jce`nqlb" Aizln hb ~cez mlnei~hqu

mhnl` ~cl ~lim ciz zl~ |p i jhll zchp hq piqlb~z {e~c jce`nqlb |bnlq

< ~h ij~ iz i pìjl eb {cejc z|jc qlì~ehbzcepz jh|`n al hqmln" ^cl zchp

ciz allb p|qphzl|`ù zl~ |p hb ~cl lbn h ~cl cekc z~qll~ j`hzlz~ ~h iqliz

h nezintib~ikl eb hqnlq ~h ji~jc ~cl piqlb~z qhm z|jc lz~i~lz iz ~clu

{i`g eb~h ~cl jlb~ql h Aq|bz{ejg" [l pqhtenl ~cl ijeè~elz hq i th`|b~llq

q|b tlkl~ia`l z~hql i~ ~cl blekcah|qebk jce`nqlbz jlb~ql" [ce`z~ {l citl

cl`pln {e~c ~cl zl~-|p e~ ez ~cl th`|b~llqz {ch |zl ~cl jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz{ch {hqg {e~c i {ch`lzi`lq" clu a|`g-a|u tlkl~ia`lz netenl ~clm eb~h

ebneten|i` pijgz ibn ~clb hb i Dqeniu zl`` ~clm" ^cl tlkl~ia`lz iql tlqu

jclip hq ~cl jce`nqlbz jlb~ql |zlqz ~h a|u ibn ~clu jhhg ~cl tlkl~ia`lz

~hkl~clq hq ~cl mh~clqz #ibn i l{ i~clqz% ~h ~igl chml"

Ibh~clq mhnl` ez h|q Bl{jiz~`l Dimeù Z|pphq~ Zlqtejl {cejc ez

jhmmezzehbln au Bl{jiz~`l Je~u Jh|bje` ~h nlètlq ~iqkl~ln imeù

z|pphq~ zlqtejlz eb jlb~qi` jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz" ^cl zlqtejl iemz ~h qlijc

~chzl jce`nqlb ikln qhm aeq~c ~h tl uliqz h`n {ch iql mhz~ t|`blqia`l

~h ~cl phhqlz~ h|~jhmlz" ^cez ez ib h|~qlijc chml teze~ebk zlqtejl {hqg-

ebk neqlj~ù {e~c jce`nqlb ibn ebneqlj~ù {e~c piqlb~z ~h ijceltl phze~etl

jcibkl hq ~cl jce`nqlb" cl zlqtejl {hqgz iz piq~ h Eb~lkqi~ln Zlqtejlz

nlètlqebk z|pphq~ ~h jce`nqlb ibn ~cleq imeèlz ~cqh|kc ~cl Jhmmhb


20/24


Izzlzzmlb~ Dqiml{hqg #JID%" Iz piq~ h ~cl JID pqhjlzz Dimeù

Z|pphq~ [hqglqz ij~ iz @lin _qhlzzehbi` ibn jh-hqnebi~l ~cl nlètlqu

h zlqtejlz hq i jce`n ~ci~ ciz allb enlb~eln iz citebk inne~ehbi` bllnz"

Qllqqi`z hq z|pphq~ jhml ~cqh|kc ~cl Z|ql Z~iq~ Z|pphq~ebk Dimeèlz

pi~c{iu ib eb~lkqi~ln jhbzez~lb~ je~u{enl ippqhijc ~h i``hji~ebk

qlzh|qjlz ~h z|pphq~ jce`nqlb ibn imeèlz"

A|e`nebk jhmm|be~u jipije~u ez jlb~qi` ~h i`` h ~clzl lsimp`lz ibn~clu pqhtenl mhnl`z hq i aqhinlq m|jc mhql imae~eh|z ippqhijc"

A|e`nebk jipije~u eb jhmm|be~elz ~iglz ~eml alji|zl e~ z~iq~z {e~c a|e`n-

ebk jipije~u eb plhp`l" _lhp`l {ch nh bh~ z~iq~ {e~c ~cl jhbnlbjl ibn

qlzeèlbjl ~h ph{lq iclin qhm i z~ibnebk z~iq~ {e~c ~cl qekc~ ebtlz~mlb~

ibn ~eml jib nh f|z~ ~ci~ ibn ~igl h~clqz {e~c ~clm" clzl iql ~cl

plhp`l {ch citl ~cl enliz {ch gbh{ ~cleq jhmm|be~u ibn ~cl ezz|lz

e~ ijlz ibn {ch citl ~cl qlì~ehbzcepz bllnln ~h kl~ ~cebkz mhtebk"

^clzl iql i`zh ~cl plhp`l {ch {l`jhml ~chzl {ch citl allb jhb~eb|i`ù

lsj`|nln ~igebk pqenl eb {ci~ ~clu iql a|e`nebk ibn iql i piq~ h"


21/24

95Jhbj`|zehb

Jhbj`|zehb

^cez piplq h|~èblz zhml mhnl`z ~ci~ {hqg hq ~chzl imeèlz {ch iql

~cl mhz~ ~qh|a`ln ibn ~qh|a`lzhml ibn e~ ez hbl ~ci~ jib al |zln dlseaù

nlplbnebk hb `hji` jeqj|mz~ibjlz" _qhflj~z ègl ~cl Jh{ki~l Dimeù

Z|pphq~ Th`|b~llq _qhflj~ iql nlplbnlb~ hb cekc-y|iè~u ebp|~z ebj`|n-

ebk y|ièln ibn lsplqelbjln z~i {ch jib biteki~l ~cleq {iu ~cqh|kc

jhmp`ls ezz|lz ibn i m|`~epèje~u h nelqlb~ eb~lqlz~z aqebkebk imeèlz

i`hbk {e~c ~clm i`{iuz mebn|` h ~cl pqemiju h gllpebk jce`nqlb zil"

E ~cez mhnl` ez {hqgebk {e~c ~cl qekc~ imeèlz lmp`humlb~ ez i khi` ~h

al ijceltln hbjl ~cl imeù |be~ ez z~ia`l ibn qh|~eblz lz~iaèzcln" ^ci~lmp`humlb~ mekc~ al tei th`|b~llqebk eb ~cl `hji` jhmm|be~u i jce`-

nqlbz jlb~ql hq h~clq qlzh|qjl"

H|q lsplqelbjl ez ~ci~ ~cez ciz z~qhbk phze~etl ibn lbn|qebk empij~z eb

zhml h ~cl mhz~ nezlmph{lqln jhmm|be~elz ibn ~ci~ iq qhm qlebhqj-

ebk eb~h`lqibjl ibn z~ekmi~ezi~ehb h ~cl mhz~ ~qh|a`ln imeèlz e~ nhlz

~cl hpphze~l"

Eb a|e`nebk hb ~cez {l blln z~qhbk bi~ehbi` `linlqzcep iz {l`` iz

jqli~etl ibn ebbhti~etl {hqg qlzphbnebk ~h `hji` ezz|lz {e~c jce`nqlbz

jlb~qlz pqhtenebk ib lsjl``lb~ pìjl ~h z~iq~" H|q iem m|z~ al ~h ls~lbn

h|q |bnlqz~ibnebk h pqltlb~ehb aluhbn liqù uliqz ibn ègl ~cl alz~

jce`nqlbz jlb~qlz ibn imeù eb~lqtlb~ehb pqhflj~z nltl`hp i aqhin

ebj`|zetl ibn emikebi~etl qlzphbzl hq ls~qihqnebiqu ~emlz"


22/24

Dimeèlz {e~c m|`~ep`l pqha`lmz1?

Lbnbh~lz

9" Aijgebk ~cl D|~|ql6 [cu Ebtlz~ebk eb Jce`nqlb ez Khhn hq \z I``" Ij~ehb

hq Jce`nqlb ibn Bl{ Ljhbhmejz Dh|bni~ehb #1??5%"

1" H|~~|qb Ni~i Iqjcetl6 H|~~|qb Z|mmiqu 1??59?" Nlpiq~mlb~

hq Ln|ji~ehb #1?99%" Itieìa`l i~6 {{{"ln|ji~ehb"kht"|g(

jce`nqlbibnuh|bkplhp`l( z~qi~lku(bibjlibn|bnebk(zlj~ehb1(h|~~|qb-ni~i-iqjcetl"

:" ^cl Uh|~c F|z~ejl Zuz~lm eb Lbkìbn ibn [i`lz6 Qln|jebk Hlbnebk

au Uh|bk _lhp`l" [[ 44:" p>" Jhmp~qh``lq ibn I|ne~hq Klblqi` h ~cl

Bi~ehbi` I|ne~ Hjl #1?9?%

>" Ne`ìbl F Ce`` M Aibbez~lq F ibn Zjh~~ Z" Ib Lti`|i~ehb h ~cl N|bnll

Dimeèlz _qhflj~ #1??9% Zjh~~ezc Lslj|~etl N|bnll Je~u Jh|bje` ibn BJC

Ij~ehb hq Jce`nqlb #1??1%"

" Mhbe~hqebk ibn lti`|i~ehb h imeù eb~lqtlb~ehb zlqtejlz ibn pqhflj~z

al~{llb Dlaq|iqu 1??; ibn Miqjc 1?99 Nlpiq~mlb~ hq Ln|ji~ehbNljlmalq 1?99"


23/24

19Lbnbh~lz

9


24/24

^cl QZI6 ib lbèkc~lbmlb~ hqkibezi~ehb jhmme~~ln

~hdbnebkebbhti~etl pqij~eji` zh`|~ehbz ~h ~hniuz zhjei`

jci``lbklz" cqh|kc e~z enliz, qlzliqjc ibn 1;,???-z~qhbk

Dl``h{zcep e~ zllgz ~h |bnlqz~ibn ibn lbcibjl c|mib

jipiaeè~u zh {l jib j`hzl ~cl kip al~{llb ~hniuz qliè~u

ibnplhp`lz chplz hq i al~~lq {hq`n"

3 Fhcb Inim Z~qll~

@hbnhb [J1B 4LV

'>> #?% 1? ;5:?

plugging the gap - families with multiple problems

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